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Hassani M, Grønlund EW, Albrechtsen SS, Kondziella D. Neurological phenotypes and treatment outcomes in Eagle syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17423. [PMID: 38948209 PMCID: PMC11214433 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Eagle syndrome is caused by an elongated styloid process affecting carotid arteries and cranial nerves. Pain, dysphagia, tinnitus, paresthesia (classic subtype), and neurovascular events (vascular subtype) may be triggered by head movements or arise spontaneously. However, Eagle syndrome remains underappreciated in the neurological community. We aimed to determine the most common neurological and non-neurological clinical presentations in patients with Eagle syndrome and to assess the clinical outcome post-surgical resection in comparison to non-surgical therapies. Methodology We conducted a systematic review of patient-level data on adults with Eagle syndrome, following PRISMA guidelines. We extracted data on demographics, presenting symptoms, neurological deficits, radiological findings, and treatments, including outcomes and complications, from studies in multiple indexing databases published between 2000 and 2023. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO. Results In total, 285 studies met inclusion criteria, including 497 patients with Eagle syndrome (mean age 47.3 years; 49.8% female). Classical Eagle (370 patients, 74.5%) was more frequent than vascular Eagle syndrome (117 patients, 23.5%, p < 0.0001). Six patients (1.2%) presented with both variants and the subvariant for four patients (0.8%) was unknown. There was a male preponderance (70.1% male) in the vascular subtype. A history of tonsillectomy was more frequent in classic (48/153 cases) than in vascular (2/33 cases) Eagle syndrome (Odds Ratio 5.2, 95% CI [1.2-22.4]; p = 0.028). By contrast, cervical movements as trigger factors were more prevalent in vascular (12/33 cases) than in classic (7/153 cases) Eagle syndrome (Odds Ratio 7.95, 95% CI [2.9-21.7]; p = 0.0001). Headache and Horner syndrome were more frequent in vascular Eagle syndrome and dysphagia and neck pain more prominent in classic Eagle syndrome (all p < 0.01). Surgically treated patients achieved overall better outcomes than medically treated ones: Eighty-one (65.9%) of 123 medically treated patients experienced improvement or complete resolution, while the same applied to 313 (97.8%) of 320 surgical patients (Odds Ratio 1.49, 95% CI [1.1-2.0]; p = 0.016). Conclusions Eagle syndrome is underdiagnosed with potentially serious neurovascular complications, including ischemic stroke. Surgical treatment achieves better outcomes than conservative management. Although traditionally the domain of otorhinolaryngologist, neurologist should include this syndrome in differential diagnostic considerations because of the varied neurological presentations that are amenable to effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Hassani
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Daniel Kondziella
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kaaki M, Alassaf MS, Alolayan A, Almuzaini ES, Alsaeedi AK, Habeeb A, Elsayed SAN. Evaluation of Styloid Process Elongation in Madinah, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Radiographic Investigation. Cureus 2024; 16:e53136. [PMID: 38298312 PMCID: PMC10828749 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the prevalence of an elongated styloid process and analyze the presence of its calcification in the Saudi population using panoramic radiographs. METHODS The Taibah Outpatient Dental Clinic's OPG radiographs for 962 patients who attended screening clinics between December 2022 and October 2023 were all included in the study. Patients' demographics, such as age, gender, and nationality, as well as radiological data, were included in the following study variables: the presence of an elongated styloid on both sides of a panoramic radiograph, right side styloid length, left side styloid length, right side distal end thickness, and left side distal end thickness. RESULTS The study evaluated 438 (45.5%) processes found in individuals aged 16-80 years old. The elongated process length ranged from 30.0 to 40.1 mm, and the diameter ranged from 0.81 to 7.79 mm at the origin to 0.56-3.79 mm at the end. There was no statistically significant difference in process length across genders or age groups. The diameters of the styloid bones on the left side vary significantly across genders at the start and completion of the process. CONCLUSION The prevalence of elongated styloids in the studied population was 4.26%. The radiological evaluation of the styloid process is a crucial stage in dental surgery planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhannad Kaaki
- Oral Basic and Clinical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Muath S Alassaf
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Albraa Alolayan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
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Bargiel J, Gontarz M, Marecik T, Szczurowski P, Gąsiorowski K, Zapała J, Wyszyńska-Pawelec G. Minimally Invasive Cervical Styloidectomy in Stylohyoid Syndrome (Eagle Syndrome). J Clin Med 2023; 12:6763. [PMID: 37959243 PMCID: PMC10649648 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Stylohyoid syndrome, known as classical Eagle Syndrome (cES), is characterized by calcification of the stylohyoid chain with numerous nonspecific symptoms, mainly pain. This study introduces minimally invasive cervical styloidectomy (MICS). (2) Methods: MICS was performed on sixty-five patients diagnosed with classical Eagle Syndrome. Patients underwent meticulous differential diagnosis. Surgical plans were established based on the findings from neck angioCT. (3) Results: The healing process was uneventful, without significant complications. The overall success rate was 97.0%, with a follow-up of a minimum of six months. In one case, the surgery did not yield the desired improvement. In one case, a partial relapse of symptoms was observed. (4) Conclusions: MICS is a straightforward and efficient surgical treatment technique for stylohyoid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Bargiel
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Cracow, Poland; (M.G.); (T.M.); (P.S.); (K.G.); (J.Z.); (G.W.-P.)
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Vernon LF. A Case of Eagle Syndrome in a Chiropractic Patient. Cureus 2023; 15:e38426. [PMID: 37143857 PMCID: PMC10152510 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eagle syndrome is a rare condition that is characterized by, among other things, pain in the face and neck, with the majority of cases being unilateral and isolated to the lower jaw. It is not uncommon for the pain to radiate to the ear. Symptoms can be constant or intermittent and may increase with yawning or rotation of the head, causing Eagle syndrome to be frequently misdiagnosed. The objective of this report is to summarize the symptoms, diagnostic workup, necessary imaging, and management of Eagle syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard F Vernon
- Clinical Sciences, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Spartanburg, USA
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Zheng Y, Yan B, Zhong H, Yi W, Yang Y, Wang Q. Clinical efficacy of styloid incision truncation via percutaneous punching in treating styloid process syndrome. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:38. [PMID: 36639752 PMCID: PMC9840302 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the clinical efficacy of styloid incision truncation via percutaneous punching in treating styloid process (styloid) syndrome. METHODS The clinical data of 40 styloid syndrome patients treated in our hospital from July 2018 to August 2021 were chosen and divided into an observation group and a control group in a random manner, with 20 cases in each. The control group received treatment with styloid truncation via an external cervical approach, and the observation group received treatment with styloid incision truncation via percutaneous punching. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, length of truncated styloid, clinical efficacy, pain scores, postoperative complications and inflammatory cytokine levels were assessed in the both groups. RESULTS The intraoperative blood loss, operation time, length of truncated styloid and hospital stay in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). VAS pain scores were higher in both groups after the operation compared to before the operation. However, the observation group showed a statistically significant reduction in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). The treatment effectiveness and complication rates of the two groups exhibited significant differences (P < 0.05). After the operation, TNF-α, CRP, and IL-6 levels in both groups were elevated compared to those before the operation. The observation group, however, showed significant depletion compared to the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Styloid incision truncation via percutaneous punching was not only effective in treating styloid syndrome, but also caused less trauma and fewer complications. It promotes patient recovery and requires a simple operation, making it worthy of promotion in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebin Zheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zigong First People's Hospital, No. 42, Shangyi Haozhi Road, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan, China
| | - Bincheng Yan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zigong First People's Hospital, No. 42, Shangyi Haozhi Road, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Huacai Zhong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zigong First People's Hospital, No. 42, Shangyi Haozhi Road, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wang Yi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zigong First People's Hospital, No. 42, Shangyi Haozhi Road, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yirong Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zigong First People's Hospital, No. 42, Shangyi Haozhi Road, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zigong First People's Hospital, No. 42, Shangyi Haozhi Road, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan, China
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Li K, Wang Q. Images of the month 1: Recurrent ischaemic stroke secondary to Eagle syndrome. Clin Med (Lond) 2022; 22:366-367. [PMID: 38589140 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2022-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of a man who experienced recurrent ischaemic stroke secondary to an elongated styloid process compressing the cervical carotid artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyi Li
- Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, China
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Paraskevas G, Poutoglidis A, Lazaridis N, Asouhidou I, Chrysanthou C, Apostolidou E, Iliou K, Tsetsos N, Forozidou E, Karamitsou P, Skalias A, Vlachtsis K. Does the orientation of the styloid process cause Eagle Syndrome? An anatomical study of the styloid process in 72 Greek skulls. Otolaryngol Pol 2022; 76:12-16. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
<b>Introduction:</b> Patients often suffer from an elongated styloid process. This clinical entity is well known and is described as Eagle syndrome. The presence of this anatomical variation is not always associated with symptoms. However, there is a strong correlation between the elongated styloid process and Eagle syndrome </br></br> <b>Aim:</b> This study aims to calculate the incidence of elongated styloid processes in the Greek population, to analyze the morphometric characteristics of styloid processes, and to compare these among sexes. </br></br> <b>Material and methods:</b> This is a single-center retrospective study. All skulls were donated to the Department of Anatomy, the Ari-stotle University of Thessaloniki from January 2013 to May 2019 for research purposes. A styloid process longer than 30 mm was considered elongated. We used Welch’s t-test for the statistical analysis of the data. </br></br> <b>Results:</b> The prevalence of elongated styloid processes was 35%. The average diameter was 3.32 mm and the average total length was 25.02 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female skulls, though the female styloid processes were slightly longer and the male ones were slightly wider. Symmetry was recorded in 31% of skulls. Average axial angle was 650 but in 4% of cases it was less than 20<sup>0</sup>. </br></br> <b>Conclusions:</b> The elongated styloid process is not a rare entity. Eagle syndrome should always be considered in the differential diagnosis when patients report chronic sore throat. Our anatomical findings add a new dimension to the etiopathogenesis of Eagle syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Paraskevas
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Poutoglidis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Lazaridis
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irene Asouhidou
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysanthos Chrysanthou
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elpida Apostolidou
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Iliou
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsetsos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, “G. Papanikolaou” Ge-neral Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evropi Forozidou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Karamitsou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Skalias
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, “G. Papanikolaou” Ge-neral Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Vlachtsis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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