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Huang B, Shafiian N, Masi PJ, Gordon ML, Franceschi AM, Giliberto L. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting as psychiatric disorder: case presentation and systematic review. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1428021. [PMID: 39268068 PMCID: PMC11390469 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1428021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a spongiform encephalopathy caused by misfolded human prion proteins (PrP)s. Due to variability in presentation, the diagnosis may be missed in lieu of various psychiatric disorders. Our study reports on a prototypical case and psychiatric mimic for CJD, and the workup used to establish the correct diagnosis. A 54-year-old male with a past medical history of traumatic brain injury and major depressive disorder presented with chest pain. During the hospital stay, he was found to be increasingly aggressive, and behaved out of character. Further review of clinical history revealed that the patient was diagnosed with cognitive impairment and depression one year prior. The patient was agitated, poorly redirectable, and had unstable gait on neurological examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain demonstrated restricted diffusion (DWI) along the parietooccipital and temporal regions (L > R) and in the subcortical structures, including the basal ganglia and thalami, with accompanying subtle fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintense signal abnormality in these regions, deemed as artifactual at the time. Repeat MRI brain two months later demonstrated progression of the DWI signal with ADC correlate and FLAIR findings. Cerebrospinal fluid 14-3-3 and RT-QuIC samples were positive. Upon passing a few months later, brain autopsy and Western Blot confirmed the CJD diagnosis. Literature review was conducted on PubMed to identify CJD cases initially diagnosed as psychiatric disorder. Search terms included "CJD" or "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease" with three common psychiatric diagnoses, "Depression," "Psychosis," and "Mania." Positive EEG, MRI, PET, and CSF (including protein 14-3-3 and tau) findings for CJD were found in 66.7, 81.1, 50, and 72.7% of cases, respectively. Overall, CJD can present as a psychiatric mimic. In suspicious cases, EEG, imaging, and CSF studies should be promptly utilized to arrive at the correct diagnosis. Repeated MRI imaging is often required to help in the diagnostic process. Brain biopsy should be considered in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
| | - Neeva Shafiian
- Department of Neurology, Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Paul Joseph Masi
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
| | - Marc L Gordon
- Department of Neurology, Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ana M Franceschi
- Department of Radiology, Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
| | - Luca Giliberto
- Department of Neurology, Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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Baiardi S, Capellari S, Bartoletti Stella A, Parchi P. Unusual Clinical Presentations Challenging the Early Clinical Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:1051-1065. [PMID: 30010123 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of prion RT-QuIC, an ultrasensitive specific assay for the in vivo detection of the abnormal prion protein, has significantly increased the potential for an early and accurate clinical diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). However, in the clinical setting, the early identification of patients with possible CJD is often challenging. Indeed, CJD patients may present with isolated symptoms that remain the only clinical manifestation for some time, or with neurological syndromes atypical for CJD. To enhance awareness of unusual disease presentations and promote earlier diagnosis, we reviewed the entire spectrum of atypical early manifestations of CJD, mainly reported to date as case descriptions or small case series. They included sensory either visual or auditory disturbances, seizures, isolated psychiatric manifestations, atypical parkinsonian syndromes (corticobasal syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy-like), pseudobulbar syndrome, isolated involuntary movements (dystonia, myoclonus, chorea, blepharospasm), acute or subacute onsets mimicking a stroke, isolated aphasia, and neuropathy. Since CJD is a rare disease and its clinical course rapidly progressive, an in-depth understanding and awareness of early clinical features are mandatory to enhance the overall diagnostic accuracy in its very early stages and to recruit optimal candidates for future therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Baiardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Bielewicz J, Szczepańska-Szerej A, Ogórek M, Dropko P, Wojtal K, Rejdak K. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome as a rare phenotype of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Prion 2018; 12:143-146. [PMID: 29380664 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2018.1433988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported the case of a patient with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKs) as an early clinical manifestation of sporadic Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (sCJD). The 66-year-old female complained of dizziness and imbalance which mostly occurred while walking. A neurological examination revealed a triad of symptoms characteristic for WKs such as gaze paresis, ataxia of limbs and trunk as well as memory disturbances with confabulations. The disturbances increased during the course of the disease, which led to the death of the patient four months after the appearance of the signs. The patient was finally diagnosed with sCJD disease. The most useful ancillary examination results supporting sCJD diagnosis were brain diffusion DWI MRI (diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging) and the presence of 14-3-3 protein in CSF (cerebrospinal fluid). Since that manifestation of sCJD is very unique other causes should be taken into consideration while making a final diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bielewicz
- a Department of Neurology , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Ogórek
- a Department of Neurology , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Piotr Dropko
- a Department of Neurology , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wojtal
- b Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Konrad Rejdak
- a Department of Neurology , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
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Caine D, Nihat A, Crabb P, Rudge P, Cipolotti L, Collinge J, Mead S. The language disorder of prion disease is characteristic of a dynamic aphasia and is rarely an isolated clinical feature. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190818. [PMID: 29304167 PMCID: PMC5755885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Akinetic mutism is a key diagnostic feature of prion diseases, however, their rapidly progressive nature makes detailed investigation of the language disorder in a large cohort extremely challenging. This study aims to position prion diseases in the nosology of language disorders and improve early clinical recognition. METHODS A systematic, prospective investigation of language disorders in a large cohort of patients diagnosed with prion diseases. 568 patients were included as a sub-study of the National Prion Monitoring Cohort. All patients had at least one assessment with the MRC Scale, a milestone-based functional scale with language and non-language components. Forty patients, with early symptoms and able to travel to the study site, were also administered a comprehensive battery of language tests (spontaneous speech, semantics, syntax, repetition, naming, comprehension and lexical retrieval under different conditions). RESULTS 5/568 (0.9%) patients presented with leading language symptoms. Those with repeated measurements deteriorated at a slower rate in language compared to non-language milestones. Amongst the subgroup of 40 patients who underwent detailed language testing, only three tasks-semantic and phonemic fluency and sentence comprehension-were particularly vulnerable early in the disease. These tasks were highly correlated with performance on non-verbal executive tests. Patients were also impaired on a test of dynamic aphasia. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that the language disorder in prion disease is rarely an isolated clinical or cognitive feature. The language abnormality is indicative of a dynamic aphasia in the context of a prominent dysexecutive syndrome, similar to that seen in patients with the degenerative movement disorder progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Caine
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (NHNN), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuropsychology, NHNN, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Akin Nihat
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (NHNN), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Crabb
- Department of Neuropsychology, NHNN, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Rudge
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (NHNN), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, NHNN, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Collinge
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (NHNN), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Mead
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (NHNN), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom
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González DA, Soble JR. Corticobasal syndrome due to sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: a review and neuropsychological case report. Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 31:676-689. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1259434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Andrés González
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jason R. Soble
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX
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Soomro S, Mohan C. Biomarkers for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:465-72. [PMID: 27547775 PMCID: PMC4892001 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is a rare but fatal type of spongiform encephalopathy with unknown cause. Unfortunately, definitive diagnosis of this disease can only be done by examination of postmortem brain tissue. Presumptive diagnosis is done through a combination of clinical manifestations, radiology results, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing for CSF 14-3-3. Even with these guidelines, premortem diagnosis of sCJD can be unreliable with high rates of misdiagnosis. This calls for more reliable biomarkers of the disease, allowing for better diagnosis as well as understanding the pathogenesis of sCJD. This review compiles potential genetic, protein, biomolecular, and imaging biomarker studies for sCJD since 2010, highlighting the promise of proteins, cytokines, and composite biomarkers for improving the diagnosis as well as understanding the pathogenesis of this mysterious ailment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Soomro
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas77204
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas77204
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Ghadiri-Sani M, Sekhar A, Larner AJ. A stroke of ill-fortune: an unexpected diagnosis following a stroke-like event. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2015; 76:54-5. [PMID: 25585187 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2015.76.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ghadiri-Sani
- Specialist Registrar in Neurology in the Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool L9 7LJ
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