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Ikeda-Murakami K, Ikeda T, Watanabe M, Tani N, Ishikawa T. Central nervous system stimulants promote nerve cell death under continuous hypoxia. Hum Cell 2022; 35:1391-1407. [PMID: 35737220 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intake of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants causes hypoxia and brain edema, which results in nerve cell death. However, no study has yet investigated the direct and continuous effects on nerve cells of CNS stimulants under hypoxia. Thus, based on autopsy cases, the effects of CNS stimulant drugs on the CNS were examined. The pathological changes in cultured nerve cells when various CNS stimulants were added under a hypoxic condition were also investigated. Five groups (Group A, stimulants; Group B, stimulants with psychiatric drugs; Group C, caffeine; Group D, psychiatric drugs; and Group E, no drugs) according to the detected drugs in autopsy cases were compared, and brain edema was evaluated using morphological findings. Furthermore, the number of dead cultured nerve cells was counted after the addition of drugs (4-aminopyridine (4-AP), caffeine, and ephedrine) under hypoxia (3% O2). Staining with anti-receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) and other associated stains was also performed to investigate the neuronal changes in the brain. Group A showed significantly more brain edema than the other groups. In the culture experiments, the ratio of nerve cell death after the addition of 4-AP was the highest in the hypoxic condition. Groups with stimulants detected were stained more strongly by RIP3 immunostaining than by other staining. Addition of stimulants to cultured nerve cells in a persistent hypoxic condition led to severe cytotoxicity and nerve cell death. These findings suggest that necroptosis is involved in nerve cell death due to the addition of CNS stimulants in the hypoxic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ikeda-Murakami
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Ikeda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-Legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Miho Watanabe
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Medical Science Innovation Laboratory 403, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoto Tani
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-Legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takaki Ishikawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-Legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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Sousa ALAD, Silva BAKD, Lopes SLPDC, Mendes JDP, Pinto PHV, Pinto ASB. Estimation of gender and age through the angulation formed by the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone. FORENSIC IMAGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2022.200489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kumar A, Rastogi S, Haider Y, Kumar S, Chauhan S, Passey J. Morphometric variations of the lateral surface of calcaneus: Can standard plate sizes fit all? J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 13:156-162. [PMID: 33717888 PMCID: PMC7920148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Displaced intraarticular fractures of the calcaneum often require plate fixation. The complex fractures are usually fixed with standard lateral plates and are approached via the extensile lateral approach which is fraught with the risk of wound complications. Oversized calcaneal plates produce tension on the wound closure site and can, thus result in wound healing problems. The current study analyses the morphometry of the lateral surface of the calcaneus for the ideal configuration of the calcaneal plates for Indian patients using a CT based analysis of intact calcanei. METHODS Fifty CT based studies of normal calcanei were retrospectively analyzed using Horos® software version 3.3.5. The cross-section of the lateral third of calcaneum was assessed for the morphometric measurements relevant to the dimensions of the standard plating devices for calcaneum. We measured the overall plating length of calcaneum, the vertical heights at the anterior process and calcaneal tuberosity, the height of the posterior facet, the lengths of the anterior process, and the posterior facet. The inclination angles of the posterior facet, cuboid facet were also measured. The findings were compared between male and female cases. RESULTS The mean plating length of the calcaneus was 60.06 ± 4.05 mm. The mean vertical height of the anterior process and the calcaneal tuberosity were 24.3 ± 2.71 mm and 39.48 ± 4.73, respectively. The length of the anterior process and the posterior facet were 21.36 ± 1.72 and 25.02 ± 4.17, respectively. The mean Gissane angle and the angle of inclination of posterior facet in relation to the plating length were 118.04 ± 5.99° and 47.3 ± 5.20°. The mean anterior slant angle of the cuboid facet was 96.64 ± 4.39°. Significant differences were observed in the measurements among male and female groups except for the angular parameters. CONCLUSION The current analysis suggests the individual morphometric variations of the lateral plating surface of the calcaneus. Although female calcanei have smaller dimensions compared to male calcanei, the angular parameters are comparable among the two groups. Considering the wide variations in the majority of the morphometric parameters, it is difficult to standardize the plate dimensions. However, a few serial increments in the plate dimensions can help in providing the best fit rather than an ideal fit. Also, the plates should be available with multiple inclination angles of the facet limbs according to the local population variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar
- Department of Orthopedics, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Shishir Rastogi
- Department of Orthopedics, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Yawar Haider
- Department of Orthopedics, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Orthopedics, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Shishir Chauhan
- Interventional Radiology, D.Y. Patil Medical College and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jigyasa Passey
- Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
- Corresponding author.
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Nozaki S, Watanabe K, Kamiya T, Katayose M, Ogihara N. Morphological variations of the human talus investigated using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Clin Anat 2020; 34:536-543. [PMID: 32196726 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The shape of the talus determines the positional and kinematic features of the subtalar, talonavicular, and talocrural joints during walking. Thus, detailed knowledge of the pattern of sexual dimorphism of the human talus may be useful for revealing the pathogenetic mechanism of foot and knee disorders, which are more prevalent in females. The aim of this study was to characterize and visualize the three-dimensional shape variations of the talus in relation to sex and age using geometric morphometrics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Computed tomography images of 56 feet without talar injuries or disorders were used in this study. Thirty-seven anatomical landmarks were identified on a bone model of the talus to calculate principal components (PCs) of shape variations among specimens. PC scores were compared between sexes, and their correlations with age were also investigated. RESULTS The female talus had a longer neck and narrower head width than the male talus. The superior trochlea was tilted more laterally in the frontal plane in females. Furthermore, the female talar head was more twisted and was more elongated in the dorsoplantar direction. CONCLUSIONS Morphological features of the talus in females could alter the subtalar and talonavicular joint kinematics during walking and could be a structural factor in the pathogenetic mechanism underlying foot and knee disorders. This study contributes to the comprehensive understanding of shape variations in the human talus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Nozaki
- Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Biomechanics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Watanabe
- Second Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kamiya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Center of Sports Medicine, Hokkaido Obihiro Kyokai Hospital, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaki Katayose
- Second Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naomichi Ogihara
- Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Biomechanics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu Y, Han Q, Yin W, Wang C, Chen B, Wu N, Zhang A, Wang J. Sex determination from talus in Chinese population by three-dimensional measurement approach. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2019; 44:101647. [PMID: 32217444 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2019.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The determination of sex is an essential part of building the biological profile for unknown human remains. Sex determination from talus in Chinese population has been rarely reported. The aim of this study was to determine sex by discriminant function analysis through talus measurement in Chinese population. METHODS 48 male and 47 female Chinese northeast subjects were taken in this research. The ankle joints of these subjects were scanned by CT. In total, thirteen indexes were measured through Mimics and Magics software. Length and breadth indexes of total talus, trochlea, talar head, medial and lateral malleolus articular surface were mainly selected. Nine of them were measured through Mimics software. The other four indexes were measured through Magics software. All data were analyzed by independent-samples t-test in SPSS and Stata software. Discriminant function equations were generated for sex determination. RESULTS All the indexes were normally distributed. No significant difference between left and right talus in either males or females was identified (P > 0.05). All results showed significant sexual difference (P < 0.05) except posterior breadth of trochlea. The average accuracy of sex determination ranged from 95.85% to 98.45% in the direct method and 98.95% in the stepwise method. CONCLUSIONS Length indexes showed higher accuracy rate than breadth ones. Length of lateral malleolus articular surface was the best discriminator of sexual dimorphism. Talus was proved effective for sex determination in Chinese population. This study provided a remarkable reference for sex determination in forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Qing Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Weihuang Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Bingpeng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Naichao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Aobo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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Ford JM, Kumm TR, Decker SJ. An Analysis of Hounsfield Unit Values and Volumetrics from Computerized Tomography of the Proximal Femur for Sex and Age Estimation. J Forensic Sci 2019; 65:591-596. [PMID: 31670845 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Ford
- Department of Radiology Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida 2 Tampa General Circle, STC 6097 Tampa FL33606
| | - Todd R. Kumm
- Department of Radiology Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida 2 Tampa General Circle, STC 6097 Tampa FL33606
| | - Summer J. Decker
- Department of Radiology Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida 2 Tampa General Circle, STC 6097 Tampa FL33606
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Bedalov A, Bašić Ž, Marelja I, Dolić K, Bukarica K, Missoni S, Šlaus M, Primorac D, Andjelinović Š, Kružić I. Sex estimation of the sternum by automatic image processing of multi-slice computed tomography images in a Croatian population sample: a retrospective study. Croat Med J 2019; 60:237-245. [PMID: 31187951 PMCID: PMC6563181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the sexual dimorphism of the sternum with standard measurements in a contemporary Croatian population sample using multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and to compare the data obtained by an automatic with those obtained by a manual approach. METHODS Five sternal measurements were obtained from MSCT images of 73 men and 55 women and three sternal indices were calculated. Custom image analysis software was developed for automatic segmentation and calculation of sternal measurements. Measurements of sexual dimorphism were automatically calculated and compared with manual measurements. RESULTS All of the sternal measurements exhibited significant differences between men and women. The discrepancies between manual and automatic measurements ranged from 2.8% to 3.6% of the mean average values obtained with the automatic approach. The most accurate single-variable discriminant function was sternal body length (82.8%), the most accurate index was sternal area (89.1%), and the discriminant function using three variables was manubrium width, sternal body length, and sternal body width (90.6%). CONCLUSION Sternal measurements are a reliable sex indicator and can be used in forensic casework. Computer-aided measurement methods can accelerate sex estimation and improve its precision and accuracy.
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3D analysis of computed tomography (CT)–derived lumbar spine models for the estimation of sex. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1497-1506. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ikeda T, Miyamoto K, Tani N, Oritani S, Michiue T, Morioka F, Ishikawa T. Forensic evaluation of sex estimation via measurements of adult index and ring finger lengths using postmortem computed tomography. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-018-0075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Virtual computed tomography morphometry of the patella for estimation of sex using postmortem Japanese adult data in forensic identification. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 285:206.e1-206.e6. [PMID: 29338906 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In forensic anthropological identification of human remains and single bones, computed tomography (CT) data analysis facilitates volumetric and radiographic density analyses, and a recently developed automated analysis system markedly improved the performance, accuracy, and reproducibility of three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction. The present study aimed to investigate virtual CT morphometry of the patella for the estimation of sex using postmortem CT data of forensic autopsy cases of Japanese individuals aged ≥18 years (total n=220; 110 males and 110 females; estimated postmortem interval <88h), especially with regard to the efficacy of 3-D bone volumetry. Sex-related differences were detected for all parameters (males>females; p<0.0001), but the differences were the most notable for bone mass volume; the estimated cut-off values (cm3) for discriminating males and females were 20.35 with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.85 and 0.91 for the left side and 19.96 with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.83 and 0.92 for the right side, respectively. The mean CT value showed an age-dependent decrease and was particularly low in females aged >60years. These findings indicate the efficacy of virtual CT morphometry of the patella using an automated analyzer for sex estimation.
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Ekizoglu O, Inci E, Palabiyik FB, Can IO, Er A, Bozdag M, Kacmaz IE, Kranioti EF. Sex estimation in a contemporary Turkish population based on CT scans of the calcaneus. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 279:310.e1-310.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
During the past decade, several studies have been carried out using the calcaneus bone for sex estimation. This paper collected data using ten variables for metric characteristics of the calcaneus of 144 modern Cretans and examined their correlation with known sex. Secondly, the formulae developed by Peckmann et al. (2015) for modern Athenians was put to the test in order to investigate if it could be applied to this modern Cretan sample as well. Results showed a high correlation between the calcaneus metrics and the known sex of the individuals, however the formulae for Athenians do not seem to be suitable for the Cretans due to the high sex bias reported in this study. Thus, new standards were created for sex estimation from the calacanei in our sample. Bilateral asymmetry was noted in the majority of cases, thus formulae were developed for left, right and mean values. Maximum width (MAXW) was the variable that performed the best in the Cretan sample. Overall, the cross-validated accuracies for univariate and multivariate equations reached 84.2% with males most often correctly identified. The calcaneus was proved to be useful for sex estimation in this modern Cretan population. Further work will explore the suitability of the produced standards for other regions of mainland Greece and islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Nathena
- Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Effrosyni Michopoulou
- Edinburgh Unit for Forensic Anthropology, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, 4 Teviot place, EH8 9AG Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Elena F Kranioti
- Edinburgh Unit for Forensic Anthropology, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, 4 Teviot place, EH8 9AG Edinburgh, UK; Forensic Pathology Division Crete, Hellenic Republic Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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