1
|
Papalexis P, Georgakopoulou VE, Keramydas D, Vogiatzis R, Taskou C, Anagnostopoulou FA, Nonni A, Lazaris AC, Zografos GC, Kavantzas N, Thomopoulou GE. Clinical, Histopathological, and Immunohistochemical Characteristics of Predictive Biomarkers of Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Study. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2024; 4:340-351. [PMID: 38707726 PMCID: PMC11062156 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Background/Aim Breast cancer is a complex disease with variability in clinical manifestation, response to current therapy, and biochemical and histological features among various subgroups. Histologic grading and immuno-histochemical evaluation of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), and Ki-67 proliferation index play a crucial role in increasing the differential diagnostic value among various types of breast carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine the histopathological and immuno-histochemical characteristics of breast tumors from a University Laboratory of Pathology in Greece. Patients and Methods The study included female patients over 18 years of age, whose histopathological and immunohistochemical reports were stored in the archives of the First Department of Pathology of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. The study involved 197 female patients with a median age of 70 years and median tumor size of 2.6 cm. Results Most tumors were located at the left breast and ductal carcinoma was the most common histologic type (35.5%). Most tumors had histologic grade 2 (106, 53.8%), and were classified as TNM stage IIA (65, 33%). Most grade 1 and 2 tumors exhibited high expression of PR, whereas most grade 3 tumors had no PR expression. Moreover, patients with triple-negative cancer presented with grades 2 and 3 at a lower percentage compared to patients without a triple-negative phenotype (p=0.001). Conclusion The study provided valuable insights into the histopathological and immuno-histochemical characteristics involved in the development and progression of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petros Papalexis
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Keramydas
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Master's Program "Environment and Health, Management of Environmental Health Effects", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Aphrodite Nonni
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas C Lazaris
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George C Zografos
- Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kavantzas
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Master's Program "Environment and Health, Management of Environmental Health Effects", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Eleni Thomopoulou
- Cytopathology Department, "Attikon" University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Banerjee S, Hatimuria M, Sarkar K, Das J, Pabbathi A, Sil PC. Recent Contributions of Mass Spectrometry-Based "Omics" in the Studies of Breast Cancer. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:137-180. [PMID: 38011513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most heterogeneous groups of cancer. As every biotype of BC is unique and presents a particular "omic" signature, they are increasingly characterized nowadays with novel mass spectrometry (MS) strategies. BC therapeutic approaches are primarily based on the two features of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and estrogen receptor (ER) positivity. Various strategic MS implementations are reported in studies of BC also involving data independent acquisitions (DIAs) of MS which report novel differential proteomic, lipidomic, proteogenomic, phosphoproteomic, and metabolomic characterizations associated with the disease and its therapeutics. Recently many "omic" studies have aimed to identify distinct subsidiary biotypes for diagnosis, prognosis, and targets of treatment. Along with these, drug-induced-resistance phenotypes are characterized by "omic" changes. These identifying aspects of the disease may influence treatment outcomes in the near future. Drug quantifications and characterizations are also done regularly and have implications in therapeutic monitoring and in drug efficacy assessments. We report these studies, mentioning their implications toward the understanding of BC. We briefly provide the MS instrumentation principles that are adopted in such studies as an overview with a brief outlook on DIA-MS strategies. In all of these, we have chosen a model cancer for its revelations through MS-based "omics".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajit Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, Surendranath College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, India
- Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier's College, Kolkata 700016, India
| | - Madushmita Hatimuria
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram India
| | - Kasturi Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier's College, Kolkata 700016, India
| | - Joydeep Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Ashok Pabbathi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram India
| | - Parames C Sil
- Department of Molecular Medicine Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang H, Gao M, Zhao W, Yu L. The chromatin architectural regulator SND1 mediates metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer by promoting CDH1 gene methylation. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:129. [PMID: 37885030 PMCID: PMC10601136 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SND1 participates in tumorigenesis, tumour invasion and metastasis in different cancers. Previous studies have shown that SND1 can promote the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a specific breast cancer subtype with high metastatic potential and poor prognosis. However, the specific roles and mechanisms of SND1 in TNBC metastasis remain unaddressed. METHODS Immunostaining was used to detect the SND1 expression in tissue samples of 58 TNBC and 10 glioblastomas (GBM) as positive control. The correlation between SND1 expression and patient prognosis was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. The gene expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. Gene Ontology analysis, ChIP, a dual-luciferase reporter assay, EMSA, and 3C analysis were applied to identify SND1-activated target genes. Bisulfite sequencing PCR and MeDIP were used to detect DNA methylation. We also used wound healing, Transwell and orthotopic implantation assays to investigate the function of SND1 in TNBC cell migration and invasion. RESULTS The data of immunohistochemistry manifested that SND1 is the overexpression in metastasized TNBC and an independent factor for TNBC prognosis. SND1 knockdown inhibited the migration and invasion of TNBC cells. We found that SND1 promotes the metastatic phenotype of TNBC cells by epigenetically altering chromatin conformational interactions, which in turn activates DNMT3A transcription. Then, DNMT3A attenuates CCND1 expression by inducing CCND1 gene methylation, leading to TNBC metastasis. CONCLUSION SND1 can promote the invasion and migration of TNBC cells by promoting DNMT3A expression and suppressing CDH1 activity. SND1 is a potential biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huibian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wenying Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Su Q, Wang X, Zhu R, Liu C, Sun S. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy reduces the levels of HMGB1 and E-cadherin in patients with breast cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14791. [PMID: 37684327 PMCID: PMC10491604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the changes in serum tumor marker levels in patients with breast cancer (BC) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and their potential as prognostic factors in NACT. A total of 134 consecutive patients with BC treated at our hospital between January 2019 and December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were treated with NACT based on the docetaxel, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (TEC) regimen and assessed for marker levels, T cell subsets, and therapeutic outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the predictive performance of the markers. Outcome assessments showed that NACT effectively reduced the tumor size, leading to increased complete remission, partial remission, stable disease, and significantly reduced disease progression. Improved immune function has also been observed after NACT. The levels of two (E-cadherin and HMGB1) out of five markers (CA153, CK19, CEA, E-cadherin, and HMGB1) were significantly reduced after NACT before surgery compared with those at admission, suggesting that NACT modulates the levels of biomarkers. ROC analysis revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) of HMGB1 and E-cadherin combination was 0.87 for discrimination of therapeutic response with a sensitivity and specificity of 91.3% and 88.4%, respectively. Serum tumor marker levels were reduced after NACT in patients with BC. The reduction was most prominent for HMGB1, followed by E-cadherin. These biomarkers can be used to predict the therapeutic response to NACT with an AUC of 0.87, thus offering a new tool to monitor treatment progress in NACT for patients with BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingchang Su
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, 67 Dongchangxi Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, 67 Dongchangxi Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rongchen Zhu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, 67 Dongchangxi Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, 67 Dongchangxi Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shanping Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, 67 Dongchangxi Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Scarini JF, de Lima-Souza RA, Lavareze L, Ribeiro de Assis MCF, Damas II, Altemani A, Egal ESA, dos Santos JN, Bello IO, Mariano FV. Heterogeneity and versatility of the extracellular matrix during the transition from pleomorphic adenoma to carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: cumulative findings from basic research and new insights. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:942604. [PMID: 37138857 PMCID: PMC10149834 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.942604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common salivary gland tumor, accounting for 50%-60% of these neoplasms. If untreated, 6.2% of PA may undergo malignant transformation to carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA). CXPA is a rare and aggressive malignant tumor, whose prevalence represents approximately 3%-6% of all salivary gland tumors. Although the pathogenesis of the PA-CXPA transition remains unclear, CXPA development requires the participation of cellular components and the tumor microenvironment for its progression. The extracellular matrix (ECM) comprises a heterogeneous and versatile network of macromolecules synthesized and secreted by embryonic cells. In the PA-CXPA sequence, ECM is formed by a variety of components including collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminins, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and other glycoproteins, mainly secreted by epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. Like in other tumors including breast cancer, ECM changes play an important role in the PA-CXPA sequence. This review summarizes what is currently known about the role of ECM during CXPA development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Figueira Scarini
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Reydson Alcides de Lima-Souza
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Luccas Lavareze
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Falcão Ribeiro de Assis
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Iara Damas
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Erika Said Abu Egal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Biorepository and Molecular Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jean Nunes dos Santos
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ibrahim Olajide Bello
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fernanda Viviane Mariano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Correspondence: Fernanda Viviane Mariano
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Proteomics-Based Identification of Dysregulated Proteins in Breast Cancer. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10040035. [PMID: 36278695 PMCID: PMC9590004 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is still widely used as a morphology-based assay for in situ analysis of target proteins as specific tumor antigens. However, as a very heterogeneous collection of neoplastic diseases, breast cancer (BC) requires an accurate identification and characterization of larger panels of candidate biomarkers, beyond ER, PR, and HER2 proteins, for diagnosis and personalized treatment, without the limited availability of antibodies that are required to identify specific proteins. Top-down, middle-down, and bottom-up mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics approaches complement traditional histopathological tissue analysis to examine expression, modification, and interaction of hundreds to thousands of proteins simultaneously. In this review, we discuss the proteomics-based identification of dysregulated proteins in BC that are essential for the following issues: discovery and validation of new biomarkers by analysis of solid and liquid/non-invasive biopsies, cell lines, organoids and xenograft models; identification of panels of biomarkers for early detection and accurate discrimination between cancer, benign and normal tissues; identification of subtype-specific and stage-specific protein expression profiles in BC grading and measurement of disease progression; characterization of new subtypes of BC; characterization and quantitation of post-translational modifications (PTMs) and aberrant protein-protein interactions (PPI) involved in tumor development; characterization of the global remodeling of BC tissue homeostasis, diagnosis and prognostic information; and deciphering of molecular functions, biological processes and mechanisms through which the dysregulated proteins cause tumor initiation, invasion, and treatment resistance.
Collapse
|