1
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Nakamura N, Sakagami T, Suzuki K, Takahashi Y, Noda Y, Tsuta K, Naganuma M. Successful endoscopic resection for well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, Grade 1, in the hypopharynx. Clin J Gastroenterol 2024; 17:80-83. [PMID: 37919638 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-023-01877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, Grade 1 (NET, G1), in the hypopharynx is extremely rare. A 62-year-old woman was referred to our clinic with a tumor in the postcricoid area. The tumor was diagnosed NET on biopsy and there were no metastatic findings on CT, therefore we performed endoscopic resection. Histologic examination revealed well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, Grade 1. This case was an extremely rare and valuable case in which endoscopic images can be observed in detail. Endoscopic resection was performed and successful endoscopic and histological resection was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Nakamura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Tomofumi Sakagami
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kensuke Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yuri Noda
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuta
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Makoto Naganuma
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
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2
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Hellquist H, Agaimy A, Stenman G, Franchi A, Nadal A, Skalova A, Leivo I, Zidar N, Simpson RHW, Slootweg PJ, Hernandez-Prera JC, Ferlito A. Development of head and neck pathology in Europe. Virchows Arch 2022; 480:951-965. [PMID: 35028711 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review gives a brief history of the development of head and neck pathology in Europe from a humble beginning in the 1930s to the explosive activities the last 15 years. During the decades before the introduction of immunohistochemistry in the 1980s, head and neck pathology grew as a subspeciality in many European countries. In the late 1940s, the Institute of Laryngology and Otology with its own pathology laboratory was founded in London, and in 1964 the World Health Organization (WHO) International Reference Centre for the Histological Classification of Salivary Tumours was established at the Bland-Sutton Institute of Pathology, also in London. International collaboration, and very much so in Europe, led to the publication of the first WHO Classification of Salivary Gland Tumours in 1972. In the 1960s, a salivary gland register was organised in Hamburg and in Cologne the microlaryngoscopy was invented enabling microscopic endoscopic examination and rather shortly afterwards a carbon dioxide laser attached to the microscope became established and laryngeal lesions could be treated by laser vaporisation. During the last three decades, the use of immunohistochemistry supplemented with cytogenetic and refined molecular techniques has greatly facilitated the pathological diagnostics of head and neck lesions and has had a huge impact on research. Collaboration between different European centres has drastically increased partly due to establishment of scientific societies such as the Head and Neck Working Group (HNWG) within the European Society of Pathology and the International Head and Neck Scientific Group (IHNSG). A very large number of European pathologists have contributed to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th WHO books, and are involved in the upcoming 5th edition. Accredited educational meetings and courses are nowadays regularly arranged in Europe. Numerous textbooks on head and neck pathology have been written and edited by European pathologists. The increased collaboration has created larger series of tumours for research and new entities, mainly defined by their genetic abnormalities, are continuously emerging from Europe, particularly regarding salivary gland neoplasms and "undifferentiated" sinonasal tumours. These findings have led to a better and more precise classification and open the possibilities for new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hellquist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Epigenetics and Human Disease Group, Algarve Biomedical Centre (ABC), Algarve University, Campus de Gambelas, Ala Norte, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Göran Stenman
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Franchi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfons Nadal
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Basic Clinical Practice, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alena Skalova
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Ilmo Leivo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku University Central Hospital, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Zidar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Pieter J Slootweg
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alfio Ferlito
- Coordinator of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy
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3
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Rossi NA, Gietzen R, Malaya LT, Haroun KB, Conner GR, Coblens O, Resto VA, Clement CG, Joshi R. Combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: A collision course of tumors. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05319. [PMID: 35127091 PMCID: PMC8795838 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the H&N are exceptionally rare. We present the case of combined p16 negative SCC and LCNEC of the oropharynx treated with combination chemotherapy. This is the third reported case of combined neuroendocrine carcinoma and SCC of the oropharynx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Rossi
- Department of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Rachelle Gietzen
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Lauren T. Malaya
- School of MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Kareem B. Haroun
- Department of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Grant R. Conner
- Department of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Orly Coblens
- Department of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Vicente A. Resto
- Department of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Cecilia G. Clement
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Rohan Joshi
- Department of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
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4
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Kakkar A, Ashraf SF, Rathor A, Adhya AK, Mani S, Sikka K, Jain D. SMARCA4/BRG1-Deficient Sinonasal Carcinoma: Morphologic Spectrum of an Evolving Entity. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 146:1122-1130. [PMID: 34871352 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0001-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Molecular analysis of poorly differentiated/undifferentiated sinonasal neoplasms has resulted in identification of a growing number of genetically defined tumors. SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinoma is one such recently described entity that emerged from within sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), and teratocarcinosarcoma (TCS). OBJECTIVE.— To identify SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinomas from a large institutional cohort of poorly differentiated/undifferentiated carcinomas and evaluate their clinicopathologic features. DESIGN.— SMARCA4/BRG1 immunohistochemistry was performed on all tumors diagnosed as SNUC, poorly differentiated carcinoma, NEC, and TCS during a 12-year period. SMARCA2/BRM and INSM1 immunostaining was performed in SMARCA4-deficient cases. RESULTS.— Twelve SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinomas were identified among 299 cases. Morphologically, 5 cases were large cell NEC, 2 cases were small cell NEC, and 5 were TCS. SMARCA4 loss was diffuse and complete in 10 cases, while 2 cases showed focal retention. Most cases showed diffuse cytokeratin staining accompanied by weak, usually focal staining for chromogranin and synaptophysin. INSM-1 showed negativity in most cases. All cases showed retained SMARCA2 expression. IDH1/2 mutation was absent in all cases analyzed. Four of 7 patients died of disease, and aggressive multimodality treatment had better outcome. CONCLUSIONS.— SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinomas are morphologically akin to sinonasal poorly differentiated NECs and TCS, display cytokeratin positivity and only focal staining for neuroendocrine markers, and have aggressive biological behavior. Inclusion of SMARCA4 in the immunohistochemical panel for diagnostic workup of all sinonasal NEC and TCS phenotypes will facilitate their early recognition. Comprehensive germline and somatic mutational analyses of these tumors are necessary for further insights into their molecular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Kakkar
- From the Department of Pathology (Kakkar, Ashraf, Rathor, Jain), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subiyathul Farah Ashraf
- From the Department of Pathology (Kakkar, Ashraf, Rathor, Jain), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amber Rathor
- From the Department of Pathology (Kakkar, Ashraf, Rathor, Jain), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar Adhya
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India (Adhya)
| | - Suresh Mani
- The Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (Mani, Sikka), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kapil Sikka
- The Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (Mani, Sikka), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepali Jain
- From the Department of Pathology (Kakkar, Ashraf, Rathor, Jain), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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5
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Fiorini FR, Abbas Y, Mukhopadhyay S, Tatla T. Surgical palliation in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the hypopharynx: Case report. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 5:e1558. [PMID: 34609069 PMCID: PMC9351644 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are very rare entities accounting for 0.49% of all malignancies. Within the head and neck, the most common sites are the larynx and paranasal sinuses, while the hypopharynx is seldom described. Case We present a patient with a poorly differentiated metastatic NEC of the hypopharynx treated palliatively with organ‐preserving surgery and post‐operative chemotherapy, and literature review for well‐documented pure hypopharyngeal NECs. Our patient died of chest infection during chemotherapy, 4 months after surgery. Conclusion Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment in the presence of metastases with 2‐year overall survival of 15.7%. Due to the aggressive nature of poorly differentiated metastatic NECs, surgical management is seldom considered. We report and advocate the successful palliative role of organ‐preserving, minimally invasive trans‐oral LASER micro‐surgery and neck dissection to control loco‐regional head and neck disease, safe‐guarding better quality of home life, despite limited life expectancy for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasmin Abbas
- Departmentof Otolaryngology and Head and Neck, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK
| | - Suchana Mukhopadhyay
- Departmentof Otolaryngology and Head and Neck, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK
| | - Taran Tatla
- Departmentof Otolaryngology and Head and Neck, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK
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6
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Agea Martínez M, Navarro Cuéllar I, Sada Urmeneta A, Alijo Serrano F, Navarro Cuéllar C. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma on the floor of the mouth: a rare entity in an unusual location. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 51:742-745. [PMID: 34481737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) are a group of malignant neoplasms usually located in the lungs or gastrointestinal tract. Fewer cases are located in the head and neck, and in these rare presentations, the lingual tonsil, larynx, and major salivary glands are the most frequently affected sites. NECs exhibit similar characteristics regardless of where they arise. However, because these neoplasms are rare, a clear understanding of their aetiopathogenesis has yet to be described, and options for treatment have varied and are not unified. A rare NEC of the floor of the mouth is reported here; it appears that this location has not been reported previously. The diagnosis was established through histopathological analysis, and the patient underwent systemic treatment. He had a partial response to treatment in the first 3 months, but died 6 months after the initial diagnosis. This highly uncommon tumour can pose a significant diagnostic challenge for clinicians and pathologists alike and can result in diagnostic delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agea Martínez
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; XXX.
| | - I Navarro Cuéllar
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Sada Urmeneta
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Alijo Serrano
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Navarro Cuéllar
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Uccella S, La Rosa S, Metovic J, Marchiori D, Scoazec JY, Volante M, Mete O, Papotti M. Genomics of High-Grade Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor with High-Grade Features (G3 NET) and Neuroendocrine Carcinomas (NEC) of Various Anatomic Sites. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:192-210. [PMID: 33433884 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-020-09660-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms (HG-NENs) are clinically aggressive diseases, the classification of which has recently been redefined. They now include both poorly differentiated NENs (neuroendocrine carcinoma, NECs) and high proliferating well-differentiated NENs (called grade 3 neuroendocrine tumors, G3 NETs, in the digestive system). In the last decade, the "molecular revolution" that has affected all fields of medical oncology has also shed light in the understanding of HG NENs heterogeneity and has provided new diagnostic and therapeutic tools, useful in the management of these malignancies. Considering the kaleidoscopic aspects of HG NENs in various anatomical sites, this review systematically addresses the genomic landscape of such neoplasm throughout the more common thoracic and digestive locations, as well as it will consider other rare but not exceptional primary sites, including the skin, the head and neck, and the urogenital system. The revision of the available literature will then be oriented to understand the translational relevance of molecular data, by analyzing conceptual issues, clinicopathological correlations, and unmet needs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Uccella
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jasna Metovic
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Deborah Marchiori
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Paris, France
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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8
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Zhao Q, Wei J, Zhang C, Meng L, Wang B, Gao L, Jiang X. Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses after successful curative therapy: a case report and literature review. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:2975-2980. [PMID: 31114241 PMCID: PMC6489553 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s195052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes a 40-year-old male patient with symptoms affecting the nasal sinuses including nasal obstruction and olfactory anesthesia. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that the tumor eroded the adjacent bone and bilateral frontal lobes. The biopsy sample of the left nasal mass was processed for both H&E staining and immunohistological staining for various markers. The final histological examination showed large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with poor differentiation. After a general evaluation, the patient was staged as cT4bN0M0. The patient was treated by combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The treatment yielded almost complete remission, and after 10 months of follow-up, no distant organ metastasis or recurrence in the primary tumor region was detected.We report this rare case and review the current literature of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbin Zhang
- Department of pathology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
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9
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Campos HG, Altemani AM, Altemani J, Soares DF, Reis F. Poorly differentiated large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the paranasal sinus. Radiol Bras 2018; 51:269. [PMID: 30202133 PMCID: PMC6124587 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - João Altemani
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Reis
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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10
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How phenotype guides management of the neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2018; 132:568-574. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022215118000968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveThis review aimed to critically analyse data pertaining to the clinical presentation and treatment of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx.MethodA PubMed search was performed using the term ‘neuroendocrine carcinoma’. English-language articles on neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx were reviewed in detail.Results and conclusionWhile many historical classifications have been proposed, in contemporary practice these tumours are sub-classified into four subtypes: carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. These tumours exhibit a wide range of biological behaviour, ranging from the extremely aggressive nature of small and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, which usually have a fatal prognosis, to the less aggressive course of carcinoid tumours. In small and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, a combination of irradiation and chemotherapy is indicated, while carcinoid and atypical carcinoid tumour management entails conservation surgery.
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11
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Abstract
The differential diagnosis of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx is broad and includes lesions of epithelial, mesenchymal, and neuroectodermal origin. These lesions have overlapping clinical and pathologic aspects and must be carefully considered in the differential diagnosis of laryngeal neoplasms. The prognosis and treatment are also different among these tumor types, which necessitates making these distinctions clinically. The current literature was reviewed to provide updated information regarding the epithelial-derived tumors, including carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine component. These tumors are compared and contrasted with non-epithelial-derived tumors such as paraganglioma and nonmucosal tumors, such as medullary thyroid carcinoma. The morphologic and cytologic features are discussed, along with helpful immunohistochemical and ancillary investigations.
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12
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Abstract
The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occupy the top of the upper respiratory tract and form pneumatic spaces connected with the atmosphere. They are located immediately beneath the base of the cranium, where crucial vital structures are harbored. From this region, very much exposed to airborne agents, arise some of the more complex and rare benign and malignant lesions seen in humans, whose difficulties in interpretation make this remarkable territory one of the most challenging in the practice of surgical pathology. Contents of this chapter cover inflammations and infections, polyps and pseudotumors, fungal and midfacial destructive granulomatous lesions, as well as benign, borderline, and malignant neoplasms. Among the neoplasms, emphasis is made on those entities characteristic or even unique for the sinonasal region, such as Schneiderian papillomas, glomangiopericytoma, intestinal- and non-intestinal-type adenocarcinomas, olfactory neuroblastoma, nasal-type NK-/T-cell lymphoma, and teratocarcinosarcoma. Moreover, recently recognized entities involving this territory, i.e., HPV-related non-keratinizing carcinoma, NUT carcinoma, and SMARCB1-deficient basaloid carcinoma, are also discussed in the light of their specific molecular findings. Furthermore, the text is accompanied by numerous classical and recent references, several tables, and 100 illustrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cardesa
- University of Barcelona, Anatomic Pathology Hospital Clínic University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pieter J. Slootweg
- Radboud Univ Nijmegen Medical Center, Pathology Radboud Univ Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Gale
- University of Ljubljana,, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medic University of Ljubljana,, Ljublijana, Slovenia
| | - Alessandro Franchi
- University of Florence, Dept of Surg & Translational Medicine University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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13
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Lee WI, Ameratunga M, du Plessis J, Gan H. Hypopharyngeal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2015-211908. [PMID: 26715138 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-211908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the head and neck is rare. We report a case of a 56-year-old man with a 6-week history of dysphagia, a neck mass and weight loss. He was diagnosed with a hypopharyngeal large cell NEC (LCNEC) with metastases to multiple sites. He received two cycles of cisplatin and etoposide. Subsequent restaging scan revealed progressive disease. The patient declined further chemotherapy and died shortly after. This is the third case of LCNEC of hypopharynx reported in the English literature and the first to progress on platinum-based chemotherapy. Although LCNEC of the head and neck is still classified as an atypical carcinoid, there is increasing evidence it is a distinct clinicohistopathological entity that carries an especially poor prognosis. Currently, there is a paucity of data to guide treatment of this rare malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-I Lee
- Austin Health, Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malaka Ameratunga
- Department of Oncology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justin du Plessis
- Department of Pathology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hui Gan
- Department of Oncology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Deep NL, Ekbom DC, Hinni ML, Zarka MA, Patel SH. High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Larynx. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2015; 125:464-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0003489415619179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To report a single institutional series of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx (NCL), a very rare yet aggressive tumor. To review the management of NCL, including discussion of clinical behavior, treatment outcome, and prognosis. Method: A retrospective chart review of high-grade laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinomas at a single institution, including small- and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. A total of 8 patients with high-grade NCL treated at our institution from 1992 to 2014 were identified. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 65.5 years (range, 43-80). Five patients were male. Two patients had a known smoking history. Primary tumor location was supraglottic in 7 patients and glottic in 1 patient. Primary treatment consisted of surgery alone (3 patients), radiotherapy alone (1 patient), combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy (1 patient), and surgery followed by postoperative chemoradiotherapy (3 patients). Locoregional recurrence followed by distant metastasis occurred in 6 patients. Median overall survival was 44.0 months (95% CI, 3-62.0). Conclusion: High-grade NCL is a rare diagnosis. Compared to well- and moderately differentiated NCL, high-grade NCL has a far more aggressive clinical course and associated with a worse prognosis. To our knowledge, this is the largest series of patients with high-grade NCL treated at a single institution. Prompt diagnosis and multimodality therapy including elective neck dissection may improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Deep
- Mayo Clinic, Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Dale C. Ekbom
- Mayo Clinic, Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael L. Hinni
- Mayo Clinic, Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Matthew A. Zarka
- Mayo Clinic, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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15
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Ferlito A, Coca-Pelaz A, Rodrigo JP, Triantafyllou A, Devaney KO, Hunt JL, Perez-Ordoñez B, Slootweg PJ, Bell D, Bishop JA, Rinaldo A. New tumor phenotypes reported in the larynx in the last decades: a critique. Am J Otolaryngol 2015; 36:494-7. [PMID: 25725968 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfio Ferlito
- University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy.
| | - Andrés Coca-Pelaz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Pathology Department, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories and Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Jennifer L Hunt
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Bayardo Perez-Ordoñez
- Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pieter J Slootweg
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Bell
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Justin A Bishop
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
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16
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Paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinomas: clinical manifestations and prognostic significance. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 273:533-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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