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Varghaei P, Estiar MA, Ashtiani S, Veyron S, Mufti K, Leveille E, Yu E, Spiegelman D, Rioux MF, Yoon G, Tarnopolsky M, Boycott KM, Dupre N, Suchowersky O, Trempe JF, Rouleau GA, Gan-Or Z. Genetic, structural and clinical analysis of spastic paraplegia 4. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 98:62-69. [PMID: 35487127 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4), resulting from heterozygous mutations in the SPAST gene, is the most common form among the heterogeneous group of hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs). We aimed to study genetic and clinical characteristics of SPG4 across Canada. METHODS The SPAST gene was analyzed in a total of 696 HSP patients from 431 families by either HSP-gene panel sequencing or whole exome sequencing (WES). We used Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification to analyze copy number variations (CNVs), and performed in silico structural analysis of selected mutations. Clinical characteristics of patients were assessed, and long-term follow-up was done to study genotype-phenotype correlations. RESULTS We identified 157 SPG4 patients from 65 families who carried 41 different SPAST mutations, six of which are novel and six are CNVs. We report novel aspects of mutations occurring in Arg499, a case with homozygous mutation, a family with probable compound heterozygous mutations, three patients with de novo mutations, three cases with pathogenic synonymous mutation, co-occurrence of SPG4 and clinically isolated syndrome, and novel or rarely reported signs and symptoms seen in SPG4 patients. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that SPG4 is a heterogeneous type of HSP, with diverse genetic features and clinical manifestations. In rare cases, biallelic inheritance, de novo mutation, pathogenic synonymous mutations and CNVs should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parizad Varghaei
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mehrdad A Estiar
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Setareh Ashtiani
- Alberta Children's Hospital, Medical Genetics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon Veyron
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kheireddin Mufti
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Eric Yu
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dan Spiegelman
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-France Rioux
- Department of Neurology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Grace Yoon
- Divisions of Neurology and Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupre
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Oksana Suchowersky
- Alberta Children's Hospital, Medical Genetics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Anticipation Can Be More Common in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia with SPAST Mutations Than It Appears. Can J Neurol Sci 2021; 49:651-661. [PMID: 34353391 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2021.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder with lower-limb spasticity and weakness. Different patterns of inheritance have been identified in HSP. Most autosomal-dominant HSPs (AD-HSPs) are associated with mutations of the SPAST gene (SPG4), leading to a pure form of HSP with variable age-at-onset (AAO). Anticipation, an earlier onset of disease, as well as aggravation of symptoms in successive generations, may be correlated to SPG4. Herein, we suggested that anticipation might be a relatively common finding in SPG4 families. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was done on DNA of 14 unrelated Iranian AD-HSP probands. Data were analyzed, and candidate variants were PCR-amplified and sequenced by the Sanger method, subsequently checked in family members to co-segregation analysis. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was done for seven probands. Clinical features of the probands were recorded, and the probable anticipation was checked in these families. Other previous reported SPG4 families were investigated to anticipation. RESULTS Our findings showed that SPG4 was the common subtype of HSP; three families carried variants in the KIF5A, ATL1, and MFN2 genes, while five families harbored mutations in the SPAST gene. Clinical features of only SPG4 families indicated decreasing AAO in affected individuals of the successive generations, and this difference was significant (p-value <0.05). CONCLUSION It seems SPAST will be the first candidate gene in families that manifests a pure form of AD-HSP and anticipation. Therefore, it may be a powerful situation of genotype-phenotype correlation. However, the underlying mechanism of anticipation in these families is not clear yet.
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Cruz-Camino H, Vázquez-Cantú M, Vázquez-Cantú DL, Santos-Guzmán J, Bandala-Jacques A, Gómez-Gutiérrez R, Cantú-Reyna C. Clinical Characterization of 2 Siblings with a Homozygous SPAST Variant. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2020; 21:e919463. [PMID: 32389998 PMCID: PMC7249741 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.919463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Case series Patients: — Final Diagnosis: Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4 Symptoms: Progressive psychomotor deterioration • mixed seizure patterns • corneal opacity • dysostotic bones • limb spasticity with extensor plantar responses • axial hypotonia Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Phenotype-genotype correlation Specialty: Genetics • Neurology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jesús Santos-Guzmán
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | | | - Consuelo Cantú-Reyna
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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Non-motor symptoms are relevant and possibly treatable in hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4). J Neurol 2019; 267:369-379. [PMID: 31646384 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) share as cardinal feature progressive spastic gait disorder. SPG4 accounts for about 25% of cases and is caused by mutations in the SPAST gene. Although HSP is an upper motor neuron disease, the relevance of non-motor symptoms is increasingly recognized because of the potential response to treatment. Our study sets out to evaluate non-motor symptoms and their relevance with regard to health-related quality of life. In 118 genetically confirmed SPG4 cases and age- and gender-matched controls, validated questionnaires were used to evaluate fatigue, depression, pain, and restless legs syndrome. In addition, self-reported medical information was collected concerning comorbidities and bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction. In a sub-study, cognition was evaluated using the CANTAB® test-battery and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in 26 SPG4 patients. We found depression and pain to be significantly increased. The frequency of restless legs syndrome varied largely depending on defining criteria. There were no significant deficits in cognition as examined by CANTAB® despite a significant increase in self-reported memory impairment in SPG4 patients. Bladder, sexual, and defecation problems were frequent and seemed to be underrecognized in current treatment strategies. All identified non-motor symptoms correlated with health-related quality of life, which was reduced in SPG4 compared to controls. We recommend that clinicians regularly screen for depression, pain, and fatigue and ask for bladder, sexual, and defecation problems to recognize and treat non-motor symptoms accordingly to improve quality of life in patients with SPG4.
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Park J, Oh HM, Park HJ, Cho AR, Lee DW, Jang JH, Jang DH. Usefulness of comprehensive targeted multigene panel sequencing for neuromuscular disorders in Korean patients. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00947. [PMID: 31475473 PMCID: PMC6785438 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multigene panel sequencing (MGPS) is the first-line option in diagnostic testing for genetically heterogeneous but clinically similar conditions, such as neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). In this study, we aimed to assess the utility of comprehensive NMD MGPS and the need for updated panels. METHODS All patients were analyzed by either of two versions of the NMD MGPS and by chromosomal microarray and karyotype testing. Four patients with negative NMD MGPS results underwent whole exome sequencing. RESULTS In total, 91 patients were enrolled, and a genetic diagnosis was made in 36 (39.6%); of these, 33 were diagnosed by the comprehensive NMD MGPS, two were confirmed by chromosomal microarray, and one was diagnosed by whole exome sequencing. For MGPS, the diagnostic yield of Version 2 (19/52; 36.5%) was a little higher than that of Version 1 (14/39; 35.9%), and one gene identified in Version 2 was not included in Version 1. A total of 36 definitive and nine possible causative variants were identified, of which 17 were novel. CONCLUSION A more comprehensive panel for NMD MGPS can improve the diagnostic efficiency in genetic testing. The rapid discovery of new disease-causing genes over recent years necessitates updates to existing gene panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Mi Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Cho
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dae-Hyun Jang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jacinto-Scudeiro LA, Dariva Machado G, Ayres A, Burguêz D, Polese-Bonato M, González-Salazar C, Siebert M, Cavalcante França M, Olchik MR, Morales Saute JA. Are Cognitive Changes in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias Restricted to Complicated Forms? Front Neurol 2019; 10:508. [PMID: 31231294 PMCID: PMC6558376 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Little is known about the cognitive profile of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSP), where most scientific attention has been given to motor features related to corticospinal tract degeneration. Objectives: We aimed to perform a broad characterization of the cognitive functions of patients with pure and complicated HSP as well as to determine the frequency of abnormal cognitive performances in the studied subtypes. Methods: A two-center cross-sectional case-control study was performed. All individuals underwent cognitive assessment through screening tests (Mini Mental State Examination—MEEM and Montreal Cognitive Assessment—MOCA) and tests to assess specific cognitive functions (Verbal fluency with phonological restriction—FAS; Verbal categorical fluency—FAS-cat and Rey's Verbal Auditory Learning Test -RAVLT). Results: Fifty four patients with genetically confirmed HSP diagnosis, 36 with spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4), 5 SPG11, 4 SPG5, 4 cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), 3 SPG7 and 2 SPG3A, and 10 healthy, unrelated control subjects, with similar age, sex, and education participated in the study. SPG4 patients had worse performances in MOCA, FAS, FAS-cat, and RAVLT when compared to controls. Most SPG4 patients presented cognitive changes not compatible with dementia, performing poorly in memory, attention and executive functions. SPG5 patients scored lower in executive functions and memory, and SPG7 patients performed poorly on memory tasks. All evaluated cognitive functions were markedly altered in CTX and SPG11 patients. Conclusions: Cognitive abnormalities are frequent in HSP, being more severe in complicated forms. However, cognitive impairments of pure HSPs might impact patients' lives, decreasing families' socioeconomic status and contributing to the overall disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Alves Jacinto-Scudeiro
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Dariva Machado
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Annelise Ayres
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniela Burguêz
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcia Polese-Bonato
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carelis González-Salazar
- Graduate program in Medical Physiopathology, School of Medical Science, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marina Siebert
- Graduate program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Unit of Laboratorial Research/Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Maira Rozenfeld Olchik
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jonas Alex Morales Saute
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Zempel H, Mandelkow EM. Tau missorting and spastin-induced microtubule disruption in neurodegeneration: Alzheimer Disease and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:68. [PMID: 26691836 PMCID: PMC4687341 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer Disease (AD), the mechanistic connection of the two major pathological hallmarks, namely deposition of Amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the form of extracellular plaques, and the pathological changes of the intracellular protein Tau (such as phosphorylation, missorting, aggregation), is not well understood. Genetic evidence from AD and Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21), and animal models thereof, suggests that aberrant production of Aβ is upstream of Tau aggregation, but also points to Tau as a critical effector in the pathological process. Yet, the cascade of events leading from increased levels of Aβ to Tau-dependent toxicity remains a matter of debate. Using primary neurons exposed to oligomeric forms of Aβ, we have found that Tau becomes mislocalized (missorted) into the somatodendritic compartment. Missorting of Tau correlates with loss of microtubules and downstream consequences such as loss of mature spines, loss of synaptic activity, and mislocalization of mitochondria. In this cascade, missorting of Tau induces mislocalization of TTLL6 (Tubulin-Tyrosine-Ligase-Like 6) into the dendrites. TTLL6 induces polyglutamylation of microtubules, which acts as a trigger for spastin mediated severing of dendritic microtubules. Loss of microtubules makes cells unable to maintain transport of mitochondria, which in turn results in synaptic dysfunction and loss of mature spines. These pathological changes are absent in TauKO derived primary neurons. Thus, Tau mediated mislocalization of TTLL6 and spastin activation reveals a pathological gain of function for Tau and spastin in this cellular model system of AD. In contrast, in hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) caused by mutations of the gene encoding spastin (spg4 alias SPAST), spastin function in terms of microtubule severing is decreased at least for the gene product of the mutated allele, resulting in overstable microtubules in disease model systems. Whether total spastin severing activity or microtubule stability in human disease is also affected is not yet clear. No human disease has been associated so far with the long-chain polyglutamylation enzyme TTLL6, or the other TTLLs (1,5,11) possibly involved. Here we review the findings supporting a role for Tau, spastin and TTLL6 in AD and other tauopathies, HSP and neurodegeneration, and summarize possible therapeutic approaches for AD and HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Zempel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany. .,MPI for Metabolism Research, Hamburg Outstation, c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Eva-Maria Mandelkow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany. .,CAESAR Research Center, Bonn, Germany. .,MPI for Metabolism Research, Hamburg Outstation, c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
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Yu-Wai-Man P, Pyle A, Griffin H, Santibanez-Korev M, Horvath R, Chinnery PF. Abnormal retinal thickening is a common feature among patients with ARSACS-related phenotypes. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98:711-3. [PMID: 24457356 PMCID: PMC3995215 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, , Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
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