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Amadio S, Parisi C, Piras E, Fabbrizio P, Apolloni S, Montilli C, Luchetti S, Ruggieri S, Gasperini C, Laghi-Pasini F, Battistini L, Volonté C. Modulation of P2X7 Receptor during Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1529. [PMID: 29187851 PMCID: PMC5694754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by macrophage accumulation and inflammatory infiltrates into the CNS contributing to demyelination. Because purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is known to be abundantly expressed on cells of the hematopoietic lineage and of the nervous system, we further investigated its phenotypic expression in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis conditions. By quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, we analyzed the P2X7R expression in human mononuclear cells of peripheral blood from stable and acute relapsing-remitting MS phases. Human monocytes were also challenged in vitro with pro-inflammatory stimuli such as the lipopolysaccharide, or the P2X7R preferential agonist 2′(3′)-O-(4 Benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5′-triphosphate, before evaluating P2X7R protein expression. Finally, by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence confocal analysis, we investigated the P2X7R expression in frontal cortex from secondary progressive MS cases. We demonstrated that P2X7R is present and inhibited on peripheral monocytes isolated from MS donors during the acute phase of the disease, moreover it is down-regulated in human monocytes after pro-inflammatory stimulation in vitro. P2X7R is instead up-regulated on astrocytes in the parenchyma of frontal cortex from secondary progressive MS patients, concomitantly with monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 chemokine, while totally absent from microglia/macrophages or oligodendrocytes, despite the occurrence of inflammatory conditions. Our results suggest that inhibition of P2X7R on monocytes and up-regulation in astrocytes might contribute to sustain inflammatory mechanisms in MS. By acquiring further knowledge about P2X7R dynamics and identifying P2X7R as a potential marker for the disease, we expect to gain insights into the molecular pathways of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Amadio
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Parisi
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Piras
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Fabbrizio
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Savina Apolloni
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Montilli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sabina Luchetti
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Serena Ruggieri
- Neurology Unit "Lancisi", San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Neurology Unit "Lancisi", San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Laghi-Pasini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Volonté
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
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Amadio S, Apolloni S, D'Ambrosi N, Volonté C. Purinergic signalling at the plasma membrane: a multipurpose and multidirectional mode to deal with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2011; 116:796-805. [PMID: 21214557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ATP is a widespread and multipurpose signalling molecule copiously released in the extracellular environment of the whole nervous system upon cell activation, stress, or damage. Extracellular ATP is also a multidirectional information molecule, given the concurrent presence at the plasma membrane of various targets for ATP. These include ectonucleotidases (metabolizing ATP down to adenosine), ATP/adenosine transporters, P2 receptors for purine/pyrimidine nucleotides (ligand-gated ion channels P2X receptors and G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors), in addition to metabotropic P1 receptors for nucleosides. All these targets rarely operate as single units, rather they associate with each other at the plasma membrane as multi-protein complexes. Altogether, they control the duration, magnitude and/or direction of the signals triggered and propagated by purine/pyrimidine ligands, and the impact that each single ligand has on a variety of short- and long-term functions. A strict control system allows assorted, even divergent, biological outcomes. Among these, we enumerate cell-to-cell communication, tropic, trophic, but also noxious actions causing the insurgence/progression of pathological conditions. Here, we show that purinergic signalling in the nervous system can be instrumental for instance to neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Amadio
- CNR, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The classical field of neuroimmunology deals with the immune response in infectious, autoimmune-mediated, ischemic, degenerative, traumatic, and neoplastic diseases of the nervous system with a major focus on immune-mediated demyelination. Recently more and more evidence points to a broader interaction between the immune and nervous systems via morphological connections, shared signal molecules and common mechanisms of signal transduction. Consequently, immune processes affect nervous functions and vice versa under both physiologic and pathologic conditions. This includes neuroendocrine (hormonal) and vegetative (neurotransmitter-mediated) influences on the immune response including conditioned immunostimulation and immunosuppression (neuroimmunomodulation) as well as effects of immune mediators (cytokines) on neuronal and psychic functions (psychoneuroimmunology). These findings have a strong impact on future strategies for the treatment of somatic as well as psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilhard Mix
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
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