1
|
He D, Song Y, Xiao H, Shi S, Song H, Cui T, Ni T, Wang J, Ren X, Wei A. Ligustilide enhances pregnancy outcomes via improvement of endometrial receptivity and promotion of endometrial angiogenesis in rats. J Nat Med 2024; 78:42-52. [PMID: 37698739 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Ligustilide (LIG) is the main active ingredient of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, which could promote focal angiogenesis to exert neuroprotection. However, there was no report that verified the exact effects of LIG on endometrial angiogenesis and the pregnancy outcomes. To explore the effects of LIG on low endometrial receptivity (LER) and angiogenesis, pregnancy rats were assigned into Control (saline treatment), LER (hydroxyurea-adrenaline treatment), LIG 20 mg/kg and LIG 40 mg/kg groups. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to evaluate endometrial morphology. Quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, western blot and immunohistochemistry staining were employed to assess the expression of endometrial receptivity factors and angiogenesis-related gene/protein, respectively. RNA sequencing was used to analyze the effects of LIG on LER caused by Kidney deficiency and blood stasis. We found that endometrial thickness and the implanted embryo number were substantially reduced in the hydroxyurea-adrenaline-treated pregnancy rats. At the same time, the gene and protein expressions of ERα, LIF, VEGFA and CD31 in the endometrium were markedly reduced, while the expressions of MUC1, E-cadherin were increased in the LER group. Administration of LIG raised the endometrial thickness and implanted embryos, as well as reversed the expressions of these factors. Collectively, our findings revealed that LIG could facilitate embryo implantation via recovery of the endometrium receptivity and promotion of endometrial angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie He
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanli Song
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huidongzi Xiao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shaoqi Shi
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongyan Song
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tianwei Cui
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tingting Ni
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xingxing Ren
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Aiwu Wei
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shu M, Yao S, Zhong W, Song C, Chen F, Shang W. Personalized embryo transfer based on RNA sequencing endometrial receptivity test in repeated implantation failure patients: artificial cycle versus natural cycle. Gynecol Endocrinol 2023; 39:2181639. [PMID: 36822227 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2023.2181639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Embryo implantation provides an efficient way for patients with repeated implantation failure (RIF) to achieve pregnancy. The aim of this study is to compare the implantation outcomes of RIF patients in artificial cycle to those in natural cycle, both were treated with RNA sequencing endometrial receptivity test (rsERT) based personalized embryo implantation. METHODS The endometrial receptivity (ER) analysis was performed using rsERT followed by personalized embryo transfer at optimal window of implantation (WOI). The implantation rate (IR), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) and live birth rate (LBR) were calculated. The expression levels of biomarkers involved in pregnancy process in the patients detected as in receptivity status were also analyzed. RESULTS The rsERT shown that 44.8% (natural cycle) and 47.8% (artificial cycle) patients were in non-receptive status, which indicated a WOI displacement. After personalized embryo transfer, the IR of patients in artificial cycle was higher than those in natural cycle (52.2% vs 27.6%). The expressions of FKBP52, MUC1 and LPAR3 were significantly lower in artificial cycle than in natural cycle. CONCLUSION Using artificial cycle for personalized embryo transfer based on rsERT may yield better pregnancy outcomes for RIF patients. A gene expression analysis of FKBP52, MUC1 and LPAR3 provided a potential way to increase implantation outcomes for RIF patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Shu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlan Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
From Retrograde Menstruation to Endometrial Determinism and a Brave New World of "Root Treatment" of Endometriosis: Destiny or a Fanciful Utopia? Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020336. [PMID: 36830705 PMCID: PMC9953699 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Practically unknown outside of China, the "endometrial determinism" theory was proposed to account for the apparent gap between the relatively low prevalence of endometriosis and nearly universal retrograde menstruation. Attracting uncritical advocacy, the theory culminates in a recent consensus by elite Chinese gynecologists in favor of "root treatment", intended to nip endometriosis in the bud. Correcting endometrial "defects" can gain further momentum by the presence of cancer-driver mutations such as KRAS mutations in the endometrium of women with endometriosis and the recent introduction of therapeutics aiming to rectify the effect of these mutations for cancer treatment. We provide a critical appraisal of evidence for endometrial aberrations in endometriosis and relevant experimental evidence. All available evidence of endometrial "defect" is invariably post hoc and may well be secondary to induced endometriosis. We propose that the theory of "endometrial determinism" needs to demonstrate a clear causal and a phylogenetic relationship between endometrial aberrations and endometriosis. We argue that while it is highly likely that endometriosis is a consequence of retrograde menstruation, the case that molecular aberrations as a sole or a necessary determinant remains to be proven. "Root treatment" is a worthy ambition but as of now it is close to a fanciful Utopia.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim JH, Kim TH, Kim YS, Jang WC, Ryu A, Hwang JY, Lee HH. Mucin gene polymorphisms are associated with endometriosis in Korean women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 301:801-807. [PMID: 31858233 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mucin family members mucin 1 (MUC1) and mucin 4 (MUC4) play an important role in transformation and adhesion, and are known markers for the detection of cancer. However, the pathophysiology of endometriosis associated with the mucin gene is unclear. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between MUC1 and MUC4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk for endometriosis. METHODS We performed a case-controlled study of 29 endometriosis clinical samples and 27 functional cysts as control. Sixteen SNPs (rs145224844, rs139620330, rs144273480, rs1611770, rs146141676, rs201798179, rs201815857, rs199840128, rs200788986, rs141460657, rs183700327, rs199768496, rs191544901, rs200639498, rs148332231, and rs11465209) of MUC1 gene and eight SNPs (rs1104760, rs1106502, rs882605, rs2291651, rs2291652, rs2291653, rs2291654, and rs375068067) of the MUC4 gene were identified. We amplified SNP sites by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primer sets followed by DNA sequencing. RESULTS The single mutation analysis of MUC4 showed that MUC4 mutations had no effect on the risk for endometriosis, but the frequencies of haplotypes [T/T + T/T + C/C] (rs2291653, 2291654 and rs375068067) were associated with endometriosis. CONCLUSION The MUC1 genotype may not be correlated with endometriosis susceptibility. However, MUC4 polymorphisms are associated with the risk for endometriosis in Korean women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Kim
- Institue of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Suk Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Cheoul Jang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeli Ryu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Hwang
- Laboratory of Carbon and Biomedical Engineering, Korea Institute of Carbon Convergence, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae-Hyeog Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marquardt RM, Kim TH, Shin JH, Jeong JW. Progesterone and Estrogen Signaling in the Endometrium: What Goes Wrong in Endometriosis? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3822. [PMID: 31387263 PMCID: PMC6695957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the healthy endometrium, progesterone and estrogen signaling coordinate in a tightly regulated, dynamic interplay to drive a normal menstrual cycle and promote an embryo-receptive state to allow implantation during the window of receptivity. It is well-established that progesterone and estrogen act primarily through their cognate receptors to set off cascades of signaling pathways and enact large-scale gene expression programs. In endometriosis, when endometrial tissue grows outside the uterine cavity, progesterone and estrogen signaling are disrupted, commonly resulting in progesterone resistance and estrogen dominance. This hormone imbalance leads to heightened inflammation and may also increase the pelvic pain of the disease and decrease endometrial receptivity to embryo implantation. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms governing progesterone and estrogen signaling supporting endometrial function and how they become dysregulated in endometriosis. Understanding how these mechanisms contribute to the pelvic pain and infertility associated with endometriosis will open new avenues of targeted medical therapies to give relief to the millions of women suffering its effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Marquardt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jung-Ho Shin
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guro Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul 08318, Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rocha-Junior CV, Da Broi MG, Miranda-Furtado CL, Navarro PA, Ferriani RA, Meola J. Progesterone Receptor B ( PGR-B) Is Partially Methylated in Eutopic Endometrium From Infertile Women With Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2019; 26:1568-1574. [PMID: 30782101 DOI: 10.1177/1933719119828078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is frequently related to infertility and little is known about the mechanisms underlying this association. Some studies point to an endometrial factor involved in this condition, which could compromise embryo implantation. Progesterone plays crucial role in endometrial receptivity by acting through progesterone receptor (PGR) isoforms PR-A and PR-B whose expression is epigenetically regulated by DNA methylation, in a specific promoter region for each isoform. Epigenetic changes in PGR-A and PGR-B may be related to progesterone resistance of endometriosis-related infertility. In order to better understand the mechanisms involved in endometrial receptivity, this case-control study aimed to compare the methylation pattern of PGR-A and PGR-B in eutopic endometrium from infertile women with and without endometriosis during the secretory phase. Endometrial biopsies from 19 patients (10 infertile women with endometriosis and 9 infertile controls) with regular cycles were performed during the secretory phase and were dated according to Noyes' criteria. The percentage of DNA methylation at PGR-A and PGR-B was carried out by high-resolution melting assay. The PGR-A gene showed 0% of DNA methylation (unmethylated) in both control and endometriosis groups. However, PGR-B gene showed a partially methylated pattern in majority of the patients (n = 7), with methylation percentage corresponding to 50%, while in the control group the percentage of methylation was 20% (hypomethylated; P = .04). The increased percentage of methylation at PGR-B may be related to reduced gene expression, which could compromise the endometrial receptivity in patients with endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Valério Rocha-Junior
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Michele Gomes Da Broi
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Libardi Miranda-Furtado
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Current address: Cristiana Libardi Miranda-Furtado is now with the Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Paula Andrea Navarro
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,National Institute of Hormones and Woman's Health, CNPq, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rui Alberto Ferriani
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,National Institute of Hormones and Woman's Health, CNPq, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Meola
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,National Institute of Hormones and Woman's Health, CNPq, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barraza DE, Zampini R, Apichela SA, Pacheco JI, Argañaraz ME. Changes in mucins and matrix metalloproteases in the endometrium of early pregnant alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Acta Histochem 2018; 120:438-445. [PMID: 29773228 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
South American Camelids (SAC) have unique reproductive features, one of which is that 98% of the pregnancies develop in the left uterine horn. Furthermore, early pregnancy is an uncharacterized process in these species, especially in regard to the ultrastructural, biochemical and genetic changes that the uterine epithelial surface undergoes to allow embryo implantation. The present study describes the uterine horn luminal surface and the characteristics of the mucinous glycocalyx in non-pregnant and early pregnant (15 days) female alpacas. In addition, the relative abundance of Mucin 1 and 16 genes (MUC1 and MUC16) was determined, as well as the relative mRNA abundance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that could be involved in MUC shedding during early pregnancy. Noticeable changes were detected in the uterine luminal epithelium and glycocalyx of pregnant alpacas in comparison to non-pregnant ones, as well as presence of MUCs and MMPs in the endometrial environment. The decrease in glycocalyx staining and in the relative abundance of MUC 1 and MUC 16 transcripts in pregnant females would allow embryo attachment to the luminal epithelium and its subsequent implantation, as has been described in other mammals. These results suggest a crucial role of MUC1 and MUC16 and a possible role of MMPs in successful embryo implantation and survival in alpacas.
Collapse
|
8
|
Has the time come to include low-level laser photobiomodulation as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of impaired endometrial receptivity? Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:1105-1114. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
9
|
Broi MGD, Rocha CV, Meola J, Martins WP, Carvalho FM, Ferriani RA, Navarro PA. Expression of PGR, HBEGF, ITGAV, ITGB3 and SPP1 genes in eutopic endometrium of infertile women with endometriosis during the implantation window: a pilot study. JBRA Assist Reprod 2017; 21:196-202. [PMID: 28837027 DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20170038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in endometrial receptivity may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of endometriosis-related infertility. The literature has suggested that patients with endometriosis present progestin resistance, which could affect embryo implantation. We question the presence of alterations in the expression of the progesterone receptor gene (PGR) and the genes related to endometrium-embryo interaction regulated by progesterone. This pilot study compared the expression of PGR, HBEGF, ITGAV, ITGB3, and SPP1 genes in eutopic endometrium during the implantation window (IW) in infertile women with endometriosis with that observed in the endometrium of fertile and infertile controls. METHODS In this prospective case-control study, endometrial biopsies were performed during the IW in patients aged between 18 and 45 years old, with regular cycles and without endocrine/systemic dysfunctions, divided into endometriosis (END), infertile control (IC) and fertile control (FC) groups. Total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and gene expression analysis by Real-Time PCR were performed. We assessed the size of the difference that our series was powered to detect. RESULTS From the 687 patients who underwent diagnostic videolaparoscopy or tubal ligation at the University Hospital, 130 were eligible. Of these, 32 had endometrial samples collected, with 17 confirmed in the IW. Fifteen samples (5 END, 5 IC and 5 FC) were analyzed. There was no significant difference in the expression of any studied gene. Our sample size allowed us to identify or discard large differences (two standard deviations) among the groups. CONCLUSION Endometriosis doesn't cause large changes in the endometrial expression of PGR, HBEGF, ITGAV, ITGB3 and SPP1 during the IW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele G Da Broi
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos V Rocha
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Meola
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Wellington P Martins
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rui A Ferriani
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula A Navarro
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,National Institute of Hormones and Woman's Health, CNPq, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Da Broi MG, Rocha CV, Carvalho FM, Martins WP, Ferriani RA, Navarro PA. Ultrastructural Evaluation of Eutopic Endometrium of Infertile Women With and Without Endometriosis During the Window of Implantation: A Pilot Study. Reprod Sci 2017; 24:1469-1475. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719117691142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele G. Da Broi
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos V. Rocha
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wellington P. Martins
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui A. Ferriani
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula A. Navarro
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Hormones and Women’s Health – CNPq, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Type 2 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase as a novel target for the treatment of osteoporosis. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:1431-56. [PMID: 26230882 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low estradiol level in postmenopausal women is implicated in osteoporosis, which occurs because of the high bone resorption rate. Estrogen formation is controlled by 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 17-β HSD enzymes, where 17-β HSD type 1 contributes in the formation of estradiol, while type 2 catalyzes its catabolism. Inhibiting 17-β HSD2 can help in increasing estradiol concentration. Several promising 17-β HSD2 inhibitors that can act at low nanomolar range have been identified. However, there are some specific challenges associated with the application of these compounds. Our review provides an up-to-date summary of the current status and recent progress in the production of 17-β HSD2 inhibitors as well as the future challenges in their clinical application.
Collapse
|