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Nazet U, Schröder A, Spanier G, Wolf M, Proff P, Kirschneck C. Simplified method for applying static isotropic tensile strain in cell culture experiments with identification of valid RT-qPCR reference genes for PDL fibroblasts. Eur J Orthod 2020; 42:359-370. [PMID: 31352484 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) play an important mediating role in orthodontic tooth movement expressing various cytokines, when exposed to compressive or tensile strain. Here, we present a simplified and easy-to-handle, but reliable and valid method for simulating static isotropic tensile strain in vitro using spherical silicone cap stamps. Furthermore, we identify appropriate reference genes for data normalization in real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiments on PDLF subjected to tensile strain. MATERIALS AND METHODS PDLF were cultivated on flexible bioflex membranes and exposed to static isotropic tensile strain of different magnitudes and timeframes. We determined cell number, cytotoxicity, and relative expression of proinflammatory genes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). For normalization of RT-qPCR data, we tested the stability and validity of nine candidate reference genes with four mathematical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, comparative ΔCq, and BestKeeper) and ranked them based on their calculated expression stability. RESULTS We observed no decrease in cell number or cytotoxic effect at any of the applied magnitudes and timeframes of tensile strain. At 16 per cent and 35 per cent tensile strain for 48 hours, we detected a significant increase in COX-2 and decrease in IL-6 gene expression. Highest stability was found for TBP (TATA-box-binding protein) and PPIB (peptidylprolyl isomerase A) in reference gene validation. According to the geNorm algorithm, both genes in conjunction are sufficient for normalization. In contrast to all other candidate genes tested, gene expression normalization of target gene COX-2 to reference genes EEF1A1, RPL22, and RNA18S5 indicated no significant upregulation of COX-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS A strain magnitude of 16 per cent for 48 hours elicited the most distinct cellular response by PDLF subjected to static tensile isotropic strain by the presented method. TBP and PPIB in conjunction proved to be the most appropriate reference genes to normalize target gene expression in RT-qPCR studies on PDLF subjected to tensile strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Nazet
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Germany
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Housekeeping gene validation for RT-qPCR studies on synovial fibroblasts derived from healthy and osteoarthritic patients with focus on mechanical loading. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225790. [PMID: 31809510 PMCID: PMC6897414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of appropriate housekeeping genes is essential for the validity of data normalization in reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Synovial fibroblasts (SF) play a mediating role in the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis, but there is no information on reliable housekeeping genes available. Therefore the goal of this study was to identify a set of reliable housekeeping genes suitable for studies of mechanical loading on SF from healthy and OA patients. Nine genes were evaluated towards expression stability and ranked according their relative stability determined by four different mathematical procedures (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and comparative ΔCq). We observed that RPLP0 (ribosomal protein, large, P0) and EEF1A1 (eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1) turned out to be the genes with the most stable expression in SF from non-OA or OA patients treated with or without mechanical loading. According to geNorm two genes are sufficient for normalization throughout. Expression of one tested target gene varied considerably, if normalized to different candidate housekeeping genes. Our study provides a tool for accurate and valid housekeeping gene selection in gene expression experiments on SF from healthy and OA patients with and without mechanical loading in consistent with the MIQE (Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments) guidelines and additionally demonstrates the impact of proper housekeeping gene selection on the expression of the gene of interest.
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Kirschneck C, Batschkus S, Proff P, Köstler J, Spanier G, Schröder A. Valid gene expression normalization by RT-qPCR in studies on hPDL fibroblasts with focus on orthodontic tooth movement and periodontitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14751. [PMID: 29116140 PMCID: PMC5677027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Meaningful, reliable and valid mRNA expression analyses by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) can only be achieved, if suitable reference genes are chosen for normalization and if appropriate RT-qPCR quality standards are met. Human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts play a major mediating role in orthodontic tooth movement and periodontitis. Despite corresponding in-vitro gene expression studies being a focus of interest for many years, no information is available for hPDL fibroblasts on suitable reference genes, which are generally used in RT-qPCR experiments to normalize variability between samples. The aim of this study was to identify and validate suitable reference genes for normalization in untreated hPDL fibroblasts as well as experiments on orthodontic tooth movement or periodontitis (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans). We investigated the suitability of 13 candidate reference genes using four different algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, comparative ΔCq and BestKeeper) and ranked them according to their expression stability. Overall PPIB (peptidylprolyl isomerase A), TBP (TATA-box-binding protein) and RPL22 (ribosomal protein 22) were found to be most stably expressed with two genes in conjunction sufficient for reliable normalization. This study provides an accurate tool for quantitative gene expression analysis in hPDL fibroblasts according to the MIQE guidelines and shows that reference gene reliability is treatment-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany.
| | - Sarah Batschkus
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany
| | - Josef Köstler
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Cranial and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany
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Zhou B, Wang G, Gao S, Chen Y, Jin C, Wang Z, Yang Y, Ma Z, Zhang W, Feng X. Expression of GOLPH3 protein in colon cancer tissues and its association with the prognosis of patients. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3936-3940. [PMID: 27895752 PMCID: PMC5104214 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the expression of Golgi phosphoprotein-3 (GOLPH3) protein in colon cancer tissues and the association with the prognosis of patients. In total, 98 patients with colon cancer admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology for surgery between June 2011 and June 2013 were taken as the observation group. In addition, 15 healthy individuals, determined by enteroscopy, were taken as the control group. The expressions of GOLPH3 mRNA and protein were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The patients were divided into GOLPH3-positive and GOLPH3-negative groups according to the expression of GOLPH3. The expression of GOLPH3 in colon cancer and its association with the prognosis of patients was analyzed. The expression of GOLPH3 mRNA and protein in colon cancer tissues was significantly increased compared with normal colon mucosa (P<0.05); among the tissues, GOLPH3 was not expressed in 29 patients and positively expressed in 69 patients. The expression of GOLPH3 was negatively associated with the tumor differentiation degree, and positively associated with tumor invasion depth, lymph node metastasis and clinical stages in GOLPH3-positive patients. The cumulative recurrence rates at 1, 2 and 3 years were significantly lower in GOLPH3-negative patients (P<0.05). The survival rates at 1, 2 and 3 years in the GOLPH3-positive group were significantly higher than that of the GOLPH3-negative patients (P<0.05). In conclusion, the positive expression of GOLPH3 mRNA and protein in colon cancer tissue was significantly increased compared with the control group. GOLPH3 expression was closely associated with the pathological features, consisting of tissue typing, clinical stage, degree of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis, and GOLPH3 expression. Patients with GOLPH3 overexpression also had a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Gongping Wang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Shegan Gao
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Canhui Jin
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Zengfang Wang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Yantong Yang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Zhikun Ma
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshan Feng
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
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Liu Z, Li S, Liu L, Guo Z, Wang P. Internal associations and dynamic expression of c-kit and nanog genes in ventricular remodelling induced by adriamycin. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1657-1662. [PMID: 27588087 PMCID: PMC4998031 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the dynamic expression of the c-kit and nanog genes in rats with left ventricular remodelling induced by adriamycin (ADR), and explore its internal association and mechanism of action. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into a normal control group and a heart failure model group. Heart failure was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of ADR (4 mg/kg) weekly for six weeks. The normal control group was given the same amount of saline. At the eighth week, rat cardiac function was examined to demonstrate the formation of heart failure. The rat hearts were harvested frozen and sectioned, and the expression levels of the nanog and c-kit genes in the myocardial tissue samples were detected using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Hematoxylin and eosin staining demonstrated various pathological changes in the myocardial cells in the heart failure model group, whereas myocardial infarction was not observed in the normal control group. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence demonstrated that nanog-positive cells were predominantly expressed in the vascular endothelium, with a few myocardial cells and stem cells in normal myocardium. The expression levels of c-kit and nanog in the myocardium of the rats with heart failure decreased significantly. c-kit-positive cells clustered together in the epicardium and its vicinity, and c-kit expression significantly decreased in the myocardium of rats with heart failure, as compared with normal rats. In both groups, some cells co-expressed both the c-kit and nanog genes. The RT-PCR results demonstrated that the expression levels of the two genes in the heart failure model group were significantly lower compared with those in the normal control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the c-kit- and nanog-positive stem cells decreased in the myocardium of the rats with left ventricular remodelling induced by ADR. Their abnormal expression was significantly correlated with left ventricular remodelling, thereby indicating an internal association (influences of two indexes in the experimental group and control group) between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
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Vaiphei ST, Keppen J, Nongrum S, Chaubey RC, Kma L, Sharan RN. Evaluation of endogenous control gene(s) for gene expression studies in human blood exposed to 60Co γ-rays ex vivo. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2015; 56:177-185. [PMID: 25271263 PMCID: PMC4572586 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In gene expression studies, it is critical to normalize data using a stably expressed endogenous control gene in order to obtain accurate and reliable results. However, we currently do not have a universally applied endogenous control gene for normalization of data for gene expression studies, particularly those involving (60)Co γ-ray-exposed human blood samples. In this study, a comparative assessment of the gene expression of six widely used housekeeping endogenous control genes, namely 18S, ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, MT-ATP6 and CDKN1A, was undertaken for a range of (60)Co γ-ray doses (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 Gy) at 8.4 Gy min(-1) at 0 and 24 h post-irradiation time intervals. Using the NormFinder algorithm, real-time PCR data obtained from six individuals (three males and three females) were analyzed with respect to the threshold cycle (Ct) value and abundance, ΔCt pair-wise comparison, intra- and inter-group variability assessments, etc. GAPDH, either alone or in combination with 18S, was found to be the most suitable endogenous control gene and should be used in gene expression studies, especially those involving qPCR of γ-ray-exposed human blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thangminlal Vaiphei
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Joshua Keppen
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Saibadaiahun Nongrum
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - R C Chaubey
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - L Kma
- Radiation Countermeasures Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - R N Sharan
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
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