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Butylina M, Föger-Samwald U, Gelles K, Pietschmann P, Sipos W. Challenges in establishing animal models for studying osteoimmunology of hypoparathyroidism. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1163903. [PMID: 37180074 PMCID: PMC10169642 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1163903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism is a relatively rare human and veterinary disease characterized by deficient or absent production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is known as a classical regulator of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Nevertheless, the hormone also appears to modulate immune functions. For example, increased CD4:CD8 T-cell ratios and elevated interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17A levels were observed in patients with hyperparathyroidism, whereas gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was decreased in patients with chronic postsurgical hypoparathyroidism. Various immune cell populations are affected differently. So, there is a need for validated animal models for the further characterization of this disease for identifying targeted immune-modulatory therapies. In addition to genetically modified mouse models of hypoparathyroidism, there are surgical rodent models. Parathyroidectomy (PTX) can be well performed in rats-for pharmacological and associated osteoimmunological research and bone mechanical studies, a large animal model could be preferable, however. A major drawback for successfully performing total PTX in large animal species (pigs and sheep) is the presence of accessory glands, thus demanding to develop new approaches for real-time detection of all parathyroid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Butylina
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Föger-Samwald
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Gelles
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Pietschmann
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Development of Surgically Transplantable Parathyroid Hormone-Releasing Microbeads. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020440. [PMID: 35203648 PMCID: PMC8962264 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder that occurs because of the inability to produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) effectively. Previously, we reported the efficacy of tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs) differentiated into parathyroid-like cells for the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. Here, we investigated the feasibility of three-dimensional structural microbeads fabricated with TMSCs and alginate, a natural biodegradable polymer, to treat hypoparathyroidism. Alginate microbeads were fabricated by dropping a 2% (w/v) alginate solution containing TMSCs into a 5% CaCl2 solution and then differentiated into parathyroid-like cells using activin A and sonic hedgehog for 7 days. The protein expression of PTH, a specific marker of the parathyroid gland, was significantly higher in differentiated alginate microbeads with TMSCs (Al-dT) compared with in undifferentiated alginate microbeads with TMSCs. For in vivo experiments, we created the hypoparathyroidism animal model by parathyroidectomy (PTX) and implanted alginate microbeads in the dorsal interscapular region. The PTX rats with Al-dT (PTX+Al-dT) showed the highest survival rate and weight change and a gradual increase in serum intact PTH levels. We also detected a higher expression of PTH in retrieved tissues of PTX+Al-dT using immunofluorescence analysis. This study demonstrates that alginate microbeads are potential a new tool as a surgically scalable therapy for treating hypoparathyroidism.
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Lim YS, You BH, Kim HB, Lim SH, Song JG, Bae MG, Han HK, Choi YH, Choi HS. A New Therapeutic Approach Using a Calcilytic (AXT914) for Postsurgical Hypoparathyroidism in Female Rats. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5898117. [PMID: 32852547 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Postsurgical hypoparathyroidism is the most common complication of thyroid surgery. Conventional therapy with high-dose calcium and vitamin D can correct hypocalcemia but can increase the risk of hypercalciuria, renal stones, or ectopic calcification. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of a calcium-sensing receptor antagonist, also called a calcilytic (AXT914), in rat models of postsurgical hypoparathyroidism. Two postsurgical hypoparathyroidism rat models were made by hemi-parathyroidectomy or total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation in 10-week-old female Wistar rats. AXT914 or vehicle was administered orally for 2 to 3 weeks. Serum PTH, calcium, and phosphorus levels, and the urinary excretion of calcium were measured. Autotransplanted parathyroid tissues were collected and examined histologically. In the hemi-parathyroidectomy model, the oral administration of the calcilytic AXT914 (5 and 10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks increased serum PTH and calcium levels and decreased serum phosphorus levels and urinary calcium excretion. In the total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation model, the oral administration of AXT914 (10 mg/kg) for 3 weeks increased serum PTH and calcium levels and decreased serum phosphorus levels. The serum PTH and calcium levels increased by AXT914 were maintained for 1 week, even after discontinuation of the drug. In conclusion, AXT914 increased PTH secretion in rat models of postsurgical hypoparathyroidism, thereby correcting abnormal calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Furthermore, AXT914 improved the functional recovery of autotransplanted parathyroid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sung Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Koyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hoon You
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Koyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Bok Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Koyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Lim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Koyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Song
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Koyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Koyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyung Han
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Koyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Koyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Seok Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Koyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Feasibility of autologous plasma gel for tonsil-derived stem cell therapeutics in hypoparathyroidism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11896. [PMID: 30093637 PMCID: PMC6085304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism is a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body. We previously reported the possibility of treating it using tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs) differentiated into PTH-releasing cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using autologous plasma gel as scaffold material in treatment of hypoparathyroidism with TMSC. We obtained plasma by venous sampling of autologous blood and centrifuged and fabricated the plasma gel using a sinusoidal pattern heating machine. After we created the hypoparathyroidism animal model, we administered undifferentiated TMSCs and TMSCs differentiated into parathyroid cells at each rat dorsum by intramuscular injection with and without the plasma gel. In the plasma gel groups, intact PTH was detected from on day 21 after TMSC injection; we did not detect intact PTH in the groups that were only transplanted with TMSCs during the entire experimental period. Serum calcium was higher and phosphorous was lower in the TMSC with plasma gel groups than in the groups with TMSCs alone. We detected PTH and chromogranin A in the TMSC-plasma gel-transplanted areas on immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence stain. Plasma gel can be considered as a cell-delivery scaffold for treating hypoparathyroidism with tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
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Park YS, Lee Y, Jin YM, Kim G, Jung SC, Park YJ, Park KD, Jo I. Sustained release of parathyroid hormone via
in situ
cross‐linking gelatin hydrogels improves the therapeutic potential of tonsil‐derived mesenchymal stem cells for hypoparathyroidism. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1747-e1756. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Shin Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineEwha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Ewha Tonsil‐derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Research Center (ETSRC), School of MedicineEwha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural SciencesChungbuk National University Cheongju Republic of Korea
| | - Yunki Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and TechnologyAjou University Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Mi Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineEwha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Ewha Tonsil‐derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Research Center (ETSRC), School of MedicineEwha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungah Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineEwha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Ewha Tonsil‐derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Research Center (ETSRC), School of MedicineEwha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Jung
- Ewha Tonsil‐derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Research Center (ETSRC), School of MedicineEwha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, School of MedicineEwha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Park
- Department of Dental Regenerative BiotechnologyDental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Dong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and TechnologyAjou University Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineEwha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Ewha Tonsil‐derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Research Center (ETSRC), School of MedicineEwha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea
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Kim K, Park JH, Park SH, Lee HY, Kim JH, Kim MS. An Injectable, Click-Cross-Linked Small Intestinal Submucosa Drug Depot for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:3105-3117. [PMID: 27900853 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, a click-cross-linked small intestine submucosa (SIS) drug depot is described for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To the best of the knowledge, there have been no studies related to the intra-articular injection of methotrexate (Met)-loaded click-cross-linkable SIS (Met-loaded Cx-SIS) for RA treatment. As the key objective of this work, injectable formulations of tetrazine-modified SIS (TE-SIS) and transcyclooctene-modified SIS (TC-SIS) are employed as drug depots. Within a few seconds, the simple mixing of equal amounts of TE-SIS and TC-SIS suspensions forms a gelatinous click-cross-linked SIS (Cx-SIS) drug depot in vitro and in vivo. The formed Cx-SIS depot is maintained in the articular joint over an extended period, while SIS alone rapidly disappears. Injectable formulations of Met-loaded Cx-SIS and Met-loaded SIS are prepared and then injected into articular joints to form drug depots. Compared to animals treated with Met-loaded SIS, RA animals treated with Met-loaded Cx-SIS show effective RA repair, as well as extensive regeneration of chondrocytes and glycosaminoglycan deposits. Collectively, these results indicate that the Met-loaded Cx-SIS depot is successfully formed after intra-articular injection of click-cross-linkable SIS, and that this formulation induces long-lasting Met release and allows Met to act effectively in the articular joint, resulting in RA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Seung Hun Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Hye Yun Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
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Jung SY, Kim HY, Park HS, Yin XY, Chung SM, Kim HS. Standardization of A Physiologic Hypoparathyroidism Animal Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163911. [PMID: 27695051 PMCID: PMC5047647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideal hypoparathyroidism animal models are a prerequisite to developing new treatment modalities for this disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a model whereby rats were parathyroidectomized (PTX) using a fluorescent-identification method and the ideal calcium content of the diet was determined. Thirty male rats were divided into surgical sham (SHAM, n = 5) and PTX plus 0, 0.5, and 2% calcium diet groups (PTX-FC (n = 5), PTX-NC (n = 10), and PTX-HC (n = 10), respectively). Serum parathyroid hormone levels decreased to non-detectable levels in all PTX groups. All animals in the PTX—FC group died within 4 days after the operation. All animals survived when supplied calcium in the diet. However, serum calcium levels were higher in the PTX-HC than the SHAM group. The PTX-NC group demonstrated the most representative modeling of primary hypothyroidism. Serum calcium levels decreased and phosphorus levels increased, and bone volume was increased. All animals survived without further treatment and did not show nephrotoxicity including calcium deposits. These findings demonstrate that PTX animal models produced by using the fluorescent-identification method, and fed a 0.5% calcium diet, are appropriate for hypoparathyroidism treatment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yeon Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Yeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Sang Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Xiang Yun Yin
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sung Min Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Su Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Park YS, Hwang JY, Jun Y, Jin YM, Kim G, Kim HY, Kim HS, Lee SH, Jo I. Scaffold-free parathyroid tissue engineering using tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater 2016; 35:215-27. [PMID: 26945633 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To restore damaged parathyroid function, parathyroid tissue engineering is the best option. Previously, we reported that differentiated tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (dTMSC) restore in vivo parathyroid function, but only if they are embedded in a scaffold. Because of the limited biocompatibility of Matrigel, however, here we developed a more clinically applicable, scaffold-free parathyroid regeneration system. Scaffold-free dTMSC spheroids were engineered in concave microwell plates made of polydimethylsiloxane in control culture medium for the first 7days and differentiation medium (containing activin A and sonic hedgehog) for next 7days. The size of dTMSC spheroids showed a gradual and significant decrease up to day 5, whereafter it decreased much less. Cells in dTMSC spheroids were highly viable (>80%). They expressed high levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), the parathyroid secretory protein 1, and cell adhesion molecule, N-cadherin. Furthermore, dTMSC spheroids-implanted parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats revealed higher survival rates (50%) over a 3-month period with physiological levels of both serum iPTH (57.7-128.2pg/mL) and ionized calcium (0.70-1.15mmol/L), compared with PTX rats treated with either vehicle or undifferentiated TMSC spheroids. This is the first report of a scaffold-free, human stem cell-based parathyroid tissue engineering and represents a more clinically feasible strategy for hypoparathyroidism treatment than those requiring scaffolds. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Herein, we have for the first time developed a scaffold-free parathyroid tissue spheroids using differentiated tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (dTMSC) to restore in vivo parathyroid cell functions. This new strategy is effective, even for long periods (3months), and is thus likely to be more feasible in clinic for hypoparathyroidism treatment. Development of TMSC spheroids may also provide a convenient and efficient scaffold-free platform for researchers investigating conditions involving abnormal calcium homeostasis, such as osteoporosis.
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Park HS, Jung SY, Kim HY, Ko DY, Chung SM, Jeong B, Kim HS. Feasibility of injectable thermoreversible gels for use in intramuscular injection of parathyroid autotransplantation. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273:3827-3834. [PMID: 26994900 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-3990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Surgical transplantation of parathyroid tissue into the forearm muscle is one of the most commonly used surgical techniques. While simple, the procedure suffers from drawbacks. This study evaluated the feasibility of thermoreversible gel as an injectable carrier for parathyroid autotransplantation. Polyethyleneglycol-polyalanine-co-phenylalanine (PEG-PAF) thermoreversible gel (sol form at 4 °C, gel form at 37 °C) were manufactured. Thirty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups (19 control, C group; 19 experimental, P group). The parathyroid glands of rats were excised. Parathyroid tissues were transplanted into the muscle pocket in sternocleidomastoid muscle in the C group. In the P group, the tissues were injected into the same muscle mixed with 0.3 ml thermoreversible gel. The serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionized calcium, and phosphorous were measured before surgical procedure, on 7, 21, 56, and 70 days after surgery. Histology and immunohistochemistry were performed. Preoperative median PTH level of the C and the P group were 60.80 and 43.85 pg/ml, respectively (p = 0.641). Seventy days after surgery, median PTH level was 32.8 and 25.61 pg/ml, respectively. On day 70, the PTH level was restored by 54 % in the C group and 56 % in the P group compared to the preoperative value (p = 0.620). There were no significant intergroup differences in the ionized calcium/phosphorous level. Histology and immunohistochemistry revealed the successful transplantation of parathyroid tissues into the muscles in both groups. In conclusion, the PEG-PAF-based thermoreversible gel is a good candidate carrier material for intramuscular parathyroid autotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Sang Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Yeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Du Young Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Min Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeongmoon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Su Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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