1
|
Luan W, Cheng H, Xie H, Liu H, Wang Y, Wang S, Ye X, Zhu H, Tang F, Li Y, Chang X. PRKDC-Mediated NHEJ May Play a Crucial Role in Aneuploidy of Chromosome 8-Driven Progression of Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4825. [PMID: 38732044 PMCID: PMC11084440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
High malignancy is a prominent characteristic of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), emphasizing the necessity for further elucidation of the potential mechanisms underlying cancer progression. Aneuploidy and copy number variation (CNV) partially contribute to the heightened malignancy observed in EOC; however, the precise features of aneuploidy and their underlying molecular patterns, as well as the relationship between CNV and aneuploidy in EOC, remain unclear. In this study, we employed single-cell sequencing data along with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to investigate aneuploidy and CNV in EOC. The technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was employed using specific probes. The copy number variation within the genomic region of chromosome 8 (42754568-47889815) was assessed and utilized as a representative measure for the ploidy status of individual cells in chromosome 8. Differential expression analysis was performed between different subgroups based on chromosome 8 ploidy. Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), protein-protein interaction (PPI), and hub-gene analyses were subsequently utilized to identify crucial genes involved. By classifying enriched tumor cells into distinct subtypes based on chromosome 8 ploidy combined with TCGA data integration, we identified key genes driving chromosome 8 aneuploidy in EOC, revealing that PRKDC gene involvement through the mediated non-homologous end-joining pathway may play a pivotal role in disease progression. Further validation through analysis of the GEO and TCGA database and survival assessment, considering both mRNA expression levels and CNV status of PRKDC, has confirmed its involvement in the progression of EOC. Further functional analysis revealed an upregulation of PRKDC in both ovarian EOC cells and tissues, with its expression showing a significant correlation with the extent of copy number variation (CNV) on chromosome 8. Taken together, CNV amplification and aneuploidy of chromosome 8 are important characteristics of EOC. PRKDC and the mediated NHEJ pathway may play a crucial role in driving aneuploidy on chromosome 8 during the progression of EOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Luan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; (W.L.); (H.C.); (H.X.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (F.T.)
- Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hongyan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; (W.L.); (H.C.); (H.X.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (F.T.)
- Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Haoling Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; (W.L.); (H.C.); (H.X.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (F.T.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huiping Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; (W.L.); (H.C.); (H.X.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (F.T.)
- Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; (W.L.); (H.C.); (H.X.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (F.T.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; (W.L.); (H.C.); (H.X.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (F.T.)
- Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xue Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; (W.L.); (H.C.); (H.X.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (F.T.)
- Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Honglan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; (W.L.); (H.C.); (H.X.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (F.T.)
- Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; (W.L.); (H.C.); (H.X.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (F.T.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; (W.L.); (H.C.); (H.X.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (F.T.)
- Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaohong Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; (W.L.); (H.C.); (H.X.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (F.T.)
- Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Truong MA, Cané-Gasull P, Lens SMA. Modeling specific aneuploidies: from karyotype manipulations to biological insights. Chromosome Res 2023; 31:25. [PMID: 37640903 PMCID: PMC10462580 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
An abnormal chromosome number, or aneuploidy, underlies developmental disorders and is a common feature of cancer, with different cancer types exhibiting distinct patterns of chromosomal gains and losses. To understand how specific aneuploidies emerge in certain tissues and how they contribute to disease development, various methods have been developed to alter the karyotype of mammalian cells and mice. In this review, we provide an overview of both classic and novel strategies for inducing or selecting specific chromosomal gains and losses in human and murine cell systems. We highlight how these customized aneuploidy models helped expanding our knowledge of the consequences of specific aneuploidies to (cancer) cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- My Anh Truong
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paula Cané-Gasull
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne M A Lens
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abe T, Suzuki Y, Ikeya T, Hirota K. Targeting chromosome trisomy for chromosome editing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18054. [PMID: 34508128 PMCID: PMC8433146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A trisomy is a type of aneuploidy characterised by an additional chromosome. The additional chromosome theoretically accepts any kind of changes since it is not necessary for cellular proliferation. This advantage led us to apply two chromosome manipulation methods to autosomal trisomy in chicken DT40 cells. We first corrected chromosome 2 trisomy to disomy by employing counter-selection markers. Upon construction of cells carrying markers targeted in one of the trisomic chromosome 2s, cells that have lost markers integrated in chromosome 2 were subsequently selected. The loss of one of the chromosome 2s had little impacts on the proliferative capacity, indicating unsubstantial role of the additional chromosome 2 in DT40 cells. We next tested large-scale truncations of chromosome 2 to make a mini-chromosome for the assessment of chromosome stability by introducing telomere repeat sequences to delete most of p-arm or q-arm of chromosome 2. The obtained cell lines had 0.7 Mb mini-chromosome, and approximately 0.2% of mini-chromosome was lost per cell division in wild-type background while the rate of chromosome loss was significantly increased by the depletion of DDX11, a cohesin regulatory protein. Collectively, our findings propose that trisomic chromosomes are good targets to make unique artificial chromosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Yuya Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Teppei Ikeya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kouji Hirota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Haas OA. Somatic Sex: On the Origin of Neoplasms With Chromosome Counts in Uneven Ploidy Ranges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:631946. [PMID: 34422788 PMCID: PMC8373647 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.631946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable aneuploid genomes with nonrandom numerical changes in uneven ploidy ranges define distinct subsets of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. The idea put forward herein suggests that they emerge from interactions between diploid mitotic and G0/G1 cells, which can in a single step produce all combinations of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and pentasomic paternal/maternal homologue configurations that define such genomes. A nanotube-mediated influx of interphase cell cytoplasm into mitotic cells would thus be responsible for the critical nondisjunction and segregation errors by physically impeding the proper formation of the cell division machinery, whereas only a complete cell fusion can simultaneously generate pentasomies, uniparental trisomies as well as biclonal hypo- and hyperdiploid cell populations. The term "somatic sex" was devised to accentuate the similarities between germ cell and somatic cell fusions. A somatic cell fusion, in particular, recapitulates many processes that are also instrumental in the formation of an abnormal zygote that involves a diploid oocyte and a haploid sperm, which then may further develop into a digynic triploid embryo. Despite their somehow deceptive differences and consequences, the resemblance of these two routes may go far beyond of what has hitherto been appreciated. Based on the arguments put forward herein, I propose that embryonic malignancies of mesenchymal origin with these particular types of aneuploidies can thus be viewed as the kind of flawed somatic equivalent of a digynic triploid embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar A Haas
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brown DM, Glass JI. Technology used to build and transfer mammalian chromosomes. Exp Cell Res 2020; 388:111851. [PMID: 31952951 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the near twenty-year existence of the human and mammalian artificial chromosome field, the technologies for artificial chromosome construction and installation into desired cell types or organisms have evolved with the rest of modern molecular and synthetic biology. Medical, industrial, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and basic research scientists seek the as yet unrealized promise of human and mammalian artificial chromosomes. Existing technologies for both top-down and bottom-up approaches to construct these artificial chromosomes for use in higher eukaryotes are very different but aspire to achieve similar results. New capacity for production of chromosome sized synthetic DNA will likely shift the field towards more bottom-up approaches, but not completely. Similarly, new approaches to install human and mammalian artificial chromosomes in target cells will compete with the microcell mediated cell transfer methods that currently dominate the field.
Collapse
|
6
|
Uno N, Abe S, Oshimura M, Kazuki Y. Combinations of chromosome transfer and genome editing for the development of cell/animal models of human disease and humanized animal models. J Hum Genet 2017; 63:145-156. [PMID: 29180645 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome transfer technology, including chromosome modification, enables the introduction of Mb-sized or multiple genes to desired cells or animals. This technology has allowed innovative developments to be made for models of human disease and humanized animals, including Down syndrome model mice and humanized transchromosomic (Tc) immunoglobulin mice. Genome editing techniques are developing rapidly, and permit modifications such as gene knockout and knockin to be performed in various cell lines and animals. This review summarizes chromosome transfer-related technologies and the combined technologies of chromosome transfer and genome editing mainly for the production of cell/animal models of human disease and humanized animal models. Specifically, these include: (1) chromosome modification with genome editing in Chinese hamster ovary cells and mouse A9 cells for efficient transfer to desired cell types; (2) single-nucleotide polymorphism modification in humanized Tc mice with genome editing; and (3) generation of a disease model of Down syndrome-associated hematopoiesis abnormalities by the transfer of human chromosome 21 to normal human embryonic stem cells and the induction of mutation(s) in the endogenous gene(s) with genome editing. These combinations of chromosome transfer and genome editing open up new avenues for drug development and therapy as well as for basic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Uno
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.,Trans Chromosomics Inc., 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan. .,Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brown DM, Chan YA, Desai PJ, Grzesik P, Oldfield LM, Vashee S, Way JC, Silver PA, Glass JI. Efficient size-independent chromosome delivery from yeast to cultured cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e50. [PMID: 27980064 PMCID: PMC5397165 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of large DNA vectors (>100 000 bp) remains a limiting step in the engineering of mammalian cells and the development of human artificial chromosomes (HACs). Yeast is commonly used to assemble genetic constructs in the megabase size range, and has previously been used to transfer constructs directly into cultured cells. We improved this method to efficiently deliver large (1.1 Mb) synthetic yeast centromeric plasmids (YCps) to cultured cell lines at rates similar to that of 12 kb YCps. Synchronizing cells in mitosis improved the delivery efficiency by 10-fold and a statistical design of experiments approach was employed to boost the vector delivery rate by nearly 300-fold from 1/250 000 to 1/840 cells, and subsequently optimize the delivery process for multiple mammalian, avian, and insect cell lines. We adapted this method to rapidly deliver a 152 kb herpes simplex virus 1 genome cloned in yeast into mammalian cells to produce infectious virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Brown
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yujia A Chan
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Prashant J Desai
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center Johns Hopkins, Viral Oncology Program, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Peter Grzesik
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center Johns Hopkins, Viral Oncology Program, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Lauren M Oldfield
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Way
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pamela A Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John I Glass
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moving toward a higher efficiency of microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:16043. [PMID: 27382603 PMCID: PMC4916947 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) technology enables individual mammalian chromosomes, megabase-sized chromosome fragments, or mammalian artificial chromosomes that include human artificial chromosomes (HACs) and mouse artificial chromosomes (MACs) to be transferred from donor to recipient cells. In the past few decades, MMCT has been applied to various studies, including mapping the genes, analysis of chromosome status such as aneuploidy and epigenetics. Recently, MMCT was applied to transfer MACs/HACs carrying entire chromosomal copies of genes for genes function studies and has potential for regenerative medicine. However, a safe and efficient MMCT technique remains an important challenge. The original MMCT protocol includes treatment of donor cells by Colcemid to induce micronucleation, where each chromosome becomes surrounded with a nuclear membrane, followed by disarrangement of the actin cytoskeleton using Cytochalasin B to help induce microcells formation. In this study, we modified the protocol and demonstrated that replacing Colcemid and Cytochalasin B with TN-16 + Griseofulvin and Latrunculin B in combination with a Collage/Laminin surface coating increases the efficiency of HAC transfer to recipient cells by almost sixfold and is possibly less damaging to HAC than the standard MMCT method. We tested the improved MMCT protocol on four recipient cell lines, including human mesenchymal stem cells and mouse embryonic stem cells that could facilitate the cell engineering by HACs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Oshimura M, Uno N, Kazuki Y, Katoh M, Inoue T. A pathway from chromosome transfer to engineering resulting in human and mouse artificial chromosomes for a variety of applications to bio-medical challenges. Chromosome Res 2015; 23:111-33. [PMID: 25657031 PMCID: PMC4365188 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-014-9459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) is a technique to transfer a chromosome from defined donor cells into recipient cells and to manipulate chromosomes as gene delivery vectors and open a new avenue in somatic cell genetics. However, it is difficult to uncover the function of a single specific gene via the transfer of an entire chromosome or fragment, because each chromosome or fragment contains a set of numerous genes. Thus, alternative tools are human artificial chromosome (HAC) and mouse artificial chromosome (MAC) vectors, which can carry a gene or genes of interest. HACs/MACs have been generated mainly by either a "top-down approach" (engineered creation) or a "bottom-up approach" (de novo creation). HACs/MACs with one or more acceptor sites exhibit several characteristics required by an ideal gene delivery vector, including stable episomal maintenance and the capacity to carry large genomic loci plus their regulatory elements, thus allowing the physiological regulation of the introduced gene in a manner similar to that of native chromosomes. The MMCT technique is also applied for manipulating HACs and MACs in donor cells and delivering them to recipient cells. This review describes the lessons learned and prospects identified from studies on the construction of HACs and MACs, and their ability to drive exogenous gene expression in cultured cells and transgenic animals via MMCT. New avenues for a variety of applications to bio-medical challenges are also proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hiratsuka M, Ueda K, Uno N, Uno K, Fukuhara S, Kurosaki H, Takehara S, Osaki M, Kazuki Y, Kurosawa Y, Nakamura T, Katoh M, Oshimura M. Retargeting of microcell fusion towards recipient cell-oriented transfer of human artificial chromosome. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:58. [PMID: 26088202 PMCID: PMC4472177 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human artificial chromosome (HAC) vectors have some unique characteristics as compared with conventional vectors, carrying large transgenes without size limitation, showing persistent expression of transgenes, and existing independently from host genome in cells. With these features, HACs are expected to be promising vectors for modifications of a variety of cell types. However, the method of introduction of HACs into target cells is confined to microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT), which is less efficient than other methods of vector introduction. Application of Measles Virus (MV) fusogenic proteins to MMCT instead of polyethylene glycol (PEG) has partly solved this drawback, whereas the tropism of MV fusogenic proteins is restricted to human CD46- or SLAM-positive cells. Results Here, we show that retargeting of microcell fusion by adding anti-Transferrin receptor (TfR) single chain antibodies (scFvs) to the extracellular C-terminus of the MV-H protein improves the efficiency of MV-MMCT to human fibroblasts which originally barely express both native MV receptors, and are therefore resistant to MV-MMCT. Efficacy of chimeric fusogenic proteins was evaluated by the evidence that the HAC, tagged with a drug-resistant gene and an EGFP gene, was transferred from CHO donor cells into human fibroblasts. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that no perturbation of either the HAC status or the functions of transgenes was observed on account of retargeted MV-MMCT when another HAC carrying four reprogramming factors (iHAC) was transferred into human fibroblasts. Conclusions Retargeted MV-MMCT using chimeric H protein with scFvs succeeded in extending the cell spectrum for gene transfer via HAC vectors. Therefore, this technology could facilitate the systematic cell engineering by HACs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0142-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Hiratsuka
- Division of Molecular and Cell Genetics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Kana Ueda
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biofunction, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Narumi Uno
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biofunction, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan. .,Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiro Uno
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biofunction, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Fukuhara
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biofunction, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Hajime Kurosaki
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan.
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biofunction, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biofunction, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan. .,Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Kurosawa
- Division of Antibody Project, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Nakamura
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan.
| | - Motonobu Katoh
- Division of Human Genome Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan. .,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 5, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Katona RL. De novo formed satellite DNA-based mammalian artificial chromosomes and their possible applications. Chromosome Res 2015; 23:143-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-014-9458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
12
|
Takiguchi M, Kazuki Y, Hiramatsu K, Abe S, Iida Y, Takehara S, Nishida T, Ohbayashi T, Wakayama T, Oshimura M. A novel and stable mouse artificial chromosome vector. ACS Synth Biol 2014; 3:903-14. [PMID: 23654256 DOI: 10.1021/sb3000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human chromosome fragments (hCFs) and human artificial chromosomes (HACs) can be transferred into mouse ES cells to produce trans-chromosomic (Tc) mice. Although hCFs and HACs containing large genomic DNAs can be autonomously maintained in Tc mice, their retention rate is variable in mouse ES cell lines and Tc mouse tissues, possibly because of centromere differences between the species. To improve the retention rate of artificial chromosomes in mouse cells, we constructed novel mouse artificial chromosome (MAC) vectors by truncating a natural mouse chromosome at a site adjacent to the centromeric region. We obtained cell clones containing the MAC vectors that were stably maintained in mouse ES cells and various tissues in Tc mice. The MACs possess acceptor sites into which a desired gene or genes can be inserted. Thus, Tc mice harboring the MAC vectors may be valuable tools for functional analyses of desired genes, producing humanized model mice, and synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Takiguchi
- Department
of Biomedical Science,
Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School
of Medical Science, Tottori University,
86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department
of Biomedical Science,
Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School
of Medical Science, Tottori University,
86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research
Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kei Hiramatsu
- Department
of Biomedical Science,
Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School
of Medical Science, Tottori University,
86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Department
of Biomedical Science,
Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School
of Medical Science, Tottori University,
86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yuichi Iida
- Department
of Biomedical Science,
Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School
of Medical Science, Tottori University,
86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Chromosome Engineering Research
Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nishida
- Division of Laboratory Animal
Science, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ohbayashi
- Division of Laboratory Animal
Science, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 minatojima Minamimachi
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Department
of Biomedical Science,
Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School
of Medical Science, Tottori University,
86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research
Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- JST, CREST, 5, Sanbancho, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Down syndrome-associated haematopoiesis abnormalities created by chromosome transfer and genome editing technologies. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6136. [PMID: 25159877 PMCID: PMC4145315 DOI: 10.1038/srep06136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants with Down syndrome (DS) are at a high risk of developing transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM). A GATA1 mutation leading to the production of N-terminally truncated GATA1 (GATA1s) in early megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitors is linked to the onset of TAM and cooperated with the effect of trisomy 21 (Ts21). To gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of the progression to TAM in DS patients, we generated human pluripotent stem cells harbouring Ts21 and/or GATA1s by combining microcell-mediated chromosome transfer and genome editing technologies. In vitro haematopoietic differentiation assays showed that the GATA1s mutation blocked erythropoiesis irrespective of an extra chromosome 21, while Ts21 and the GATA1s mutation independently perturbed megakaryopoiesis and the combination of Ts21 and the GATA1s mutation synergistically contributed to an aberrant accumulation of skewed megakaryocytes. Thus, the DS model cells generated by these two technologies are useful in assessing how GATA1s mutation is involved in the onset of TAM in patients with DS.
Collapse
|
14
|
Iida Y, Kazuki Y, Hayashi M, Ueda Y, Hasegawa M, Kouprina N, Larionov V, Oshimura M. Bi-HAC vector system toward gene and cell therapy. ACS Synth Biol 2014; 3:83-90. [PMID: 25101815 DOI: 10.1021/sb400166j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic manipulations with mammalian cells often require introduction of two or more genes that have to be in trans-configuration. However, conventional gene delivery vectors have several limitations, including a limited cloning capacity and a risk of insertional mutagenesis. In this paper, we describe a novel gene expression system that consists of two differently marked HAC vectors containing unique gene loading sites. One HAC, 21HAC, is stably propagated during cell divisions; therefore, it is suitable for complementation of a gene deficiency. The other HAC, tet-O HAC, can be eliminated, providing a unique opportunity for transient gene expression (e.g., for cell reprogramming). Efficiency and accuracy of a novel bi-HAC vector system have been evaluated after loading of two different transgenes into these HACs. Based on analysis of transgenes expression and HACs stability in the proof of principle experiments, the combination of two HAC vectors may provide a powerful tool toward gene and cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Iida
- Department
of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction,
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department
of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction,
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Chromosome
Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department
of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction,
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuji Ueda
- DNAVEC Corporation, 6 Ohkubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Mamoru Hasegawa
- DNAVEC Corporation, 6 Ohkubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Natalay Kouprina
- Laboratory
of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Laboratory
of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States of America
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Department
of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction,
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Chromosome
Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kouprina N, Tomilin AN, Masumoto H, Earnshaw WC, Larionov V. Human artificial chromosome-based gene delivery vectors for biomedicine and biotechnology. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:517-35. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.882314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
16
|
Kouprina N, Samoshkin A, Erliandri I, Nakano M, Lee HS, Fu H, Iida Y, Aladjem M, Oshimura M, Masumoto H, Earnshaw WC, Larionov V. Organization of synthetic alphoid DNA array in human artificial chromosome (HAC) with a conditional centromere. ACS Synth Biol 2012; 1:590-601. [PMID: 23411994 DOI: 10.1021/sb3000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) represent a novel promising episomal system for functional genomics, gene therapy, and synthetic biology. HACs are engineered from natural and synthetic alphoid DNA arrays upon transfection into human cells. The use of HACs for gene expression studies requires the knowledge of their structural organization. However, none of the de novo HACs constructed so far has been physically mapped in detail. Recently we constructed a synthetic alphoid(tetO)-HAC that was successfully used for expression of full-length genes to correct genetic deficiencies in human cells. The HAC can be easily eliminated from cell populations by inactivation of its conditional kinetochore. This unique feature provides a control for phenotypic changes attributed to expression of HAC-encoded genes. This work describes organization of a megabase-size synthetic alphoid DNA array in the alphoid(tetO)-HAC that has been formed from a ~50 kb synthetic alphoid(tetO)-construct. Our analysis showed that this array represents a 1.1 Mb continuous sequence assembled from multiple copies of input DNA, a significant part of which was rearranged before assembling. The tandem and inverted alphoid DNA repeats in the HAC range in size from 25 to 150 kb. In addition, we demonstrated that the structure and functional domains of the HAC remains unchanged after several rounds of its transfer into different host cells. The knowledge of the alphoid(tetO)-HAC structure provides a tool to control HAC integrity during different manipulations. Our results also shed light on a mechanism for de novo HAC formation in human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalay Kouprina
- Laboratories of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Alexander Samoshkin
- Laboratories of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Indri Erliandri
- Laboratories of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Megumi Nakano
- Laboratory
of Cell Engineering,
Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818,
Japan
| | - Hee-Sheung Lee
- Laboratories of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Haiging Fu
- Laboratories of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Yuichi Iida
- Department of Biomedical
Science,
Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School
of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mirit Aladjem
- Laboratories of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Department of Biomedical
Science,
Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School
of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory
of Cell Engineering,
Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818,
Japan
| | - William C. Earnshaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell
Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
EH9 3JR, Scotland
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Laboratories of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Canel N, Bevacqua R, Hiriart MI, Salamone D. Replication of somatic micronuclei in bovine enucleated oocytes. Cell Div 2012; 7:23. [PMID: 23173571 PMCID: PMC3564703 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) was developed to introduce a low number of chromosomes into a host cell. We have designed a novel technique combining part of MMCT with somatic cell nuclear transfer, which consists of injecting a somatic micronucleus into an enucleated oocyte, and inducing its cellular machinery to replicate such micronucleus. It would allow the isolation and manipulation of a single or a low number of somatic chromosomes. Methods Micronuclei from adult bovine fibroblasts were produced by incubation in 0.05 μg/ml demecolcine for 46 h followed by 2 mg/ml mitomycin for 2 h. Cells were finally treated with 10 μg/ml cytochalasin B for 1 h. In vitro matured bovine oocytes were mechanically enucleated and intracytoplasmatically injected with one somatic micronucleus, which had been previously exposed [Micronucleus- injected (+)] or not [Micronucleus- injected (−)] to a transgene (50 ng/μl pCX-EGFP) during 5 min. Enucleated oocytes [Enucleated (+)] and parthenogenetic [Parthenogenetic (+)] controls were injected into the cytoplasm with less than 10 pl of PVP containing 50 ng/μl pCX-EGFP. A non-injected parthenogenetic control [Parthenogenetic (−)] was also included. Two hours after injection, oocytes and reconstituted embryos were activated by incubation in 5 μM ionomycin for 4 min + 1.9 mM 6-DMAP for 3 h. Cleavage stage and egfp expression were evaluated. DNA replication was confirmed by DAPI staining. On day 2, Micronucleus- injected (−), Parthenogenetic (−) and in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos were karyotyped. Differences among treatments were determined by Fisher′s exact test (p≤0.05). Results All the experimental groups underwent the first cell divisions. Interestingly, a low number of Micronucleus-injected embryos showed egfp expression. DAPI staining confirmed replication of micronuclei in most of the evaluated embryos. Karyotype analysis revealed that all Micronucleus-injected embryos had fewer than 15 chromosomes per blastomere (from 1 to 13), while none of the IVF and Parthenogenetic controls showed less than 30 chromosomes per spread. Conclusions We have developed a new method to replicate somatic micronuclei, by using the replication machinery of the oocyte. This could be a useful tool for making chromosome transfer, which could be previously targeted for transgenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Canel
- Laboratorio Biotecnología Animal, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av, San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gordon DJ, Resio B, Pellman D. Causes and consequences of aneuploidy in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 2012; 13:189-203. [PMID: 22269907 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic instability, which includes both numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, is a hallmark of cancer. Whereas the structural chromosome rearrangements have received substantial attention, the role of whole-chromosome aneuploidy in cancer is much less well-understood. Here we review recent progress in understanding the roles of whole-chromosome aneuploidy in cancer, including the mechanistic causes of aneuploidy, the cellular responses to chromosome gains or losses and how cells might adapt to tolerate these usually detrimental alterations. We also explore the role of aneuploidy in cellular transformation and discuss the possibility of developing aneuploidy-specific therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Gordon
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Identification of PITX1 as a TERT suppressor gene located on human chromosome 5. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:1624-36. [PMID: 21300782 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00470-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that maintains telomere length, is crucial for cellular immortalization and cancer progression. Telomerase activity is attributed primarily to the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Using microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) into the mouse melanoma cell line B16F10, we previously found that human chromosome 5 carries a gene, or genes, that can negatively regulate TERT expression (H. Kugoh, K. Shigenami, K. Funaki, J. Barrett, and M. Oshimura, Genes Chromosome Cancer 36:37-47, 2003). To identify the gene responsible for the regulation of TERT transcription, we performed cDNA microarray analysis using parental B16F10 cells, telomerase-negative B16F10 microcell hybrids with a human chromosome 5 (B16F10MH5), and its revertant clones (MH5R) with reactivated telomerase. Here, we report the identification of PITX1, whose expression leads to the downregulation of mouse tert (mtert) transcription, as a TERT suppressor gene. Additionally, both human TERT (hTERT) and mouse TERT (mtert) promoter activity can be suppressed by PITX1. We show that three and one binding site within the hTERT and mtert promoters, respectively, that express a unique conserved region are responsible for the transcriptional activation of TERT. Furthermore, we showed that PITX1 binds to the TERT promoter both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, PITX1 suppresses TERT transcription through direct binding to the TERT promoter, which ultimately regulates telomerase activity.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Gene therapy encounters important problems such as insertional mutagenesis caused by the integration of viral vectors. These problems could be circumvented by the use of mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) that are unique and high capacity gene delivery tools. MACs were delivered into various target cell lines including stem cells by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT), microinjection, and cationic lipid and dendrimer mediated transfers. MACs were also cleansed to more than 95% purity before transfer with an expensive technology. We present here a method by which MACs can be delivered into murine embryonic stem (ES) cells with a nonexpensive, less tedious, but still efficient way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Katona
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Katona RL, Vanderbyl SL, Perez CF. Mammalian artificial chromosomes and clinical applications for genetic modification of stem cells: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 738:199-216. [PMID: 21431729 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-099-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Modifying multipotent, self-renewing human stem cells with mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs), present a promising clinical strategy for numerous diseases, especially ex vivo cell therapies that can benefit from constitutive or overexpression of therapeutic gene(s). MACs are nonintegrating, autonomously replicating, with the capacity to carry large cDNA or genomic sequences, which in turn enable potentially prolonged, safe, and regulated therapeutic transgene expression, and render MACs as attractive genetic vectors for "gene replacement" or for controlling differentiation pathways in progenitor cells. The status quo is that the most versatile target cell would be one that was pluripotent and self-renewing to address multiple disease target cell types, thus making multilineage stem cells, such as adult derived early progenitor cells and embryonic stem cells, as attractive universal host cells. We will describe the progress of MAC technologies, the subsequent modifications of stem cells, and discuss the establishment of MAC platform stem cell lines to facilitate proof-of-principle studies and preclinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Katona
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Deng JM, Satoh K, Wang H, Chang H, Zhang Z, Stewart MD, Cooney AJ, Behringer RR. Generation of viable male and female mice from two fathers. Biol Reprod 2010; 84:613-8. [PMID: 21148107 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.088831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In sexual species, fertilization of oocytes produces individuals with alleles derived from both parents. Here we use pluripotent stem cells derived from somatic cells to combine the haploid genomes from two males to produce viable sons and daughters. Male (XY) mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (Father #1) were used to isolate subclones that had spontaneously lost the Y chromosome to become genetically female (XO). These male-derived XO stem cells were used to generate female chimeras that were bred with genetically distinct males (Father #2), yielding progeny possessing genetic information that was equally derived from both fathers. Thus, functional oocytes can be generated from male somatic cells after reprogramming and spontaneous sex reversal. These findings have novel implications for mammalian reproduction and assisted reproductive technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Min Deng
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Qi DL, Ohhira T, Oshimura M, Kugoh H. Human chromosome 5 carries a transcriptional regulator of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 398:695-701. [PMID: 20621064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase activation is crucial for cells that tend to be immortalized. Increased telomerase activity is correlated with upregulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression. In most human somatic cells, hTERT expression is suppressed by multiple factors. We have previously shown that human chromosome 5 carries a possible suppressor of mouse tert mtert expression in a mouse melanoma cell line, B16-F10 cells. However, the function of the transcriptional regulator of TERT on this chromosome remains unclear. To examine the functional role of a putative hTERT regulator(s) on this chromosome, we transferred human chromosome 5 in a human melanoma cell line, A2058 cells by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT). Microcell hybrid clones with an introduced chromosome 5, but not chromosome 10, showed a remarkable decrease in the growth rate with an obvious cellular morphological alteration and eventually cellular senescence. Moreover, this phenomenon was accompanied by a reduction of hTERT expression and telomerase activity. Most importantly, we found that transcriptional suppression of hTERT by the introduction of chromosome 5 is largely mediated by regulating hTERT promoter activity. Furthermore, the hTERT promoter region between -1623 and -1047 was responsible for this function. These results provide evidence that transcriptional regulator(s) of the hTERT is carried on human chromosome 5 as an endogenous mechanism of hTERT suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Lai Qi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, and Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abe S, Tanaka H, Notsu T, Horike SI, Fujisaki C, Qi DL, Ohhira T, Gilley D, Oshimura M, Kugoh H. Localization of an hTERT repressor region on human chromosome 3p21.3 using chromosome engineering. Genome Integr 2010; 1:6. [PMID: 20678252 PMCID: PMC2907559 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9414-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that synthesizes telomeric DNA. The reactivation of telomerase activity by aberrant upregulation/expression of its catalytic subunit hTERT is a major pathway in human tumorigenesis. However, regulatory mechanisms that control hTERT expression are largely unknown. Previously, we and others have demonstrated that the introduction of human chromosome 3, via microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT), repressed transcription of the hTERT gene. These results suggested that human chromosome 3 contains a regulatory factor(s) involved in the repression of hTERT. To further localize this putative hTERT repressor(s), we have developed a unique experimental approach by introducing various truncated chromosome 3 regions produced by a novel chromosomal engineering technology into the renal cell carcinoma cell line (RCC23 cells). These cells autonomously express ectopic hTERT (exohTERT) promoted by a retroviral LTR promoter in order to permit cellular division after repression of endogenous hTERT. We found a telomerase repressor region located within a 7-Mb interval on chromosome 3p21.3. These results provide important information regarding hTERT regulation and a unique method to identify hTERT repressor elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Abe
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, and Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Katoh M, Kazuki Y, Kazuki K, Kajitani N, Takiguchi M, Nakayama Y, Nakamura T, Oshimura M. Exploitation of the interaction of measles virus fusogenic envelope proteins with the surface receptor CD46 on human cells for microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:37. [PMID: 20444293 PMCID: PMC2874513 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) is a technique by which a chromosome(s) is moved from donor to recipient cells by microcell fusion. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has conventionally been used as a fusogen, and has been very successful in various genetic studies. However, PEG is not applicable for all types of recipient cells, because of its cell type-dependent toxicity. The cytotoxicity of PEG limits the yield of microcell hybrids to low level (10-6 to 10-5 per recipient cells). To harness the full potential of MMCT, a less toxic and more efficient fusion protocol that can be easily manipulated needs to be developed. Results Microcell donor CHO cells carrying a human artificial chromosome (HAC) were transfected with genes encoding hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins of an attenuated Measles Virus (MV) Edmonston strain. Mixed culture of the CHO transfectants and MV infection-competent human fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080) formed multinucleated syncytia, suggesting the functional expression of the MV-H/F in the CHO cells. Microcells were prepared and applied to HT1080 cells, human immortalized mesenchymal stem cells (hiMSC), and primary fibroblasts. Drug-resistant cells appeared after selection in culture with Blasticidin targeted against the tagged selection marker gene on the HAC. The fusion efficiency was determined by counting the total number of stable clones obtained in each experiment. Retention of the HAC in the microcell hybrids was confirmed by FISH analyses. The three recipient cell lines displayed distinct fusion efficiencies that depended on the cell-surface expression level of CD46, which acts as a receptor for MV. In HT1080 and hiMSC, the maximum efficiency observed was 50 and 100 times greater than that using conventional PEG fusion, respectively. However, the low efficiency of PEG-induced fusion with HFL1 was not improved by the MV fusogen. Conclusions Ectopic expression of MV envelope proteins provides an efficient recipient cell-oriented MMCT protocol, facilitating extensive applications for studies of gene function and genetic corrections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motonobu Katoh
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Suzuki N, Itou T, Hasegawa Y, Okazaki T, Ikeno M. Cell to cell transfer of the chromatin-packaged human beta-globin gene cluster. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:e33. [PMID: 20007595 PMCID: PMC2836578 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell type-specific gene expression is regulated by chromatin structure and the transcription factors provided by the cells. In the present study, we introduced genes packaged into chromatin into target cells using a human artificial chromosome (HAC) and analyzed regulation of gene expression. The human β-globin gene cluster was built into an HAC (globin-HAC) and introduced into mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells using microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT); the adult-type human β-globin gene was expressed in bone marrow and spleen cells of the transgenic mice. In vitro differentiation of ES cells into mouse erythrocytes indicated that the natural sequential expression of ε, γ and β-globin genes was reproduced on the globin-HAC. Combination of MMCT and a novel chromosome transfection technique allowed transfer of globin-HAC from HT1080 cells into the human leukemia cell line K562, and from K562 cells back into HT1080 cells. Expression of the γ-globin gene, repressed in HT1080 cells, was activated in K562 cells without any processes of differentiation into adult erythroid cells, and was completely repressed again in HT1080 cells when transferred back from K562 cells. Thus, transfer of target genes packaged into chromatin using a HAC was useful for functional analyses of gene regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Suzuki
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dierssen M, Herault Y, Estivill X. Aneuploidy: from a physiological mechanism of variance to Down syndrome. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:887-920. [PMID: 19584316 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative differences in gene expression emerge as a significant source of variation in natural populations, representing an important substrate for evolution and accounting for a considerable fraction of phenotypic diversity. However, perturbation of gene expression is also the main factor in determining the molecular pathogenesis of numerous aneuploid disorders. In this review, we focus on Down syndrome (DS) as the prototype of "genomic disorder" induced by copy number change. The understanding of the pathogenicity of the extra genomic material in trisomy 21 has accelerated in the last years due to the recent advances in genome sequencing, comparative genome analysis, functional genome exploration, and the use of model organisms. We present recent data on the role of genome-altering processes in the generation of diversity in DS neural phenotypes focusing on the impact of trisomy on brain structure and mental retardation and on biological pathways and cell types in target brain regions (including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia). We also review the potential that genetically engineered mouse models of DS bring into the understanding of the molecular biology of human learning disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Dierssen
- Genes and Disease Program, Genomic Regulation Center-CRG, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr Aiguader 88, PRBB building E, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Meaburn KJ, Newbold RF, Bridger JM. Positioning of human chromosomes in murine cell hybrids according to synteny. Chromosoma 2008; 117:579-91. [PMID: 18651158 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-008-0175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
29
|
Song LJ, Ye SL, Wang KF, Liu H, Liang CM, Sun RX, Zhao Y, Tang ZY. Functional localization of metastasis suppressor genes for hepatocellular carcinoma on human chromosome 8p21.1-23.1. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:1047-1052. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i10.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To further refine the region harboring the metastasis suppressor genes in the human chromosome 8p21.1-23.1, and to pave the way for finding and cloning novel metastasis suppressor genes.
METHODS: The STS primer sequences were found according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information Database (NCBI). C5F genomic DNA and A9/neo8 genomic DNA were used as negative and positive controls for chromosome 8 amplification, respectively. Genomic DNA was isolated and quantified from cultured hybrid clones. A9/C5F-1 and A9/C5F-2 microcell hybrid clones were used as metastasis-unsuppressed groups, while A9/C5F-4, A9/C5F-8 and A9/C5F-10 clones were used as metastasis-suppressed groups. STS-PCR products were separated by electrophoresis.
RESULTS: STS markers were preserved in metastasis-suppressed microcell hybrid clones (A9/C5F-4, A9/C5F-8 and A9/C5F-10), such as D8S552 (12786562-12786681), D8S1733(22576582-22576836), D8S1734 (22851217-22851336), D8S254(16652480-16652550) and D8S1973 (28681110-28681363) on human chromosome 8p21.1-23.1. In contrast, STS markers were lost in metastasis-unsuppressed clones (A9/C5F-1 and A9/C5F-2) in this region.
CONCLUSION: The metastasis suppressor genes may be located within the interval between D8S542 and D8S1973 on human chromosome 8p21.1-23.1.
Collapse
|
30
|
Oshimura M, Katoh M. Transfer of human artificial chromosome vectors into stem cells. Reprod Biomed Online 2008; 16:57-69. [PMID: 18252049 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human chromosome fragments and human artificial chromosomes (HAC) represent feasible gene delivery vectors via microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. Strategies to construct HAC involve either 'build up' or 'top-down' approaches. For each approach, techniques for manipulating HAC in donor cells in order to deliver HAC to recipient cells are required. The combination of chromosome fragments or HAC with microcell-mediated chromosome transfer has facilitated human gene mapping and various genetic studies. The recent emergence of stem cell-based tissue engineering has opened up new avenues for gene and cell therapies. The task now is to develop safe and effective vectors that can deliver therapeutic genes into specific stem cells and maintain long-term regulated expression of these genes. Although the transfer-efficiency needs to be improved, HAC possess several characteristics that are required for gene therapy vectors, including stable episomal maintenance and the capacity for large gene insets. HAC can also carry genomic loci with regulatory elements, which allow for the expression of transgenes in a genetic environment similar to the natural chromosome. This review describes the lessons and prospects learned, mainly from recent studies in developing HAC and HAC-mediated gene expression in embryonic and adult stem cells, and in transgenic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Oshimura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Finch KA, Fonseka G, Ioannou D, Hickson N, Barclay Z, Chatzimeletiou K, Mantzouratou A, Handyside A, Delhanty J, Griffin DK. Nuclear organisation in totipotent human nuclei and its relationship to chromosomal abnormality. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:655-63. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.025205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of nuclear organisation, most commonly determining the nuclear location of chromosome territories and individual loci, have furthered our understanding of nuclear function, differentiation and disease. In this study, by examining eight loci on different chromosomes, we tested hypotheses that: (1) totipotent human blastomeres adopt a nuclear organisation akin to that of committed cells; (2) nuclear organisation is different in chromosomally abnormal blastomeres; and (3) human blastomeres adopt a `chromocentre' pattern. Analysis of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) conceptuses permits valuable insight into the cell biology of totipotent human nuclei. Here, extrapolations from images of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) cases were used to make comparisons between totipotent blastomeres and several committed cells, showing some differences and similarities. Comparisons between chromosomally abnormal nuclei and those with no detected abnormality (NDA) suggest that the former display a significant non-random pattern for all autosomal loci, but there is a less distinct, possibly random, pattern in `NDA' nuclei. No evidence was found that the presence of an extra chromosome is accompanied by an altered nuclear location for that chromosome. Centromeric loci on chromosomes 15 and 16 normally seen at the nuclear periphery were mostly centrally located in aneuploid cells, providing some evidence of a `chromocentre'; however, the chromosome-18 centromere was more peripheral, similar to committed cells. Our results provide clues to the nature of totipotency in human cells and might have future applications for preimplantation diagnosis and nuclear transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie A. Finch
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Gothami Fonseka
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Dimitris Ioannou
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Nicholas Hickson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Zoe Barclay
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Katerina Chatzimeletiou
- The London Bridge Fertility, Gynaecology and Genetics Centre, 1 St Thomas Street, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RY, UK
| | - Anna Mantzouratou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Alan Handyside
- The London Bridge Fertility, Gynaecology and Genetics Centre, 1 St Thomas Street, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RY, UK
| | - Joy Delhanty
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Darren K. Griffin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ren X, Tahimic CGT, Katoh M, Kurimasa A, Inoue T, Oshimura M. Human artificial chromosome vectors meet stem cells: new prospects for gene delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2:43-50. [PMID: 17142886 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-006-0008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of stem cell-based tissue engineering has now opened up new venues for gene therapy. The task now is to develop safe and effective vectors that can deliver therapeutic genes into specific stem cell lines and maintain long-term regulated expression of these genes. Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) possess several characteristics that require gene therapy vectors, including a stable episomal maintenance, and the capacity for large gene inserts. HACs can also carry genomic loci with regulatory elements, thus allowing for the expression of transgenes in a genetic environment similar to the chromosome. Currently, HACs are constructed by a two prone approaches. Using a top-down strategy, HACs can be generated from fragmenting endogenous chromosomes. By a bottom-up strategy, HACs can be created de novo from cloned chromosomal components using chromosome engineering. This review describes the current advances in developing HACs, with the main focus on their applications and potential value in gene delivery, such as HAC-mediated gene expression in embryonic, adult stem cells, and transgenic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianying Ren
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction,Tottori University, 86 Nishicho,Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Meaburn KJ, Misteli T, Soutoglou E. Spatial genome organization in the formation of chromosomal translocations. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:80-90. [PMID: 17137790 PMCID: PMC1805052 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations and genomic instability are universal hallmarks of tumor cells. While the molecular mechanisms leading to the formation of translocations are rapidly being elucidated, a cell biological understanding of how chromosomes undergo translocations in the context of the cell nucleus in vivo is largely lacking. The recent realization that genomes are non-randomly arranged within the nuclear space has profound consequences for mechanisms of chromosome translocations. We review here the emerging principles of spatial genome organization and discuss the implications of non-random spatial genome organization for the genesis and specificity of cancerous chromosomal translocations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Meaburn
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Brault V, Pereira P, Duchon A, Hérault Y. Modeling chromosomes in mouse to explore the function of genes, genomic disorders, and chromosomal organization. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e86. [PMID: 16839184 PMCID: PMC1500809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges of genomic research after the completion of the human genome project is to assign a function to all the genes and to understand their interactions and organizations. Among the various techniques, the emergence of chromosome engineering tools with the aim to manipulate large genomic regions in the mouse model offers a powerful way to accelerate the discovery of gene functions and provides more mouse models to study normal and pathological developmental processes associated with aneuploidy. The combination of gene targeting in ES cells, recombinase technology, and other techniques makes it possible to generate new chromosomes carrying specific and defined deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations that are accelerating functional analysis. This review presents the current status of chromosome engineering techniques and discusses the different applications as well as the implication of these new techniques in future research to better understand the function of chromosomal organization and structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Brault
- Institut de Transgénose, IEM, CNRS Uni Orléans, UMR6218, Orléans, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|