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Kartsev NN, Detusheva EV, Kalmantaeva OV, Korobova OV, Gerasimov VN, Kombarova TI, Borzilov AI, Fursova NK, Vereshchagin AN, Svetoch EA. Hetero-Pathogenic O181:H4 EAHEC Strain of Sequence Type ST678 Associated with Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome in Schoolchildren in Russia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1771. [PMID: 37512943 PMCID: PMC10383572 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decade, the importance of hetero-pathogenic enteroaggregative Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli for public health has increased. Recently, we described the genetic background of the EAHEC O181:H4 strain of ST678 carrying the stx2 gene in prophage and five plasmids, including the plasmid-carrying aggR and aaiC genes. Here, we present the morphological and enzymatic characteristics of this strain, as well as susceptibility to antimicrobials, biofilm formation, etc. Methods: Bacterial morphology was studied using an electron microscope. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined using the microdilution method. Cytotoxicity was estimated in Vero cells. Virulence was studied on mice. RESULTS The morphological and enzymatic properties of the hetero-pathogenic EAHEC strain were typical for E. coli; electron microscopy revealed the specific flagella. The strain was susceptible to most antibiotics and disinfectants but resistant to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin and showed a high degree of biofilm formation. Cytotoxicity towards Vero cells was estimated as 80%. CONCLUSIONS The emergence of a new O181:H4 EAHEC strain poses a potential threat to humans because of the virulence potential that must be taken into account in the epidemiological analysis of outbreaks and sporadic cases of foodborne infections associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay N Kartsev
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory "Kvartal A", 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Elena V Detusheva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory "Kvartal A", 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Olga V Kalmantaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory "Kvartal A", 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Olga V Korobova
- Laboratory of Biological Trials, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory "Kvartal A", 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Gerasimov
- Department of Disinfectology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory "Kvartal A", 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Tatiana I Kombarova
- Laboratory of Biological Trials, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory "Kvartal A", 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Aleksander I Borzilov
- Laboratory of Biological Trials, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory "Kvartal A", 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda K Fursova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory "Kvartal A", 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | | | - Edward A Svetoch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory "Kvartal A", 142279 Obolensk, Russia
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Biofilm in sino-nasal infectious diseases: the role nasal cytology in the diagnostic work up and therapeutic implications. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:1523-1528. [PMID: 36376525 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Biofilm formation has been recently recognised as one of the most important etiopathological mechanisms underlying chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and its recalcitrance. In this context, nasal cytology (NC) has become an integral part of diagnostic work up of patients suffering from sino-nasal diseases, since it is an easy-to-apply, reproducible and non-invasive diagnostic tool that allows to assess both the nasal inflammatory infiltrate and the presence of biofilms on nasal mucosal surface, further orienting the therapeutic choices in case of infectious diseases for eradicating infections and biofilms. Nevertheless, biofilms are typically resistant to common antibiotic treatments and may trigger or maintain chronic inflammation. Hence, the importance of correctly detecting the presence of biofilm and identifying new effective treatments. PURPOSE The aim of this brief review is to better clarify the role of biofilm in the pathogenesis and recurrence of sino-nasal disorders and to highlight the role of nasal cytology (NC) in the rhino-allergologic diagnostic path and in the evaluation of the effectiveness of new treatments.
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The In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Lysozyme against Gram-Positive Bacteria. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4559982. [PMID: 35991138 PMCID: PMC9385363 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4559982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective To analyze the in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of lysozyme (LYS) and its combination with various drugs against Gram-positive bacteria (GPB, n = 9), thus to provide an exploration direction for drug development. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of linezolid (LZD), amikacin (AMK), ceftriaxone/sulbactam (CRO/SBT), cefotaxime/sulbactam (CTX/SBT), piperacillin/sulbactam (PIP/SBT), doxycycline (DOX), levofloxacin (LVX), amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium (7 : 1, AK71), imipenem (IPM), azithromycin (AZM), and their combinations with LYS were determined with tuber twice dilution. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of LYS, AZM, LVX, and their combinations with others were evaluated through MTT and crystal violet assay. Results High-dose LYS (30 μg/mL) combined with PIP/SBT and AK71, respectively, showed synergistic antibacterial activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), while it showed no synergistic activities when combined with other drugs. LYS and AZM inhibited the biofilm formation of one MRSA strain, but they and LVX had no similar activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF). Particularly, LYS increased the permeability of biofilms of MRSA 33 and exhibited antibiofilm activities against MRSA 31 (inhibition rate = 38.1%) and MRSE 61 (inhibition rate = 46.6%). The combinations of PIP/SBT+LYS, AMK+LYS, and LZD+LYS showed stronger antibiofilm activities against MRSA 62, MRSE 62, MRSE 63, and VREF 11. Conclusion The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of LYS against MRSA were better than AZM, while that of LYS against MRSE and VREF, respectively, was similar with AZM and LVX.
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Sabino HAC, Valera FCP, Santos DV, Fantucci MZ, Titoneli CC, Martinez R, Anselmo-Lima WT, Tamashiro E. Biofilm and Planktonic Antibiotic Resistance in Patients With Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:813076. [PMID: 35111699 PMCID: PMC8801706 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.813076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recalcitrant nature of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis (AECRS) potentially involves persisting colonization of the sinonasal mucosa by bacterial biofilms. Biofilms are known to be highly resistant to antibiotics, which may trigger or maintain chronic inflammation in the sinonasal mucosa. However, little is known about the relationship between the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiofilm concentrations of bacteria obtained from AECRS patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty bacterial strains from 25 patients with AECRS were identified and underwent MIC determination (VITEK® 2). The planktonic isolates were submitted to an in vitro formation of biofilms (Modified Calgary Biofilm Device) and determination of minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) for amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin. MIC of the planktonic forms was compared with MBIC and MBEC levels, according to the breakpoints established by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. RESULTS The main bacteria retrieved was S. aureus (60%), followed by other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in lower frequencies. 76.7% of strains formed biofilm in vitro (n=23/30). The planktonic isolates presented high rates of resistance for amoxicillin (82.6%) and clarithromycin (39.1%), and lower rates for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (17.4%). The biofilm-forming bacteria counterparts presented higher levels of MBIC and MBEC compared to the MIC levels for amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and clarithromycin. Levofloxacin was highly effective against both planktonic and biofilm forms. Planktonic resistant forms were associated with levels of antibiofilm concentrations (MBIC and MBEC). CONCLUSIONS Biofilm-forming bacteria from AECRS patients are prevalent, and biofilm forms are highly resistant to antibiotics compared to their planktonic counterparts. Antibiotic resistance observed in planktonic forms is a good indicator of biofilm resistance, although near 20% of susceptible planktonic bacteria can produce antibiotic tolerant biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Augusto Cantareira Sabino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Cardoso Pereira Valera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Denise Vieira Santos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marina Zilio Fantucci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carolina Carneiro Titoneli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Roberto Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Wilma T Anselmo-Lima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Edwin Tamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Caruso C, Giancaspro R, Guida G, Macchi A, Landi M, Heffler E, Gelardi M. Nasal Cytology: A Easy Diagnostic Tool in Precision Medicine for Inflammation in Epithelial Barrier Damage in the Nose. A Perspective Mini Review. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:768408. [PMID: 35966227 PMCID: PMC9365292 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.768408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal cytology is a diagnostic tool that can be used in precision rhinology medicine. Particularly in non-allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis forms it can be useful to evaluate biomarkers of both surgical or biological therapy and especially in the follow-up it must be used to predict the prognostic index of recurrence of nasal polyposis. All inflammatory cytokines are also linked to the presence of cells such as eosinophils and mastcells and nasal cytology is a non-invasive and repeatable method to assess the situation in real life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Caruso
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Allergy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cristiano Caruso
| | - Rossana Giancaspro
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Guida
- Allergy and Pneumology Unit, A.O. S.Croce e Carle, Cuneo, Italy
- Giuseppe Guida
| | - Alberto Macchi
- Italian Academy of Rhinology Asst Settelaghi-University of Insubriae, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimo Landi
- Paediatric National Healthcare System, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Personalized Medicine Center: Asthma and Allergology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (MI), Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (MI), Italy
| | - Matteo Gelardi
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Shariati A, Vesal S, Khoshbayan A, Goudarzi P, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Razavi S, Didehdar M, Chegini Z. Novel strategies for inhibition of bacterial biofilm in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2531-2546. [PMID: 34856045 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An important role has been recently reported for bacterial biofilm in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases, such as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). CRS, affecting sinonasal mucosa, is a persistent inflammatory condition with a high prevalence around the world. Although the exact pathological mechanism of this disease has not been elicited yet, biofilm formation is known to lead to a more significant symptom burden and major objective clinical indicators. The high prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has severely restricted the application of antibiotics in recent years. Furthermore, systemic antibiotic therapy, on top of its insufficient concentration to eradicate bacteria in the sinonasal biofilm, often causes toxicity, antibiotic resistance, and an effect on the natural microbiota, in patients. Thus, coming up with alternative therapeutic options instead of systemic antibiotic therapy is emphasized in the treatment of bacterial biofilm in CRS patients. The use of topical antibiotic therapy and antibiotic eluting sinus stents that induce higher antibiotic concentration, and decrease side effects could be helpful. Besides, recent research recognized that various natural products, nitric oxide, and bacteriophage therapy, in addition to the hindered biofilm formation, could degrade the established bacterial biofilm. However, despite these improvements, new antibacterial agents and CRS biofilm interactions are complicated and need extensive research. Finally, most studies were performed in vitro, and more preclinical animal models and human studies are required to confirm the collected data. The present review is specifically discussing potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of bacterial biofilm in CRS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Soheil Vesal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Khoshbayan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Razavi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Didehdar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Lu L, Zhao Y, Yi G, Li M, Liao L, Yang C, Cho C, Zhang B, Zhu J, Zou K, Cheng Q. Quinic acid: a potential antibiofilm agent against clinical resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chin Med 2021; 16:72. [PMID: 34362401 PMCID: PMC8343939 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The biofilm state of pathogens facilitates antimicrobial resistance which makes difficult-to-treat infections. In this regard, it has been found that the compounds screened from plant extracts represent one category of the most promising antibiofilm agents. However, the antibiofilm activities and the active ingredients of plant extracts remain largely unexplored. In this background, the study is (1) to screen out the plant extracts with antibiofilm ability against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and (2) to identify the active ingredients in the plant extracts and elucidate the underlying mechanism of the antibiofilm activities. Methods Micro-broth dilution method, in vitro biofilm model, LC–MS/MS analysis and P. aeruginosa-mouse infection model were adopted to assess the antibiofilm activity. GC–MS analysis was performed to detect the active ingredients in plasma. RNA-Seq, GO analysis, KEGG analysis and RT-qPCR were adopted to elucidate the underlying mechanism of antibiofilm activities against P. aeruginosa. Results Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (LJF) among 13 plants could exert significant inhibitory effects on bacterial biofilm formation, mobility and toxin release in vitro, and it could exert antibiofilm effect in vivo too. Moreover, quinic acid, as one metabolite of chlorogenic acid, was found as an active ingredient in LJF against the biofilm of P. aeruginosa. The active ingredient significantly inhibited EPS secretion in biofilm formation and maturity and could achieve synergistic antibiofilm effect with levofloxacin. It reduced the biofilm formation by regulating core targets in quorum sensing system. In GO process, it was found that the core targets were significantly enriched in multiple biological processes involving locomotion, chemotaxis and motility mediated by flagellum/cilium, which was related to KEGG pathways such as bacterial chemotaxis, oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome, biofilm formation, cyanoamino acid metabolism and quorum sensing. Finally, the binding of quinic acid with core targets rhlA, rhlR and rhlB were validated by molecular docking and RT-qPCR. Conclusions In summary, the study verified the in vitro and in vivo antibiofilm effects of LJF against P. aeruginosa and elucidated the active ingredients in LJF and its conceivable pharmacological mechanism, indicating that quinic acid could have the potential of an antibiofilm agent against P. aeruginosa and related infections. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-021-00481-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojuan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chihin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Agius JE, Rose K, Emery JP, Phalen DN. Experimental infection of Asian house geckos with Enterococcus lacertideformus demonstrates multiple disease transmission routes and the in-vivo efficacy of antibiotics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13858. [PMID: 34226601 PMCID: PMC8257746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease caused by Enterococcus lacertideformus is multisystemic and ultimately fatal. Since its emergence, the bacterium has significantly impacted the captive breeding programs of the extinct in the wild Christmas Island Lister's gecko (Lepidodactylus listeri) and blue-tailed skink (Cryptoblepharus egeriae). The bacterium's pathogenicity, inability to grow in-vitro, and occurrence beyond the confines of Christmas Island necessitated the development of an experimental infection and treatment model. Asian house geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus) were challenged with a single dose of E. lacertideformus inoculum either by mouth, application to mucosal abrasion or skin laceration, subcutaneous injection, coelomic injection, or via co-housing with an infected gecko. Five healthy geckos acted as controls. Each transmission route resulted in disease in at least 40% (n = 2) geckos, expanding to 100% (n = 5) when E. lacertideformus was applied to skin laceration and mucosal abrasion groups. Incubation periods post-infection ranged between 54 and 102 days. To determine the efficacy of antibiotic treatment, infected geckos were divided into six groups (enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg, per os (PO), every 24 h (q24), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 10 mg/kg, PO, q24, enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg combined with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 10 mg/kg, PO, q24, rifampicin 15 mg/kg, PO, q24, clarithromycin 15 mg/kg, PO, q24, and untreated controls) for 21 days. Response to treatment was assessed by the change in lesion size, bacterial dissemination, and histological evidence of a host immune response. Irrespective of the antibiotic given, histology revealed that geckos inoculated by skin laceration were observed to have more extensive disease spread throughout the animal's body compared to other inoculation routes. The reduction in the average surface area of gross lesions was 83.6% for geckos treated with enrofloxacin, followed by the combination therapy amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and enrofloxacin (62.4%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (58.2%), rifampicin (45.5%), and clarithromycin (26.5%). Lesions in geckos untreated with antibiotics increased in size between 100 and 300%. In summary, enrofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid show promising properties for the treatment of E. lacertideformus infection in geckos. The Asian house gecko E. lacertideformus infection model therefore provides foundational findings for the development of effective therapeutic treatment protocols aimed at conserving the health of infected and at-risk reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Agius
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, J.L. Shute Building C01A, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Jon-Paul Emery
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - David N Phalen
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, J.L. Shute Building C01A, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.,Texas A&M School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College Station, Texas, 75189, USA
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Di Bonaventura G, Pompilio A. In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Biofilm-Growing Bacteria: Current and Emerging Methods. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1369:33-51. [PMID: 33963526 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens is typically determined based on planktonic cells, as recommended by several international guidelines. However, most of chronic infections - such as those established in wounds, cystic fibrosis lung, and onto indwelling devices - are associated to the formation of biofilms, communities of clustered bacteria attached onto a surface, abiotic or biotic, and embedded in an extracellular matrix produced by the bacteria and complexed with molecules from the host. Sessile microorganisms show significantly increased tolerance/resistance to antibiotics compared with planktonic counterparts. Consequently, antibiotic concentrations used in standard antimicrobial susceptibility tests, although effective against planktonic bacteria in vitro, are not predictive of the concentrations required to eradicate biofilm-related infections, thus leading to treatment failure, chronicization and removal of material in patients with indwelling medical devices.Meeting the need for the in vitro evaluation of biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics, here we reviewed several methods proposed in literature highlighting their advantages and limitations to guide scientists towards an appropriate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Bonaventura
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy. .,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Arianna Pompilio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Chieti, Italy
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10
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Kostić M, Ivanov M, Babić SS, Petrović J, Soković M, Ćirić A. An Up-to-Date Review on Bio-Resource Therapeutics Effective against Bacterial Species Frequently Associated with Chronic Sinusitis and Tonsillitis. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6892-6909. [PMID: 32368971 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200505093143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Upper respiratory tract infections include inflammations of the nose, sinuses (sinusitis), pharynx (tonsillitis, pharyngitis) and larynx (laryngitis) with bacteria or viruses as the main cause of these conditions. Due to their repetitive nature, chronic respiratory infections represent a global problem which is often a result of improper treatment. If not treated adequately, these conditions may have serious consequences. On the other hand, mis - and overuse of antibiotics has reduced their efficiency and accelerated the development of resistant bacterial strains, which further complicates the treatment of infections. This literature review will focus on current knowledge regarding medicinal plants and mushrooms which have been traditionally used in the treatment of infections caused by chronic sinusitis and tonsillitis commonly linked to bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. The present literature overview might be considered as a starting point for the development of novel, natural antimicrobial products with potential practical use in the treatment of chronic tonsillitis and sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kostić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Ivanov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Jovana Petrović
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Soković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Ćirić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Persistence in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Focus on Leukocidin ED. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110678. [PMID: 33126405 PMCID: PMC7692112 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is thought to be a multifactorial disease that includes a direct involvement of bacteria that trigger inflammation and contribute to CRS pathogenesis. Staphylococcus aureus infection and persistence is associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and it may be particularly relevant in the form with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The large array of exotoxins deployed by S. aureus is instrumental for the bacterium to warrant its infection and dissemination in different human body districts. Here, we analyze the common Th2 environment in CRSwNP and prospect a possible dynamic role played by S. aureus leukocidins in promoting this chronic inflammation, considering leukocidin ED (LukED) as a strong prototype candidate worth of therapeutic investigation. CCR5 is an essential target for LukED to exert its cytotoxicity towards T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Therefore, CCR5 blockade might be an interesting therapeutic option for CRS and, more specifically, persistent and relapsing CRSwNP. In this perspective, the arsenal of CCR5 antagonists being developed to inhibit HIV-1 entry (CCR5 being the major HIV-1 co-receptor) could be easily repurposed for CRS therapeutic investigation. Finally, direct targeting of LukED by neutralizing antibodies could represent an important additional solution to S. aureus infection.
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