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Berger AA, Sottosanti ER, Winnick A, Izygon J, Berardino K, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. Monomethyl Fumarate (MMF, Bafiertam) for the Treatment of Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Neurol Int 2021; 13:207-223. [PMID: 34069538 PMCID: PMC8162564 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint13020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent neurologic autoimmune disorder affecting two million people worldwide. Symptoms include gait abnormalities, perception and sensory losses, cranial nerve pathologies, pain, cognitive dysfunction, and emotional aberrancies. Traditional therapy includes corticosteroids for the suppression of relapses and injectable interferons. Recently, several modern therapies-including antibody therapy and oral agents-were approved as disease-modifying agents. Monomethyl fumarate (MMF, Bafiertam) is a recent addition to the arsenal available in the fight against MS and appears to be well-tolerated, safe, and effective. In this paper, we review the evidence available regarding the use of monomethyl fumarate (Bafiertam) in the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon A. Berger
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.); (E.M.C.); Tel.: +1-(617)-667-7000 (A.A.B.); Fax: +1-(617)-667-5050 (A.A.B.)
| | - Emily R. Sottosanti
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Ariel Winnick
- Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8400100, Israel; (A.W.); (J.I.)
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan Izygon
- Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8400100, Israel; (A.W.); (J.I.)
| | - Kevin Berardino
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA;
| | - Elyse M. Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (A.D.K.); (O.V.); (I.U.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.); (E.M.C.); Tel.: +1-(617)-667-7000 (A.A.B.); Fax: +1-(617)-667-5050 (A.A.B.)
| | - Alan D. Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (A.D.K.); (O.V.); (I.U.)
| | | | - Omar Viswanath
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (A.D.K.); (O.V.); (I.U.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants—Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ 85001, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68124, USA
| | - Ivan Urits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (A.D.K.); (O.V.); (I.U.)
- Southcoast Health, Southcoast Health Physician Group Pain Medicine, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Brochet B, Deloire M, Germain C, Ouallet J, Wittkop L, Dulau C, Perez P, Thevenot F, De Sèze J, Zéphir H, Vermersch P, Pittion S, Debouverie M, Laplaud D, Clavelou P, Ruet A. Double‐blind
, randomized controlled trial of therapeutic plasma exchanges vs sham exchanges in moderate‐to‐severe relapses of multiple sclerosis. J Clin Apher 2020; 35:281-289. [DOI: 10.1002/jca.21788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Brochet
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie Bordeaux France
- Universite de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | | | | | | | - Linda Wittkop
- USMR, Pole de Sante Publique, CHU de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Cécile Dulau
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie Bordeaux France
| | - Paul Perez
- USMR, Pole de Sante Publique, CHU de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Florian Thevenot
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Site de l'Hôpital Pellegrin Bordeaux France
| | - Jérome De Sèze
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Hélène Zéphir
- Univ.Lille, Inserm U1172 CHU Lille, FHU Imminent Lille France
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Clavelou
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Aurélie Ruet
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie Bordeaux France
- Universite de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
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Salvarani C, Brown RD, Christianson TJH, Huston J, Giannini C, Hunder GG. Long-term remission, relapses and maintenance therapy in adult primary central nervous system vasculitis: A single-center 35-year experience. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102497. [PMID: 32062032 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate long-term treatment and outcomes of patients with primary central nervous system vasculitis (PCNSV). METHODS In this cohort of 191 consecutive patients with PCNSV seen at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, over 35 years with long-term follow-up we analyzed response to and duration of therapy, frequency of relapses, long-term remission, efficacy of maintenance therapy and initial intravenous glucocorticoid (GC) pulses, survival and degree of disability. We also compared the efficacy of initial IV and oral cyclophosphamide (CYC). RESULTS A favorable initial response was observed in 83% of patients treated with prednisone (PDN) alone, 81% of those treated with PDN and CYC and 95% of those initially treated with PDN and an immunosuppressant other than CYC. One or more relapses were observed in 30% of patients, 35% had discontinued therapy by last follow-up, and 21.5% maintained remission for at least 12 months after discontinuing therapy. Maintenance therapy was prescribed in 19% of all patients and 34% of patients initially treated with CYC and PDN. High disability scores (Rankin 4-6) and deaths were less frequently observed in patients receiving maintenance therapy and more frequently in patients with Aβ-related angiitis. Large vessel involvement and cerebral infarction at diagnosis were associated with a poor treatment response. Aspirin use was positively associated with long-term remission and having gadolinium-enhanced cerebral lesions or meninges was negatively associated. A high disability score at last follow-up and higher mortality rate were associated with increasing age, cerebral infarction and cognitive dysfunction at diagnosis. Lymphocytic vasculitis on biopsy was associated with a more benign course with reduced disability and mortality. Patients initially treated with mycophenolate mofetil had better outcomes compared to those treated with CYC and PDN. No therapeutic advantages were observed in the patients initially treated with intravenous GC pulses. Intravenous and oral CYC were equally effective in inducing the remission. CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients with PCNSV responded to treatment. We found patient subsets with different outcomes. Mycophenolate mofetil may be an effective alternative to CYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Salvarani
- Division of Rheumatology, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Robert D Brown
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Teresa J H Christianson
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - John Huston
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Gene G Hunder
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
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Ehler J, Blechinger S, Rommer PS, Koball S, Mitzner S, Hartung HP, Leutmezer F, Sauer M, Zettl UK. Treatment of the First Acute Relapse Following Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Formerly Glucocorticosteroid-Unresponsive Multiple Sclerosis Patients-A Multicenter Study to Evaluate Glucocorticosteroid Responsiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081749. [PMID: 28800066 PMCID: PMC5578139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses comprise glucocorticosteroids (GCS) as first-line and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) as second-line treatments in GCS-unresponsive patients. No guidelines exist for the treatment of another relapse following TPE. We retrospectively analyzed the responsiveness to GCS in a subsequent relapse following TPE in previously GCS-unresponsive MS patients. Thirty-seven patients with GCS-unresponsive MS relapses received TPE (relapse A). All patients developed another relapse after the completion of TPE and received GCS again (relapse B). The primary study endpoint was the clinical response to GCS and TPE. Marked improvement was defined as clinically significant improvement in function, moderate improvement as a definite change of symptoms without significant impact on function, no effect comprised unchanged symptoms, and deterioration a worsening of symptoms or new deficits. The secondary endpoint was an improvement in expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scoring. All patients were GCS-unresponsive during relapse A and received TPE. During GCS treatment of relapse B, marked improvement was observed in 10, moderate improvement in 24, and no effect in three patients. The EDSS decreased in 15 patients. GCS might remain the first-line relapse treatment following TPE in formerly GCS-unresponsive MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ehler
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology Section, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Stephan Blechinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Paulus S Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sebastian Koball
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Steffen Mitzner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Fritz Leutmezer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Sauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Uwe K Zettl
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology Section, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
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Endres D, Vry MS, Dykierek P, Riering AN, Lüngen E, Stich O, Dersch R, Venhoff N, Erny D, Mader I, Meyer PT, Tebartz van Elst L. Plasmapheresis Responsive Rapid Onset Dementia with Predominantly Frontal Dysfunction in the Context of Hashimoto's Encephalopathy. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:212. [PMID: 29123489 PMCID: PMC5662557 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is a rare immunological neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by increased antithyroid antibodies and mixed neurological and psychiatric symptoms. HE has been previously discussed as a differential diagnosis for rapid progressive dementia. However, most of these patients suffered from additional neurological symptoms, like ataxia or seizures. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we present the case of a 59-year-old female patient suffering rapid onset dementia with salient frontal executive dysfunction. She developed rapid onset symptoms, including apathy, verbal depletion up to a stuporous state, severe working memory deficits, evidence of primitive reflexes, disturbed Luria's three-step test, and micturition disorder. Analysis of her cerebrospinal fluid was normal. The serum analyses showed increased antithyroid (antithyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin) antibodies. In the cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, supratentorial deep and peripheral white matter lesions were found; the electroencephalography showed intermittent slowing, and the [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) depicted medial and superior dorsolateral frontal hypometabolism. Several different psychopharmacological therapeutic approaches with various neuroleptics, antidepressants, and high doses of lorazepam were unsuccessful. Due to the organic alterations, including increased antithyroid antibodies, HE was suspected. Against expectations, treatment with high-dose corticosteroids proved to be ineffective and was associated with worsening symptoms. However, escalated treatment with plasmapheresis over 5 days led to significant improvement in all reported symptoms and in psychometric testing. The neuropsychological improvement was stable over a 6-month follow-up period, and the FDG-PET normalized. CONCLUSION This case report reveals that (1) HE can mimic rapid onset dementia with predominantly frontal dysfunction; (2) this syndrome can be successfully treated in the context of HE; and (3) plasmapheresis can be effective in such a disease constellation. The detection of the immunological causes of rapid onset dementia and other psychiatric syndromes is important because it opens opportunities for new, innovative immunosuppressive treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Endres
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Magnus S Vry
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petra Dykierek
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne N Riering
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva Lüngen
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Stich
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rick Dersch
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Venhoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irina Mader
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp T Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Melzer N, Ruck T, Fuhr P, Gold R, Hohlfeld R, Marx A, Melms A, Tackenberg B, Schalke B, Schneider-Gold C, Zimprich F, Meuth SG, Wiendl H. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of myasthenia gravis: a supplement to the Guidelines of the German Neurological Society. J Neurol 2016; 263:1473-94. [PMID: 26886206 PMCID: PMC4971048 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune antibody-mediated disorder of neuromuscular synaptic transmission. The clinical hallmark of MG consists of fluctuating fatigability and weakness affecting ocular, bulbar and (proximal) limb skeletal muscle groups. MG may either occur as an autoimmune disease with distinct immunogenetic characteristics or as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with tumors of the thymus. Impairment of central thymic and peripheral self-tolerance mechanisms in both cases is thought to favor an autoimmune CD4(+) T cell-mediated B cell activation and synthesis of pathogenic high-affinity autoantibodies of either the IgG1 and 3 or IgG4 subclass. These autoantibodies bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AchR) itself, or muscle-specific tyrosine-kinase (MuSK), lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) and agrin involved in clustering of AchRs within the postsynaptic membrane and structural maintenance of the neuromuscular synapse. This results in disturbance of neuromuscular transmission and thus clinical manifestation of the disease. Emphasizing evidence from clinical trials, we provide an updated overview on immunopathogenesis, and derived current and future treatment strategies for MG divided into: (a) symptomatic treatments facilitating neuromuscular transmission, (b) antibody-depleting treatments, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Fuhr
- Department of Neurology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arthur Melms
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Björn Tackenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Berthold Schalke
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Fritz Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Trabatti C, Foiadelli T, Spartà MV, Gagliardone C, Rinaldi B, Delmonte M, Lozza A, Savasta S. Paediatric clinically isolated syndromes: report of seven cases, differential diagnosis and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst 2016; 32:69-77. [PMID: 26584554 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-015-2959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few paediatric cases of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) have been described in literature, even though it has been increasingly recognized also in this age group. Our study retrospectively enrolled seven Italian patients (four males and three females) who met the International Paediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (IPMSSG) 2012 criteria for clinically isolated syndrome over the period 2010-2014; their clinical, laboratory and imaging findings were compared with current literature and with those seen in five patients (three males and two females) with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, who were followed in our department over the same years (mean follow-up time 2.84 ± 1.8 years). RESULTS In our CIS sample, male sex was prevalent, 42.8 % of patients had a multifocal presentation, MRI lesions mostly appeared confluent and with poorly defined margins, and CSF oligoclonal bands (OCBs) were identified in 28.6 %. All acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) patients had polyfocal presentation and encephalopathy; large MRI subcortical lesions and polyclonal IgG distribution were identified. During the subsequent follow-up assessments, MRI scan revealed new lesions in three CIS patients, while in ADEM children it appeared normal. CONCLUSIONS Paediatric CIS patients often show peculiar epidemiological, clinical and radiological features, which significantly differ from adult ones. The presence of encephalopathy and of extended MRI lesions leads to a diagnosis of ADEM, instead. In CIS patients the presence of multiple asymptomatic MRI lesions and of OCBs revealed to be the most predictive risk factors for progression to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS), so a regular long-term follow-up is recommended; in ADEM, no suitable risk factors for a relapse could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Trabatti
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Valentina Spartà
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Gagliardone
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Berardo Rinaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Delmonte
- Department of Radiology, Radio diagnostic service, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Lozza
- Clinical Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Melzer N, Meuth SG. Disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: common and divergent current and future strategies. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:359-72. [PMID: 24032475 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) represent chronic, autoimmune demyelinating disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system. Although both disorders share some fundamental pathogenic elements, treatments do not provide uniform effects across both disorders. We aim at providing an overview of current and future disease-modifying strategies in these disorders to demonstrate communalities and distinctions. Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) have demonstrated short- and long-term beneficial effects in CIDP but are not effective in MS. Dimethyl fumarate (BG-12), teriflunomide and laquinimod are orally administered immunomodulatory drugs that are already approved or likely to be approved in the near future for the basic therapy of patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) due to positive results in Phase III clinical trials. However, clinical trials with these drugs in CIDP have not (yet) been initiated. Natalizumab and fingolimod are approved for the treatment of RRMS, and trials to evaluate their safety and efficacy in CIDP are now planned. Alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab and daclizumab respresent monoclonal antibodies in advanced stages of clinical development for their use in RRMS patients. Attempts to study the safety and efficacy of alemtuzumab and B cell-depleting anti-CD20 antibodies, i.e. rituximab, ocrelizumab or ofatumumab, in CIDP patients are currently under way. We provide an overview of the mechanism of action and clinical data available on disease-modifying immunotherapy options for MS and CIDP. Enhanced understanding of the relative effects of therapies in these two disorders may aid rational treatment selection and the development of innovative treatment approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Melzer
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Havrdova E, Giovannoni G, Stefoski D, Forster S, Umans K, Mehta L, Greenberg S, Elkins J. Disease-activity-free status in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with daclizumab high-yield process in the SELECT study. Mult Scler 2013; 20:464-70. [PMID: 24022270 DOI: 10.1177/1352458513502113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daclizumab high-yield process (DAC HYP) is a humanized anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody that inhibits high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor signaling. OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to assess the proportion of DAC HYP- versus placebo-treated patients who were free from disease activity. METHODS SELECT was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of DAC HYP 150 mg or 300 mg, or placebo, administered subcutaneously every four weeks for 52 weeks. In this post-hoc analysis of the SELECT trial, 'disease-activity free' was defined as completion through week 52 without relapses or confirmed three-month disability progression (clinical), with no new/newly enlarging T2-hyperintense lesions and no new gadolinium-enhancing lesions at the week 52 scan (radiological). Primary analyses were based on logistic regression controlling for baseline characteristics. RESULTS More DAC HYP-treated (39%, n = 156) versus placebo-treated patients (11%, n = 22) were disease-activity free (odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 6.18 (3.71-10.32); p < 0.0001). Furthermore, 77% and 48% of DAC HYP-treated patients were free from clinical or radiological disease activity, respectively, compared with 60% and 18% of placebo-treated patients. CONCLUSION At one year, DAC HYP resulted in a meaningful increase in the proportion of relapsing-remitting MS patients who were disease-activity free versus placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Havrdova
- Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Jamshidian A, Gharagozloo M. Can plasma exchange therapy induce regulatory T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis patients? Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:75-7. [PMID: 22385241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma exchange is used increasingly as an individual therapeutic decision for treating of severe, steroid-resistant relapses of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, given that its mechanism of action in this CD4(+) T cell-mediated autoimmune disease remains unknown, it is not yet considered as a routine therapy for this prevalent neuroimmune disorder. In this regard, we hypothesized that plasma exchange, by depleting the body of inflammatory mediators that acts as providers of co-stimulatory signals for the adaptive immune system, provides the immune system with an exceptional break for de-novo recognition of autoantigens in a tolerogenic manner. This may lead to an increase in the frequency and function of myelin-specific regulatory T cells. For evaluating this we suggest some in vitro and in vivo studies to analyse the effects of varied dilutions of normal and MS plasmas on the induction of regulatory T cells or on the function of isolated and purified regulatory T cells. Clarifying the effects of therapeutic plasma exchange on regulatory T cells as the major controllers of autoimmune responses may provide us with strong evidence to use this procedure as a disease-modifying treatment in remission phase for reducing the rate and severity of future attacks, in addition to more trustworthy therapy in severe relapses of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jamshidian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Van Herle K, Behne JM, Van Herle A, Blaschke TF, Smith TJ, Yeaman MR. Integrative continuum: accelerating therapeutic advances in rare autoimmune diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 52:523-47. [PMID: 22235861 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are chronic, life threatening, and of burgeoning public health concern. They rank among the 10 most common causes of death in women, and some have incidence rates surpassing those of heart disease and cancer. Emerging information regarding molecular and cellular mechanisms affords opportunities for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies or the repurposing of FDA-approved pharmacologic agents. Yet, obstacles to drug development amplify as an inverse function of the incidence of rare autoimmune disease; challenges include heterogeneous clinical presentation, paucity of definitive biomarkers, and poorly validated measures of therapeutic response. An integrative continuum model to address these challenges is being applied to neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-a potentially devastating neurodegenerative process that has had limited therapeutic options. This model links target discovery with pharmacologic application to accelerate improved clinical efficacy. The application of such innovative strategies may help researchers overcome barriers to therapeutic advances in NMO and other rare autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Van Herle
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA.
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12
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Sweeney ME, Slusser JG, Lynch SG, Benedict SH, Garcia SL, Rues L, LeVine SM. Deferiprone modulates in vitro responses by peripheral blood T cells from control and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis subjects. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1796-801. [PMID: 21807124 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
T cells are important mediators of autoimmune inflammation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Previous studies found that deferiprone, an iron chelator, suppressed disease activity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, and inhibition of T cell proliferation was implicated as a putative mechanism. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of deferiprone on suppressing in vitro responses of T cells from control and RRMS subjects. Peripheral blood T cells were co-stimulated with anti-CD3+anti-CD28 and cultured with or without interleukin 2 (IL-2). Proliferating CD4+ T cells from control and RRMS subjects, cultured with or without IL-2, decreased in response to 75 μM deferiprone, although the extent of decreased proliferation of CD4+ T cells from RRMS subjects was less than for control subjects. Proliferating CD8+ T cells from control subjects, cultured with or without IL-2, also decreased in response to 75 μM deferiprone, and this decrease was seen in proliferating CD8+ T cells from RRMS cultured with IL-2. CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD25+ cells from control subjects, cultured with or without IL-2, declined in 75 μM deferiprone, but the decrease was smaller than for the CD4+ and CD8+ proliferative responses. CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD25+ cells from RRMS subjects showed more variability than for control subjects, but CD4+CD25+ cultured with IL-2 and CD8+CD25+ cells cultured without IL-2 significantly declined in 75 μM deferiprone. CD4+FoxP3+ and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells tended to remain constant or increase. In summary, deferiprone induced declines in proliferative responses at a dosage that is within peak serum pharmacological concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Sweeney
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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13
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Coyle PK. Disease-modifying agents in multiple sclerosis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2011; 12:273-82. [PMID: 20182575 PMCID: PMC2824955 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.58280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1993, six disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) have been proven to be of benefit in rigorous phase III clinical trials. Other agents are also available and are used to treat MS, but definitive data on their efficacy is lacking. Currently, disease-modifying therapy is used for relapsing forms of MS. This includes clinically isolated syndrome/first-attack high-risk patients, relapsing patients, secondary progressive patients who are still experiencing relapses, and progressive relapsing patients. The choice of agent depends upon drug factors (including affordability, availability, convenience, efficacy, and side effects), disease factors (including clinical and neuroimaging prognostic indicators), and patient factors (including comorbidities, lifestyle, and personal preference). This review will discuss the disease-modifying agents used currently in MS, as well as available alternative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Coyle
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Voss E, Raab P, Trebst C, Stangel M. Clinical approach to optic neuritis: pitfalls, red flags and differential diagnosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2011; 4:123-34. [PMID: 21694809 DOI: 10.1177/1756285611398702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelinating optic neuritis (ON) is the most common cause of optic neuropathy typically presenting with a subacute painful visual loss. In 20% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), ON is the presenting symptom and half of the patients with isolated ON develop MS within 15 years. The diagnosis of ON plays an important role in neurological practice. A correct and early diagnosis is necessary to ensure optimal further investigations and treatment. Other causes of optic neuropathies such as connective tissue disorders, infectious diseases, tumours or ischaemic neuropathies are less frequent but clinical and therapeutic management can differ dramatically. We present five patients admitted to our hospital with suspected demyelinating ON, but the clinical work up revealed different causes of optic neuropathy. We discuss the differential diagnosis of ON and clinical red flags that require careful diagnostic assessment of other diseases. A workflow for the diagnosis of optic neuropathies is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Voss
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Mirowska-Guzel D, Gromadzka G, Kurowska K, Czlonkowski A, Czlonkowska A. Long-term effect of high doses glucocorticosteroids on mRNA expression for IL-6 and IL-8 in relapsed multiple sclerosis patients. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:416-21. [PMID: 20095806 DOI: 10.3109/08923970903486625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticosteroids (GS) are standard treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse, but no superiority of any commonly used doses is known. The aim of present study was to evaluate mRNA expression for two cytokines: IL-6 and IL-8. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples from 35 MS relapse patients were obtained before therapy, after 7, 14 days, and 3 months from treatment start (500 versus 1000 mg for 5 days). Significant neurological improvement measured with EDSS was independent to GS dose. Changes of mRNA cytokines expression were more evident in higher dose group but for IL-6 mainly in females.
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16
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Tumani H, Sapunova-Mayer I, Süssmuth SD, Hirt V, Brettschneider J. CIS case studies. J Neurol Sci 2010; 287 Suppl 1:S7-10. [PMID: 20106350 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(09)71294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The onset of multiple sclerosis presents in 85% of cases as a subacute clinical event, the so-called clinically isolated syndrome. This event involves either focal or multifocal brain regions, most frequently the optic nerve, brainstem or spinal cord. The initial diagnosis of multiple sclerosis necessitates the demonstration of dissemination of pathology in time and space, as well as the exclusion of other alternative diagnoses, and can be challenging. Confirming a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is a sensitive time for both patient and physician. The patient is faced with a difficult diagnosis and the physician must consider making difficult treatment decisions regarding therapy and follow-up care. This article presents a number of case studies that illustrate the diversity of presentation of clinically isolated syndrome and the challenges associated with confirming a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
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