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Xiang W, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Xu Y. The Role of Tenascin-C in Hypertrophic Scar Formation: Insights from Cell and Animal Experiments. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:1637-1648. [PMID: 39045340 PMCID: PMC11264284 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s461760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic scars (HS) are dermal diseases characterized by excessive fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition following burns or trauma. While Tenascin-C (TNC)'s role in promoting visceral fibrosis has been established, its impact on skin tissue fibrosis remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of TNC on HS. Methods RNA sequence and IHC techniques were used to examine the upregulation of TNC gene in human hypertrophic scar tissue compared to normal tissues. Knockdown of TNC in Human skin fibroblasts (HFF-1) cells was achieved, and expression of Col1 and Col3 was evaluated using qPCR. Sirius red collagen staining assessed impact on total collagen content and ECM deposition. Effects on cell proliferation and migration were investigated through cck-8 and cell scratch experiments. Lentivirus infection was used to knock out TNC, and resulting samples were injected into ear wound of rabbits. Effects of TNC knockout on ear scar formation were measured using digital morphology, ultrasound, SEI, H&E, and Masson trichrome methods. Results Cell experiments: downregulation of TNC decreased Col1 and Col3 expression, leading to reduced collagen production and extracellular matrix deposition. It did not affect HFF-1 cell proliferation and migration. Animal experiments: TNC knockdown promoted wound healing and reduced collagen deposition in rabbit ears. Conclusion This study suggests that knocking down TNC inhibits collagen formation and extracellular matrix deposition, thereby inhibiting hypertrophic scar formation. Therefore, TNC can be considered a potential biomarker for HS formation and may offer promising treatment strategies for clinical management of hypertrophic scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Karimzadeh F, Soltani Fard E, Nadi A, Malekzadeh R, Elahian F, Mirzaei SA. Advances in skin gene therapy: utilizing innovative dressing scaffolds for wound healing, a comprehensive review. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:6033-6062. [PMID: 38887828 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00966e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The skin, serving as the body's outermost layer, boasts a vast area and intricate structure, functioning as the primary barrier against external threats. Disruptions in the composition and functionality of the skin can lead to a diverse array of skin conditions, such as wounds, burns, and diabetic ulcers, along with inflammatory disorders, infections, and various types of skin cancer. These disorders not only exacerbate concerns regarding skin health and beauty but also have a significant impact on mental well-being. Due to the complexity of these disorders, conventional treatments often prove insufficient, necessitating the exploration of new therapeutic approaches. Researchers develop new therapies by deciphering these intricacies and gaining a thorough understanding of the protein networks and molecular processes in skin. A new window of opportunity has opened up for improving wound healing processes because of recent advancements in skin gene therapy. To enhance skin regeneration and healing, this extensive review investigates the use of novel dressing scaffolds in conjunction with gene therapy approaches. Scaffolds that do double duty as wound protectors and vectors for therapeutic gene delivery are being developed using innovative biomaterials. To improve cellular responses and speed healing, these state-of-the-art scaffolds allow for the targeted delivery and sustained release of genetic material. The most recent developments in gene therapy techniques include RNA interference, CRISPR-based gene editing, and the utilization of viral and non-viral vectors in conjunction with scaffolds, which were reviewed here to overcome skin disorders and wound complications. In the future, there will be rare chances to develop custom methods for skin health care thanks to the combination of modern technology and collaboration among disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karimzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Elahe Soltani Fard
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Akram Nadi
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Rahim Malekzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Elahian
- Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Seyed Abbas Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Zhuang ZM, Wang Y, Feng ZX, Lin XY, Wang ZC, Zhong XC, Guo K, Zhong YF, Fang QQ, Wu XJ, Chen J, Tan WQ. Targeting Diverse Wounds and Scars: Recent Innovative Bio-design of Microneedle Patch for Comprehensive Management. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306565. [PMID: 38037685 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Wounds and the subsequent formation of scars constitute a unified and complex phased process. Effective treatment is crucial; however, the diverse therapeutic approaches for different wounds and scars, as well as varying treatment needs at different stages, present significant challenges in selecting appropriate interventions. Microneedle patch (MNP), as a novel minimally invasive transdermal drug delivery system, has the potential for integrated and programmed treatment of various diseases and has shown promising applications in different types of wounds and scars. In this comprehensive review, the latest applications and biotechnological innovations of MNPs in these fields are thoroughly explored, summarizing their powerful abilities to accelerate healing, inhibit scar formation, and manage related symptoms. Moreover, potential applications in various scenarios are discussed. Additionally, the side effects, manufacturing processes, and material selection to explore the clinical translational potential are investigated. This groundwork can provide a theoretical basis and serve as a catalyst for future innovations in the pursuit of favorable therapeutic options for skin tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ming Zhuang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Xuan Feng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ying Lin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Cai Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Cao Zhong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Fan Zhong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Qing Fang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jin Wu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Qiang Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
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4
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Mao J, Chen L, Qian S, Wang Y, Zhao B, Zhao Q, Lu B, Mao X, Zhai P, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Sun X. Transcriptome network analysis of inflammation and fibrosis in keloids. J Dermatol Sci 2024; 113:62-73. [PMID: 38242738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keloid (KL) is a common benign skin tumor. KL is typically characterized by significant fibrosis and an intensive inflammatory response. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between cellular inflammation and fibrotic cells is essential to elucidate the mechanisms driving the progression of KL and to develop therapeutics. OBJECTIVE Investigate the transcriptome landscape of inflammation and fibrosis in keloid scars. METHODS In this paper, we performed transcriptome sequencing and microRNA (miRNA) sequencing on unselected live cells from six human keloid tissues and normal skin tissues to elucidate a comprehensive transcriptome landscape. In addition, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis to analyze intercellular communication networks and enrich fibroblast populations in two additional keloid and normal skin samples to study fibroblast diversity. RESULTS By RNA sequencing and a miRNA-mRNA-PPI network analysis, we identified miR-615-5p and miR-122b-3p as possible miRNAs associated with keloids, as they differed most significantly in keloids. Similarly, COL3A1, COL1A2, THBS2, TNC, IGTA, THBS4, TGFB3 as genes with significant differences in keloid may be associated with keloid development. Using single-cell RNA sequencing data from 24,086 cells collected from normal or keloid, we report reconstructed intercellular signaling network analysis and aggregation to modules associated with specific cell subpopulations at the cellular level for keloid alterations. CONCLUSIONS Our multitranscriptomic dataset delineates inflammatory and fibro heterogeneity of human keloids, underlining the importance of intercellular crosstalk between inflammatory cells and fibro cells and revealing potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Mao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shutong Qian
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Binfan Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyu Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bolun Lu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyuan Mao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peisong Zhai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuguang Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liucheng Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Ren ZY, Wang J, Xu F, Gao Y, He Q, Pan B, Lyu SC. IL-10 dependent modulatory effect of regulatory B10 cells on local scar formation following Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy in a novel rat model. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111309. [PMID: 38048666 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Choledochojejunostomy has been common surgical treatment of biliary tract disease. Scar formation at anastomotic often results in postoperative complications associated with bleak post-operative recovery, in which local inflammation may be a potential target to modulate local scar formation. This study investigated the effect of regulatory B10 cells on local scar formation through interleukin-10 signal pathway following Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy (RCJS) in a novel rat model. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with RCJS were randomly divided into blank group, experimental group, IL-10 blocking group, control group, and received different interventions and duration. Injected through dorsal vein of penis, rats in different groups were treated respectively according to scheme. These interventions were performed during surgery, on 1st day, and 2nd day after surgery. Related indexes, including blood examination, specimen tissue of anastomotic detection, were recorded and compared in different interventional groups. Rats in experimental groups had more rapid recovery in liver function and inflammatory index, and higher in IL-10 level. Flow cytometry analysis showed that rats in experimental groups had highest content of B10 cells and lowest content of CD4+CD25- T cells in peripheral blood. Wider anastomotic by macroscopical observation, and slighter proliferation of collagen fiber and smooth muscle fiber, lower α-SMA and TGF-β1 levels by pathological staining were detected in experimental groups. Higher expression of the IL-10 gene and lower expression of TGF-β1 at anastomotic were detected in experimental groups. B10 cells may relieve local inflammation of anastomotic following RCJS in rats through IL-10-dependent modulatory effect, and improve local scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Yong Ren
- Department of Hepaticbiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Biomedicine, Beijing City University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Hepaticbiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Bing Pan
- Department of Hepaticbiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China.
| | - Shao-Cheng Lyu
- Department of Hepaticbiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China.
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6
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Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Hypertrophic Scar by Inhibiting Bioactivity and Inducing Apoptosis in Hypertrophic Scar Fibroblasts. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244024. [PMID: 36552789 PMCID: PMC9776926 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As a fibrotic disease with a high incidence, the pathogenesis of hypertrophic scarring is still not fully understood, and the treatment of this disease is also challenging. In recent years, human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) have been considered an effective treatment for hypertrophic scars. This study mainly explored whether the therapeutic effect of AD-MSCs on hypertrophic scars is associated with oxidative-stress-related proteins. Methods: AD-MSCs were isolated from adipose tissues and characterized through flow cytometry and a differentiation test. Afterwards, coculture, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration were detected. Western blotting and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to detect oxidative stress-related genes and protein expression in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFs). Flow cytometry was used to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS). A nude mouse animal model was established; the effect of AD-MSCs on hypertrophic scars was observed; and hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's staining, and immunofluorescence staining were performed. Furthermore, the content of oxidative-stress-related proteins, including nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl2), Bcl2-associated X(BAX) and caspase 3, was detected. Results: Our results showed that AD-MSCs inhibited HSFs' proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, after coculture, the expression of antioxidant enzymes, including HO-1, in HSFs decreased; the content of reactive oxygen species increased; and the expression of Nrf2 decreased significantly. In animal experiments, we found that, at 14 days after injection of AD-MSCs into human hypertrophic scar tissue blocks that were transplanted onto the dorsum of nude mice, the weight of the tissue blocks decreased significantly. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's staining demonstrated a rearrangement of collagen fibers. We also found that Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes decreased significantly, while apoptotic cells increased after AD-MSC treatment. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that AD-MSCs efficiently cured hypertrophic scars by promoting the apoptosis of HSFs and by inhibiting their proliferation and migration, which may be related to the inhibition of Nrf2 expression in HSFs, suggesting that AD-MSCs may provide an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of hypertrophic scars.
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7
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Haney B. Acne: What primary care providers need to know. Nurse Pract 2022; 47:9-13. [PMID: 36165965 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000873548.38624.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beth Haney
- Beth Haney is an NP at University of California-Irvine Student Health Center, Irvine, and CEO/Owner/Nurse Practitioner at Luxe Aesthetic Center, Yorba Linda, Calif
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Aderibigbe BA. Hybrid-Based Wound Dressings: Combination of Synthetic and Biopolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183806. [PMID: 36145951 PMCID: PMC9502880 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most commercialized wound dressings are polymer-based. Synthetic and natural polymers have been utilized widely for the development of wound dressings. However, the use of natural polymers is limited by their poor mechanical properties, resulting in their combination with synthetic polymers and other materials to enhance their mechanical properties. Natural polymers are mostly affordable, biocompatible, and biodegradable with promising antimicrobial activity. They have been further tailored into unique hybrid wound dressings when combined with synthetic polymers and selected biomaterials. Some important features required in an ideal wound dressing include the capability to prevent bacteria invasion, reduce odor, absorb exudates, be comfortable, facilitate easy application and removal as well as frequent changing, prevent further skin tear and irritation when applied or removed, and provide a moist environment and soothing effect, be permeable to gases, etc. The efficacy of polymers in the design of wound dressings cannot be overemphasized. This review article reports the efficacy of wound dressings prepared from a combination of synthetic and natural polymers.
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Amjadian S, Moradi S, Mohammadi P. The emerging therapeutic targets for scar management: genetic and epigenetic landscapes. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 35:247-265. [PMID: 35696989 PMCID: PMC9533440 DOI: 10.1159/000524990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Wound healing is a complex process including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling during which an orchestrated array of biological and molecular events occurs to promote skin regeneration. Abnormalities in each step of the wound healing process lead to reparative rather than regenerative responses, thereby driving the formation of cutaneous scar. Patients suffering from scars represent serious health problems such as contractures, functional and esthetic concerns as well as painful, thick, and itchy complications, which generally decrease the quality of life and impose high medical costs. Therefore, therapies reducing cutaneous scarring are necessary to improve patients' rehabilitation. Summary Current approaches to remove scars, including surgical and nonsurgical methods, are not efficient enough, which is in principle due to our limited knowledge about underlying mechanisms of pathological as well as the physiological wound healing process. Thus, therapeutic interventions focused on basic science including genetic and epigenetic knowledge are recently taken into consideration as promising approaches for scar management since they have the potential to provide targeted therapies and improve the conventional treatments as well as present opportunities for combination therapy. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in skin regenerative medicine through genetic and epigenetic approaches to achieve novel insights for the development of safe, efficient, and reproducible therapies and discuss promising approaches for scar management. Key Message Genetic and epigenetic regulatory switches are promising targets for scar management, provided the associated challenges are to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amjadian
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharif Moradi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mohammadi
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- *Parvaneh Mohammadi,
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Han HS, Park JW, Shin SH, Yoo KH, Sohn YS, Kim BJ. Single-center, assessor-blind study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DA-5520 topical gel in patients with acne scars: A pilot study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:3888-3895. [PMID: 34982507 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike various topical treatment options for acne vulgaris, options for acne scars mostly involve invasive interventions. So far, only a few clinical trials have investigated the effects of topical treatment for acne scars. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the safety and efficacy of DA-5520, a recently developed topical gel for the treatment of different types of acne scars. METHODS A 12-week prospective, randomized, active-controlled, evaluator-blind, single-center study involving 36 participants with acne scars was performed. Participants were randomized into four different groups at a 1:1:1:1 ratio: laser resurfacing with DA-5520 application (test 1); laser resurfacing without DA-5520 application (control 1); comedone extraction with DA-5520 application (test 2); and comedone extraction without DA-5520 application (control 2). For 12 weeks, participants in the two test groups applied DA-5520 twice daily, while participants in the control groups applied moisturizers alone. Participants in the test 1 and control 1 groups received a single session of laser resurfacing at visit 1 (week 0). All participants were followed up at 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and objective scar evaluation using the échelle d'évaluation clinique des cicatrices d'acné (ECCA) score was performed at each visit. RESULTS Clinical improvement of acne scars, confirmed by the ECCA grading scale (1 for atrophic scar and 2 for hypertrophic scar), was observed after using DA-5520 when combined with laser resurfacing or individually, and no associated adverse reactions were noted. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results of this study revealed that DA-5520 may be a promising new formulation for treating all type of acne scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sung Han
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Wan Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Hye Shin
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Yoo
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Sung Sohn
- Medical information & Clinical research, Dong-A Pharm. Co., Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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The Immunogenetics of Acne. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:137-154. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Kurokawa I, Layton AM, Ogawa R. Updated Treatment for Acne: Targeted Therapy Based on Pathogenesis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:1129-1139. [PMID: 34115308 PMCID: PMC8322376 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous approaches to acne management have focused on the four main factors implicated in acne, namely, androgen-mediated sebogenesis (considered integral to acne), hyperkeratinization, colonization with Cutibacterium acnes, and inflammation related to both innate and adaptive mechanisms. Recent advances have facilitated potential novel approaches to acne management, as the pathophysiology and the immunological aspects related to acne and wound healing have evolved. Particular targets that have been shown to be closely involved in acne pathophysiology and wound healing include interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Biological antibodies targeting IL-1β, IL-17, IL-23, and TNFα could provide novel approaches for treating severe acne and related disorders. Acne is primarily a disease associated with sebogenesis. Monosaturated free acids are important components. Insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) promotes the proliferation and differentiation of sebocytes and IL-1β. Research into the microbiome may also provide insights into potential future therapeutic options for acne. Scars, both atrophic and hypertrophic, are common sequelae to acne. Risk factors associated with the development of acne scars include genetic, systemic, local, and lifestyle factors. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to play a crucial role in the development of acne-induced hypertrophic scars. Treatment for extensive inflammatory keloid scarring is limited. Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy are two possible options. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), IGF-1, and B cells are found in keloid or hypertrophic scar tissues. Biological antibodies targeting these cytokines may be a potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of this type of scar in the future. Future treatment for acne should embrace approaches that target the main etiological factors of acne. In particular, specific emphasis on aggressive treatment in the acute inflammatory phase to reduce the likelihood of scarring and other clinical sequelae, such as pigmentary changes would be highly desirable. Treatment for established acne-induced sequelae should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kurokawa
- Department of Dermatology, Meiwa Hospital, 4-31, Agenaruo-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8186, Japan.
| | - Alison M Layton
- Department of Dermatology, Harrogate and District Foundation Trust, Lancaster Park Road, Harrogate, HG2 7SX, UK
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang D, Li B, Zhao M. Therapeutic Strategies by Regulating Interleukin Family to Suppress Inflammation in Hypertrophic Scar and Keloid. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:667763. [PMID: 33959031 PMCID: PMC8093926 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.667763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HS) and keloid are fibroproliferative disorders (FPDs) of the skin due to aberrant wound healing, which cause disfigured appearance, discomfort, dysfunction, psychological stress, and patient frustration. The unclear pathogenesis behind HS and keloid is partially responsible for the clinical treatment stagnancy. However, there are now increasing evidences suggesting that inflammation is the initiator of HS and keloid formation. Interleukins are known to participate in inflammatory and immune responses, and play a critical role in wound healing and scar formation. In this review, we summarize the function of related interleukins, and focus on their potentials as the therapeutic target for the treatment of HS and keloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Muxin Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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14
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Zhang DD, Zhao WY, Fang QQ, Wang ZC, Wang XF, Zhang MX, Hu YY, Zheng B, Tan WQ. The efficacy of fractional CO 2 laser in acne scar treatment: A meta-analysis. Dermatol Ther 2020; 34:e14539. [PMID: 33190373 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fractional CO2 laser is a good option for treating acne scars. However, the clinical efficacy of this treatment modality requires further evidence. To perform a meta-analysis to assess clinical improvements in acne scars with fractional CO2 laser and non-CO2 laser therapies. Databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library) were searched using the search strategy to identify eligible studies. All statistical analyses were performed using the Review Manager 5.0, and a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of fractional CO2 laser used as a treatment for acne scars. Eight studies were included for further analysis. There was no significant difference between fractional CO2 laser and non-CO2 laser therapies in terms of clinical improvement, observer assessment (P = .19), patient assessment (P = .91), and incidence of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (P = .69). The subgroup analyses showed that the duration of follow-up had little effect on the evaluation of treatment effect. The efficacy of fractional CO2 laser therapy in acne scars appeared to be equal to that of non-CO2 laser therapies. More well designed randomized controlled trials and more credible and standard evaluation criteria are needed, and the efficiency of combination therapy requires further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Ding Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wan-Yi Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing-Qing Fang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng-Cai Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min-Xia Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan-Yan Hu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Jin Y, Cheng X, Huang X, Ding F, Lee SR, Wang F, Lu X, Su D, Chen B. The role of Hrd1 in ultraviolet (UV) radiation induced photoaging. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21273-21289. [PMID: 33168784 PMCID: PMC7695362 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of Hrd1 in the ultraviolet (UV) radiation induced photoaging and explore its potential mechanism. The nude mice were exposed to the UVA/UVB irradiation for 10 weeks. The animals were subcutaneously injected with AAV5-NC, Hrd1-shRNA-AAV5, or Hrd1-overexpression-AAV5. The HSF cells were also transfected with Ad-NC, Ad-shRNA-Hrd1, or Ad-Hrd1, and irradiated by UVA/UVB stimulation. The clinical skin samples were harvested for detecting Hrd1 and IGF-1R expressions. As a result, the knockdown of Hrd1 attenuated the histopathological alteration and collagen degradation in UV-induced nude mice. The inhibition of Hrd1 by Hrd1-shRNA-AAV5 and Ad-shRNA-Hrd1 inhibited the Hrd1 expression and promoted IGF-1R, Type I collagen and type III collagen in mice and HSF cells. The overexpression of Hrd1 exerted the reverse effect. The Co-IP assay also indicated the interaction between Hrd1 and IGF-1R. Hrd1-mediated IGF-1R downregulation and collagen degradation were also observed in clinical skin samples. In conclusion, the present results demonstrated that Hrd1 degraded IGF-1R and collagen formation in UV-induced photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xianye Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sae Rom Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fengdi Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyi Lu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongming Su
- Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
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16
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Ji J, Zhang R, Li H, Zhu J, Pan Y, Guo Q. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of action of borneol on photodynamic therapy of acne. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 75:103329. [PMID: 31978868 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of borneol, a traditional Chinese medicine, on photodynamic treatment of acne. Here, we found that borneol significantly decreased the auricular swelling rate and pain threshold of rats. We also showed that borneol noticeably reduced macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration. The number of Th cells was significantly higher in the control PDT group than in the PDT plus borneol treatment group (P < 0.05). The expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 mRNA and proteins were noticeably lower in the treatment group in comparison to those of the PDT control group, while PDT plus borneol activated the p38-COX-2-PGE2 signaling pathway, increasing expression in the treatment group. Borneol has significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects on PDT of acne, and enhances the healing of acne by activating p38-COX-2-PGE2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ji
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ruohua Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongmin Li
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yongzheng Pan
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Wang XF, Fang QQ, Jia B, Hu YY, Wang ZC, Yan KP, Yin SY, Liu Z, Tan WQ. Potential effect of non-thermal plasma for the inhibition of scar formation: a preliminary report. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1064. [PMID: 31974451 PMCID: PMC6978306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a promising biomedical tool for application to wound healing. However, there is limited scientific evidence that confirms its efficacy to inhibit scar formation. This study aims to investigate the role of non-thermal plasma in scar formation. Two full-thickness dorsal cutaneous wounds of rats were treated with either a non-thermal helium plasma jet or helium. It was determined that the non-thermal plasma jet accelerated the wound healing process from 5 days after surgery (day 5: 41.27% ± 2.351 vs 54.7% ± 5.314, p < 0.05; day 7: 56.05% ± 1.881 vs 75.28% ± 3.914, p < 0.01; day 14: 89.85% ± 2.991 vs 98.07% ± 0.839, p < 0.05). The width of the scars for the NTP group was narrower than those of control group (4.607 ± 0.416 mm vs 3.260 ± 0.333 mm, p < 0.05). In addition, a lower level of TGF-β1, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 were detected in the NTP treated wounds (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01). As expected, α-SMA was also significantly decreased in the NTP treatment group (p < 0.01). Moreover, the expression of type I collagen and the proportion of type I to III collagen were lower in the NTP group (p < 0.05). The results of the study suggest that NTP may play a potential role in scar formation by inhibiting the TGF β1 signal pathway and reducing the levels of α-SMA and type I collagen, and may have clinical utility in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Qing Fang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Bing Jia
- Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, Collage of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Hu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Cai Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Ping Yan
- Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, Collage of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Yong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, Collage of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
| | - Wei-Qiang Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
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18
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Weinstein A, Koren A, Sprecher E, Zur E, Mehrabi JN, Artzi O. The combined effect of tranilast 8% liposomal gel on the final cosmesis of acne scarring in patients concomitantly treated by isotretinoin: prospective, double-blind, split-face study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2019; 45:41-47. [PMID: 31260124 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tranilast [N-(3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid] has never been investigated for the prevention and treatment of acne scars. AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tranilast 8% gel in improving the final appearance of patients with acne scarring concomitantly treated by isotretinoin. METHODS This was a prospective, double-blind, split-face study, which enrolled 40 otherwise healthy participants (aged 18-49 years) with facial acne scars. For each patient, one half of the face were treated with tranilast 8% liposomal gel and the other half with a water-based placebo. Using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS), acne scars were evaluated by two dermatologists and by the patients, and the patients also rated their satisfaction with the treatment and reported adverse effects. RESULTS In total, 32 participants completed the trial. The mean GAIS scores at 5 months post-treatment were significantly lower (better outcome) for the tranilast-treated side than the placebo-treated areas in patients concomitantly treated with isotretinoin (P < 0.001). All the isotretinoin-treated patients reported greater satisfaction and better general improvement in the skin's appearance and texture, and also greater improvement of pigment and redness on the tranilast 8% gel-treated side compared with the control side. CONCLUSION Combined topical application of tranilast 8% gel twice daily with oral isotretinoin treatment in the active phase of acne vulgaris may result in fewer scars, finer skin texture and enhanced appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Weinstein
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Koren
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Zur
- Central Compounding Laboratory, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - J N Mehrabi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Artzi
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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