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Liu Y, De Feyter HM, Corbin ZA, Fulbright RK, McIntyre S, Nixon TW, de Graaf RA. Parallel detection of multi-contrast MRI and Deuterium Metabolic Imaging (DMI) for time-efficient characterization of neurological diseases. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.02.23296408. [PMID: 37873422 PMCID: PMC10593017 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.23296408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium Metabolic Imaging (DMI) is a novel method that can complement traditional anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. DMI relies on the MR detection of metabolites that become labeled with deuterium (2H) after administration of a deuterated substrate and can provide images with highly specific metabolic information. However, clinical adoption of DMI is complicated by its relatively long scan time. Here, we demonstrate a strategy to interleave DMI data acquisition with MRI that results in a comprehensive neuro-imaging protocol without adding scan time. The interleaved MRI-DMI routine includes four essential clinical MRI scan types, namely T1-weighted MP-RAGE, FLAIR, T2-weighted Imaging (T2W) and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), interwoven with DMI data acquisition. Phantom and in vivo human brain data show that MR image quality, DMI sensitivity, as well as information content are preserved in the MRI-DMI acquisition method. The interleaved MRI-DMI technology provides full flexibility to upgrade traditional MRI protocols with DMI, adding unique metabolic information to existing types of anatomical image contrast, without extra scan time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Henk M. De Feyter
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Zachary A. Corbin
- Department of Neurology, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Robert K. Fulbright
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Scott McIntyre
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Terence W. Nixon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Robin A. de Graaf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Aramadaka S, Mannam R, Sankara Narayanan R, Bansal A, Yanamaladoddi VR, Sarvepalli SS, Vemula SL. Neuroimaging in Alzheimer's Disease for Early Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e38544. [PMID: 37273363 PMCID: PMC10239271 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting roughly half of those over the age of 85. We briefly discussed the risk factors, epidemiology, and treatment options for AD. The development of therapeutic therapies operating very early in the disease cascade has been spurred by the realization that the disease process begins at least a decade or more before the manifestation of symptoms. Thus, the clinical significance of early diagnosis was emphasized. Using various keywords, a literature search was carried out using PubMed and other databases. For inclusion, pertinent articles were chosen and reviewed. This article has reviewed different neuroimaging techniques that are considered advanced tools to aid in establishing a diagnosis and highlighted the advantages as well as disadvantages of those techniques. Besides, the prevalence of several in vivo biomarkers aided in discriminating affected individuals from healthy controls in the early stages of the disease. Each imaging method has its advantages and disadvantages, hence no single imaging approach can be the optimum modality for diagnosis. This article also commented on a better approach to using these techniques to increase the likelihood of an early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raam Mannam
- Research, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, IND
| | | | - Arpit Bansal
- Research, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, IND
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Park SW, Yeo NY, Lee J, Lee SH, Byun J, Park DY, Yum S, Kim JK, Byeon G, Kim Y, Jang JW. Machine learning application for classification of Alzheimer's disease stages using 18F-flortaucipir positron emission tomography. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:40. [PMID: 37120537 PMCID: PMC10149022 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progression of Alzheimer's dementia (AD) can be classified into three stages: cognitive unimpairment (CU), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD. The purpose of this study was to implement a machine learning (ML) framework for AD stage classification using the standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) extracted from 18F-flortaucipir positron emission tomography (PET) images. We demonstrate the utility of tau SUVR for AD stage classification. We used clinical variables (age, sex, education, mini-mental state examination scores) and SUVR extracted from PET images scanned at baseline. Four types of ML frameworks, such as logistic regression, support vector machine (SVM), extreme gradient boosting, and multilayer perceptron (MLP), were used and explained by Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) to classify the AD stage. RESULTS Of a total of 199 participants, 74, 69, and 56 patients were in the CU, MCI, and AD groups, respectively; their mean age was 71.5 years, and 106 (53.3%) were men. In the classification between CU and AD, the effect of clinical and tau SUVR was high in all classification tasks and all models had a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) > 0.96. In the classification between MCI and AD, the independent effect of tau SUVR in SVM had an AUC of 0.88 (p < 0.05), which was the highest compared to other models. In the classification between MCI and CU, the AUC of each classification model was higher with tau SUVR variables than with clinical variables independently, which yielded an AUC of 0.75(p < 0.05) in MLP, which was the highest. As an explanation by SHAP for the classification between MCI and CU, and AD and CU, the amygdala and entorhinal cortex greatly affected the classification results. In the classification between MCI and AD, the para-hippocampal and temporal cortex affected model performance. Especially entorhinal cortex and amygdala showed a higher effect on model performance than all clinical variables in the classification between MCI and CU. CONCLUSIONS The independent effect of tau deposition indicates that it is an effective biomarker in classifying CU and MCI into clinical stages using MLP. It is also very effective in classifying AD stages using SVM with clinical information that can be easily obtained at clinical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, 156, Baengnyeong-ro, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24289, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Informatics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
- School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Na Young Yeo
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, 156, Baengnyeong-ro, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24289, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Bigdata Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jinsu Lee
- Department of Data Science Research Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Hee Lee
- Department of Statistics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Junghyun Byun
- Department of Healthcare, Radiation Health Institute, Hydro & Nuclear Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Korea
| | - Dong Young Park
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, 156, Baengnyeong-ro, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24289, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Bigdata Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sujin Yum
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, 156, Baengnyeong-ro, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24289, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Bigdata Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jung-Kyeom Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, 156, Baengnyeong-ro, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihwan Byeon
- School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yeshin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, 156, Baengnyeong-ro, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24289, Republic of Korea
- School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, 156, Baengnyeong-ro, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24289, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Informatics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
- School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
- Department of Medical Bigdata Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
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Rydfjord J, Roslin S, Roy T, Abbas A, Stevens MY, Odell LR. Acyl Amidines by Pd-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation: One-Pot Cyclizations and 11C Labeling. J Org Chem 2022; 88:5078-5089. [PMID: 36520948 PMCID: PMC10127271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the carbonylative synthesis of acyl amidines from aryl halides, amidines, and carbon monoxide catalyzed by Pd(0) is reported herein. Notably, carbon monoxide is generated ex situ from a solid CO source, and several productive palladium ligands were identified with complementary benefits and substrate scope. Furthermore, sequential one-pot, two-step protocols for the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles and 1,2,4-oxadiazoles via acyl amidine intermediates are reported. In addition, this approach was extended to isotopic labeling using [11C]carbon monoxide to allow, for the first time, synthesis of 11C-labeled acyl amidines as well as a 11C-labeled 1,2,4-oxadiazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rydfjord
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Roslin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tamal Roy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alaa Abbas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marc Y. Stevens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luke R. Odell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Rydfjord J, Al-Bazaz S, Roslin S. Palladium-Mediated Synthesis of [Carbonyl- 11C]acyl Amidines from Aryl Iodides and Aryl Bromides and Their One-Pot Cyclization to 11C-Labeled Oxadiazoles. J Org Chem 2022; 88:5118-5126. [PMID: 36512765 PMCID: PMC10127284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly valuable imaging technique with many clinical applications. The possibility to study physiological and biochemical processes in vivo also makes PET an important tool in drug discovery. Of importance is the possibility of labelling the compound of interest with a positron-emitting radionuclide, such as carbon-11. Carbonylation reactions with [11C]carbon monoxide ([11C]CO) has been used to label a number of molecules containing a carbonyl derivative, such as amides and esters, with carbon-11. Presented herein is the palladium-mediated carbonylative synthesis of [carbonyl-11C]acyl amidines and their subsequent cyclization to 11C-labeled 1,2,4-oxadiazoles. Starting from amidines, [11C]CO, and either aryl iodides or aryl bromides, [carbonyl-11C]acyl amidines were synthesized and isolated in good to very good radiochemical yields (RCY). The 11C-labeled 1,2,4-oxadiazoles were synthesized without the isolation of the intermediate [carbonyl-11C]acyl amidines and isolated in useful RCYs, including the NF-E2-related factor 2 activator DDO-7263. 3-Phenyl-5-(4-tolyl)-1,2,4-(5-11C)oxadiazole was synthesized and isolated with a clinically relevant molar activity. The broadened substrate scope, together with the good RCY and high Am, demonstrates the utility of this method for the incorporation of carbon-11 into acyl amidines and 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, structural motifs of pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rydfjord
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Silav Al-Bazaz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Roslin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Decreased imaging time of amyloid PET using [ 18F]florbetapir can maintain quantitative accuracy. Radiol Phys Technol 2022; 15:116-124. [PMID: 35239129 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-022-00653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Shortening the amount of time required to acquire amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) brain images while maintaining the accuracy of quantitative evaluation would help to overcome motion artifacts associated with Alzheimer's disease patients. The present study aimed to validate the quantitative accuracy of [18F]florbetapir ([18F]FBP) imaging over a shorter acquisition duration. Forty participants were injected with [18F]FBP, and PET images were acquired for 50-55, 50-60, and 50-70 min after injection. Three physicians visually assessed the reprocessed [18F]FBP images using a binary scale to classify them as amyloid β (Aβ) negative or positive. A mean composite standard uptake value ratio (cSUVR) > 1.075 was defined as Aβ-positive based on receiver operating characteristic curves. Inter-reader and inter-acquisition duration agreements with visual assessment were evaluated using Cohen's kappa (κ). Binary visual discrimination of 102 for the 120 [18F]FBP images, was consistent among the three readers. Sixteen, sixteen, and fourteen of the 40 [18F]FBP images acquired for 50-55, 50-60, and 50-70 min after injection, respectively, were deemed Aβ-positive by visual assessment. The inter-rater agreement was high, and the inter-acquisition duration agreement was almost perfect. The cSUVR did not change significantly among the acquisition durations, and the acquisition duration did not affect the outcome of discrimination based on the cSUVR cutoff. A shorter acquisition duration changed the visual assessment outcomes. Stable quantitative values were derived from [18F]FBP images acquired within 5 min. cSUVR helped to improve the performance and confidence in the outcomes of visual assessment.
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Lorking N, Murray AD, O'Brien JT. The use of positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging in dementia: A literature review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:1501-1513. [PMID: 34490651 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) is an emerging hybrid imaging system in clinical nuclear medicine. Research demonstrates a comparative utility to current unimodal and hybrid methods, including PET-computed tomography (PET/CT), in several medical subspecialities such as neuroimaging. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the literature from 2016 to 2021 using PET/MRI for the investigation of patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia, and discuss the evidence base for widening its application into clinical practice. METHODS A comprehensive literature search using the PubMed database was conducted to retrieve studies using PET/MRI in relation to the topics of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, or Alzheimer's disease between January 2016 and January 2021. This search strategy enabled studies on all dementia types to be included in the analysis. Studies were required to have a minimum of 10 human subjects and incorporate simultaneous PET/MRI. RESULTS A total of 116 papers were retrieved, with 39 papers included in the final selection. These were broadly categorised into reviews (12), technical/methodological papers (11) and new data studies (16). For the current review, discussion focused on findings from the new data studies. CONCLUSIONS PET/MRI offers additional insight into the underlying anatomical, metabolic and functional changes associated with dementia when compared with unimodal methods and PET/CT, particularly relating to brain regions including the hippocampus and default mode network. Furthermore, the improved diagnostic utility of PET/MRI, as reported by radiologists, offers improved classification of dementia patients, with important implications for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lorking
- School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | | | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Kure AJ, Savas H, Hijaz TA, Hussaini SF, Korutz AW. Advancements in Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Applications to Diagnostic Challenges in Neuroradiology. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2021; 42:434-451. [PMID: 34537113 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the clinical adoption of magnetic resonance (MR) in medical imaging, MR has proven to be a workhorse in diagnostic neuroradiology, with the ability to provide superb anatomic detail as well as additional functional and physiologic data, depending on the techniques utilized. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography has also shown irreplaceable diagnostic value in certain disease processes of the central nervous system by providing molecular and metabolic information through the development of numerous disease-specific PET tracers, many of which can be utilized as a diagnostic technique in and of themselves or can provide a valuable adjunct to information derived from MR. Despite these advances, many challenges still remain in neuroradiology, particularly in malignancy, neurodegenerative disease, epilepsy, and cerebrovascular disease. Through improvements in attenuation correction, motion correction, and PET detectors, combining the 2 modalities of PET and MR through simultaneous imaging has proven feasible and allows for improved spatial and temporal resolution without compromising either of the 2 individual modalities. The complementary information offered by both technologies has provided increased diagnostic accuracy in both research and many clinical applications in neuroradiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kure
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
| | - Hatice Savas
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
| | - Tarek A Hijaz
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
| | - Syed F Hussaini
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
| | - Alexander W Korutz
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hybrid PET- MRI is a technique that has the ability to improve diagnostic accuracy in many applications, whereas PET and MRI performed separately often fail to provide accurate responses to clinical questions. Here, we review recent studies and current developments in PET-MRI, focusing on clinical applications. RECENT FINDINGS The combination of PET and MRI imaging methods aims at increasing the potential of each individual modality. Combined methods of image reconstruction and correction of PET-MRI attenuation are being developed, and a number of applications are being introduced into clinical practice. To date, the value of PET-MRI has been demonstrated for the evaluation of brain tumours in epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases. Continued advances in data analysis regularly improve the efficiency and the potential application of multimodal biomarkers. SUMMARY PET-MRI provides simultaneous of anatomical, functional, biochemical and metabolic information for the personalized characterization and monitoring of neurological diseases. In this review, we show the advantage of the complementarity of different biomarkers obtained using PET-MRI data. We also present the recent advances made in this hybrid imaging modality and its advantages in clinical practice compared with MRI and PET separately.
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Wagatsuma K, Ishiwata K, Nobuhara F, Koumura I, Kunugi M, Oda K, Miwa K, Toyohara J, Ishii K. Pre-discard estimation of radioactivated materials in positron emission tomography cyclotron systems and concrete walls of a cyclotron vault. Med Phys 2019; 46:2457-2467. [PMID: 30870578 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The concrete vault, cyclotron body, and peripheral equipment in a cyclotron room become radioactivated by neutrons generated by operating an unshielded cyclotron. Radionuclides and the amounts of radioactivated materials must be identified before discarding a cyclotron system. The present study aimed to reduce the amounts of concrete from cyclotron vaults, as well as cyclotron components and peripheral equipment, that will be disposed of as radioactivated waste by clarifying the nature and quantity of radioactivated materials remaining in facilities after cyclotron operations have ceased. METHODS Cylindrical concrete cores were bored into all four walls, ceiling, and floor of a room where a Cypris 370 cyclotron had been operated for 22.8 yr and then cooled for 40 months. The accelerated particles comprised protons and deuterons with constant energy of 18 and 10 MeV, respectively. The types and amounts of radionuclides in these cores, in 38 components of the cyclotron including the yoke, and in 13 pieces of equipment in the room, were determined by γ-ray spectrometry. Concentrations of radioactivity were also calculated using an updated version of Particle and Heavy Ion Transport System and DCHAIN-SP. Amounts of materials with both measured and calculated total radioactivity concentration (ΣD) of <0.1 Bq/g were identified as being nonradioactivated. RESULTS The major radionuclides in the concrete were 60 Co and 152 Eu. The radioactivated concrete was distributed to a depth of <38 cm. Most cyclotron components and equipment were radioactivated by neutrons. The major radionuclides in cyclotron components and equipment were 54 Mn, 60 Co, and 65 Zn. A 33% volume of the yoke was regarded as nonradioactivated. CONCLUSIONS The estimated amount of radioactivated waste in the concrete was about 70,000 kg (12.5% of the total concrete). Most components of the cyclotron except for the 33% volume of the yoke (20% of the cyclotron body), as well as most peripheral equipment in the room, were radioactivated. Part-by-part assessments of radioactive materials using measurements and calculations could distinguish nonradioactive from radioactive materials before they are discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Wagatsuma
- Research Team for Neuroimaging Tokyo, Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2, Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging Tokyo, Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2, Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.,Institute of Cyclotron and Drug Discovery Research, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, 7-115, Yatsuyamada, Koriyama, 963-8052, Japan.,Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Fukushima Medical University, 1, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Nobuhara
- Department of Engineering, Tokyo Nuclear Services Co. LTD, 1-3-5, Taito, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-0016, Japan
| | - Iwane Koumura
- Industrial Equipment Division, Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd., ThinkPark Tower, 1-1, Osaki 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-6025, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kunugi
- Radioisotope Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2, Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Keiichi Oda
- Research Team for Neuroimaging Tokyo, Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2, Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.,Faculty of Health Science, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1, Maeda, Teine-ku, Sapporo, 006-8585, Japan
| | - Kenta Miwa
- School of Health Science, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1, Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging Tokyo, Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2, Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging Tokyo, Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2, Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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11
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Wilson H, Pagano G, Politis M. Dementia spectrum disorders: lessons learnt from decades with PET research. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:233-251. [PMID: 30762136 PMCID: PMC6449308 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dementia spectrum encompasses a range of disorders with complex diagnosis, pathophysiology and limited treatment options. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging provides insights into specific neurodegenerative processes underlying dementia disorders in vivo. Here we focus on some of the most common dementias: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonism dementias including Parkinson's disease with dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome, and frontotemporal lobe degeneration. PET tracers have been developed to target specific proteinopathies (amyloid, tau and α-synuclein), glucose metabolism, cholinergic system and neuroinflammation. Studies have shown distinct imaging abnormalities can be detected early, in some cases prior to symptom onset, allowing disease progression to be monitored and providing the potential to predict symptom onset. Furthermore, advances in PET imaging have identified potential therapeutic targets and novel methods to accurately discriminate between different types of dementias in vivo. There are promising imaging markers with a clinical application on the horizon, however, further studies are required before they can be implantation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 125 Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Gennaro Pagano
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 125 Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 125 Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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12
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Sollini M, Berchiolli R, Kirienko M, Rossi A, Glaudemans AWJM, Slart R, Erba PA. PET/MRI in Infection and Inflammation. Semin Nucl Med 2018; 48:225-241. [PMID: 29626940 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MR) systems are now more and more available for clinical use. PET/MR combines the unique features of MR including excellent soft tissue contrast, diffusion-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging, fMRI and other specialized sequences as well as MR spectroscopy with the quantitative physiologic information that is provided by PET. Most of the evidence of the potential clinical utility of PET/MRI is available for neuroimaging. Other areas, where PET/MR can play a larger role include head and neck, upper abdominal, and pelvic tumours. Although the role of PET/MR in infection and inflammation of the cardiovascular system and in musculoskeletal applications are promising, these areas of clinical investigation are still in the early phase and it may be a little longer before these areas reach their full potential in clinical practice. In this review, we outline the potential of hybrid PET/MR for imaging infection and inflammation. A background to the main radiopharmaceuticals and some technical considerations are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sollini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Berchiolli
- Vascular Surgery Unit Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Margarita Kirienko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexia Rossi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - A W J M Glaudemans
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Imaging Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riemer Slart
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Imaging Center, Groningen, The Netherlands.; University of Twente, Faculty of Science and Technology, Biomedical Photonic Imaging, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Anna Erba
- Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Translational Research and Advanced, Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy..
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13
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Magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. J Neurol 2018; 266:1293-1302. [PMID: 30120563 PMCID: PMC6517561 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-9016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been crucial to the understanding of the neuropathological mechanisms behind and clinical identification of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MRI modalities show patterns of brain damage that discriminate AD from other brain illnesses and brain abnormalities that are associated with risk of conversion to AD from MCI and other behavioural outcomes. This review discusses the application of various MRI techniques to and their clinical usefulness in AD and MCI. MRI modalities covered include structural MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), arterial spin labelling (ASL), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and functional MRI (fMRI). There is much evidence supporting the validity of MRI as a biomarker for these disorders; however, only traditional structural imaging is currently recommended for routine use in clinical settings. Future research is needed to warrant the inclusion for more advanced MRI methodology in forthcoming revisions to diagnostic criteria for AD and MCI.
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Roslin S, Dahl K, Nordeman P. Reaction of 11
C-benzoyl chlorides with metalloid reagents: 11
C-labeling of benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, and phenyl ketones from [11
C]CO. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:447-454. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Roslin
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kenneth Dahl
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Patrik Nordeman
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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15
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Zhang XY, Yang ZL, Lu GM, Yang GF, Zhang LJ. PET/MR Imaging: New Frontier in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:343. [PMID: 29163024 PMCID: PMC5672108 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia; a progressive neurodegenerative disease that currently lacks an effective treatment option. Early and accurate diagnosis, in addition to quick elimination of differential diagnosis, allows us to provide timely treatments that delay the progression of AD. Imaging plays an important role for the early diagnosis of AD. The newly emerging PET/MR imaging strategies integrate the advantages of PET and MR to diagnose and monitor AD. This review introduces the development of PET/MR imaging systems, technical considerations of PET/MR imaging, special considerations of PET/MR in AD, and the system's potential clinical applications and future perspectives in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Y Zhang
- Medical Imaging Center, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen L Yang
- Medical Imaging Center, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang M Lu
- Medical Imaging Center, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gui F Yang
- Medical Imaging Center, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long J Zhang
- Medical Imaging Center, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Wagatsuma K, Miwa K, Sakata M, Oda K, Ono H, Kameyama M, Toyohara J, Ishii K. Comparison between new-generation SiPM-based and conventional PMT-based TOF-PET/CT. Phys Med 2017; 42:203-210. [PMID: 29173917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.09.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether the SiPM-PET/CT, Discovery MI (DMI) performs better than the PMT-PET/CT system, Discovery 710 (D710). METHODS The physical performance of both systems was evaluated using NEMA NU 2 standards. Contrast (%), uniformity and image noise (%) are criteria proposed by the Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine (JSNM) for phantom tests and were determined in images acquired from Hoffman and uniform phantoms using the DMI and D710. Brain and whole-body [18F]FDG images were also acquired from a healthy male using the DMI and D710. RESULTS The spatial resolution at 1.0cm off-center in the DMI and D710 was 3.91 and 4.52mm, respectively. The sensitivity of the DMI and D710 was 12.62 and 7.50cps/kBq, respectively. The observed peak noise-equivalent count rates were 185.6kcps at 22.5kBq/mL and 137.0kcps at 29.0kBq/mL, and the scatter fractions were 42.1% and 37.9% in the DMI and D710, respectively. The D710 had better contrast recovery and lower background variability. Contrast, uniformity and image noise in the DMI were 61.0%, 0.0225, and 7.85%, respectively. These outcomes were better than those derived from the D710 and satisfied the JSNM criteria. Brain images acquired by the DMI had better grey-to-white matter contrast and lower image noise at the edge of axial field of view. CONCLUSIONS The DMI offers better sensitivity, performance under conditions of high count rates and image quality than the conventional PMT-PET/CT system, D710.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Wagatsuma
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Miwa
- School of Health Science, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Japan.
| | - Muneyuki Sakata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Oda
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Health Science, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruka Ono
- School of Health Science, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Japan
| | - Masashi Kameyama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Synthesis of 11C-Labelled Ureas by Palladium(II)-Mediated Oxidative Carbonylation. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101688. [PMID: 28994734 PMCID: PMC6151465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography is an imaging technique with applications in clinical settings as well as in basic research for the study of biological processes. A PET tracer, a biologically active molecule where a positron-emitting radioisotope such as carbon-11 has been incorporated, is used for the studies. Development of robust methods for incorporation of the radioisotope is therefore of the utmost importance. The urea functional group is present in many biologically active compounds and is thus an attractive target for incorporation of carbon-11 in the form of [11C]carbon monoxide. Starting with amines and [11C]carbon monoxide, both symmetrical and unsymmetrical 11C-labelled ureas were synthesised via a palladium(II)-mediated oxidative carbonylation and obtained in decay-corrected radiochemical yields up to 65%. The added advantage of using [11C]carbon monoxide was shown by the molar activity obtained for an inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase (247 GBq/μmol–319 GBq/μmol). DFT calculations were found to support a reaction mechanism proceeding through an 11C-labelled isocyanate intermediate.
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18
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Arantes M, Barbosa JM, Ferreira MA. Neuroanatomy education: The impact on perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of an intensive course on general practice residents. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2017; 10:465-474. [PMID: 28264141 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
General practitioners are responsible for the management of an increasing number of patients with neurological illness, and thus a solid education in neurosciences is a necessary component of their training. This study examines the effects of an intensive clinical neuroanatomy course on twenty general practice residents' perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge. A knowledge test was completed by the participants and by a control group at four different time points. The participants were asked to answer a questionnaire about their reasons for signing up for the course and their attitudes and perceptions toward the course experience. Experimental and control groups demonstrated identical mean baseline test scores. The experimental group significantly increased its test scores (plus 49.0% correct answers, a mean improvement of 120%) relative to controls after the educational intervention. There were no differences among scores from the evaluated time points after the educational intervention in the experimental group. In the control group, there were likewise no significant differences between the four evaluated time points. Most participants indicated that they signed up for the course to update/acquire knowledge and skills in the field of neurosciences, and also because they had difficulty in diagnosing and managing patients with neurological diseases. Participants' attitudes and perceptions toward the course experience were very positive. Most of the participants (n = 17; 85%) rated the course as "extremely useful," and 3 (15%) rated it as "very useful." This study provides evidence demonstrating the potential positive effect of neurosciences education to general practice residents. Anat Sci Educ 10: 465-474. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavilde Arantes
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joselina Maria Barbosa
- Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Amélia Ferreira
- Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Yousaf T, Wilson H, Politis M. Imaging the Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:179-257. [PMID: 28802921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is acknowledged to be a multisystem syndrome, manifesting as a result of multineuropeptide dysfunction, including dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic deficits. This multisystem disorder ultimately leads to the presentation of a range of nonmotor symptoms, now appreciated to be an integral part of the disease-specific spectrum of symptoms, often preceding the diagnosis of motor Parkinson's disease. In this chapter, we review the dopaminergic and nondopaminergic basis of these symptoms by exploring the neuroimaging evidence based on several techniques including positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography molecular imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging. We discuss the role of these neuroimaging techniques in elucidating the underlying pathophysiology of NMS in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyabah Yousaf
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Dementia is a frequent problem encountered in advanced stages of Parkinson disease (PD). In recent years, research has focused on the pre-dementia stages of cognitive impairment in PD, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Several longitudinal studies have shown that MCI is a harbinger of dementia in PD, although the course is variable, and stabilization of cognition - or even reversal to normal cognition - is not uncommon. In addition to limbic and cortical spread of Lewy pathology, several other mechanisms are likely to contribute to cognitive decline in PD, and a variety of biomarker studies, some using novel structural and functional imaging techniques, have documented in vivo brain changes associated with cognitive impairment. The evidence consistently suggests that low cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid-β42, a marker of comorbid Alzheimer disease (AD), predict future cognitive decline and dementia in PD. Emerging genetic evidence indicates that in addition to the APOE*ε4 allele (an established risk factor for AD), GBA mutations and SCNA mutations and triplications are associated with cognitive decline in PD, whereas the findings are mixed for MAPT polymorphisms. Cognitive enhancing medications have some effect in PD dementia, but no convincing evidence that progression from MCI to dementia can be delayed or prevented is available, although cognitive training has shown promising results.
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Wilson H, De Micco R, Niccolini F, Politis M. Molecular Imaging Markers to Track Huntington's Disease Pathology. Front Neurol 2017; 8:11. [PMID: 28194132 PMCID: PMC5278260 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive, monogenic dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by repeat expansion mutation in the huntingtin gene. The accumulation of mutant huntingtin protein, forming intranuclear inclusions, subsequently leads to degeneration of medium spiny neurons in the striatum and cortical areas. Genetic testing can identify HD gene carriers before individuals develop overt cognitive, psychiatric, and chorea symptoms. Thus, HD gene carriers can be studied in premanifest stages to understand and track the evolution of HD pathology. While advances have been made, the precise pathophysiological mechanisms underlying HD are unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been employed to understand HD pathology in presymptomatic and symptomatic disease stages. PET imaging uses radioactive tracers to detect specific changes, at a molecular level, which could be used as markers of HD progression and to monitor response to therapeutic treatments for HD gene expansion carriers (HDGECs). This review focuses on available PET techniques, employed in cross-sectional and longitudinal human studies, as biomarkers for HD, and highlights future potential PET targets. PET studies have assessed changes in postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors, brain metabolism, microglial activation, and recently phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) as markers to track HD progression. Alterations in PDE10A expression are the earliest biochemical change identified in HD gene carriers up to 43 years before predicted symptomatic onset. Thus, PDE10A expression could be a promising marker to track HD progression from early premanifest disease stages. Other PET targets which have been less well investigated as biomarkers include cannabinoid, adenosine, and GABA receptors. Future longitudinal studies are required to fully validate these PET biomarkers for use to track disease progression from far-onset premanifest to manifest HD stages. PET imaging is a crucial neuroimaging tool, with the potential to detect early changes and validate sensitivity of biomarkers for tracking HD pathology. Moreover, continued development of novel PET tracers provides exciting opportunities to investigate new molecular targets, such as histamine and serotonin receptors, to further understand the mechanisms underlying HD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Rosa De Micco
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Flavia Niccolini
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK
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22
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A systematic review of lessons learned from PET molecular imaging research in atypical parkinsonism. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:2244-2254. [PMID: 27470326 PMCID: PMC5047923 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically review the previous studies and current status of positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging research in atypical parkinsonism. METHODS MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus electronic databases were searched for articles published until 29th March 2016 and included brain PET studies in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). Only articles published in English and in peer-reviewed journals were included in this review. Case-reports, reviews, and non-human studies were excluded. RESULTS Seventy-seven PET studies investigating the dopaminergic system, glucose metabolism, microglial activation, hyperphosphorilated tau, opioid receptors, the cholinergic system, and GABAA receptors in PSP, MSA, and CBS patients were included in this review. Disease-specific patterns of reduced glucose metabolism have shown higher accuracy than dopaminergic imaging techniques to distinguish between parkinsonian syndromes. Microglial activation has been found in all forms of atypical parkinsonism and reflects the known distribution of neuropathologic changes in these disorders. Opioid receptors are decreased in the striatum of PSP and MSA patients. Subcortical cholinergic dysfunction was more severe in MSA and PSP than Parkinson's disease patients although no significant changes in cortical cholinergic receptors were seen in PSP with cognitive impairment. GABAA receptors were decreased in metabolically affected cortical and subcortical regions in PSP patients. CONCLUSIONS PET molecular imaging has provided valuable insight for understanding the mechanisms underlying atypical parkinsonism. Changes at a molecular level occur early in the course of these neurodegenerative diseases and PET imaging provides the means to aid differential diagnosis, monitor disease progression, identify of novel targets for pharmacotherapy, and monitor response to new treatments.
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Current status of PET imaging in Huntington's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:1171-82. [PMID: 26899245 PMCID: PMC4844650 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To review the developments of recent decades and the current status of PET molecular imaging in Huntington’s disease (HD). Methods A systematic review of PET studies in HD was performed. The MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane and Scopus databases were searched for articles in all languages published up to 19 August 2015 using the major medical subject heading “Huntington Disease” combined with text and key words “Huntington Disease”, “Neuroimaging” and “PET”. Only peer-reviewed, primary research studies in HD patients and premanifest HD carriers, and studies in which clinical features were described in association with PET neuroimaging results, were included in this review. Reviews, case reports and nonhuman studies were excluded. Results A total of 54 PET studies were identified and analysed in this review. Brain metabolism ([18F]FDG and [15O]H2O), presynaptic ([18F]fluorodopa, [11C]β-CIT and [11C]DTBZ) and postsynaptic ([11C]SCH22390, [11C]FLB457 and [11C]raclopride) dopaminergic function, phosphodiesterases ([18F]JNJ42259152, [18F]MNI-659 and [11C]IMA107), and adenosine ([18F]CPFPX), cannabinoid ([18F]MK-9470), opioid ([11C]diprenorphine) and GABA ([11C]flumazenil) receptors were evaluated as potential biomarkers for monitoring disease progression and for assessing the development and efficacy of novel disease-modifying drugs in premanifest HD carriers and HD patients. PET studies evaluating brain restoration and neuroprotection were also identified and described in detail. Conclusion Brain metabolism, postsynaptic dopaminergic function and phosphodiesterase 10A levels were proven to be powerful in assessing disease progression. However, no single technique may be currently considered an optimal biomarker and an integrative multimodal imaging approach combining different techniques should be developed for monitoring potential neuroprotective and preventive treatment in HD.
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Transcranial Sonography (TCS) and Extrapyramidal Diseases: An Evolving Story. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.34579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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PET/MRI of central nervous system: current status and future perspective. Eur Radiol 2016; 26:3534-41. [PMID: 26780640 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-4202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Imaging plays an increasingly important role in the early diagnosis, prognosis prediction and therapy response evaluation of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The newly emerging hybrid positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) can perform "one-stop-shop" evaluation, including anatomic, functional, biochemical and metabolic information, even at the molecular level, for personalised diagnoses and treatments of CNS diseases. However, there are still several problems to be resolved, such as appropriate PET detectors, attenuation correction and so on. This review will introduce the basic physical principles of PET/MRI and its potential clinical applications in the CNS. We also provide the future perspectives for this field. KEY POINTS • PET/MRI can simultaneously provide anatomic, functional, biochemical and metabolic information. • PET/MRI has promising potential in various central nervous system diseases. • Research on the future implementation of PET/MRI is challenging and encouraging.
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26
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Sanzaro E, Iemolo F. Transcranial sonography in movement disorders: an interesting tool for diagnostic perspectives. Neurol Sci 2015; 37:373-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Matías-Guiu JA, Cabrera-Martín MN, Matías-Guiu J, Oreja-Guevara C, Riola-Parada C, Moreno-Ramos T, Arrazola J, Carreras JL. Amyloid PET imaging in multiple sclerosis: an (18)F-florbetaben study. BMC Neurol 2015; 15:243. [PMID: 26607782 PMCID: PMC4660647 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Positron emission tomography (PET) images with amyloid tracers show normal uptake in healthy white matter, which suggests that amyloid tracers are potentially useful for studying such white matter diseases as multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Twelve patients diagnosed with MS (5 with RRMS, 5 with SPMS, and 2 with PPMS) and 3 healthy controls underwent studies with MRI and 18F-florbetaben-PET imaging. Images were preprocessed using Statistical Parametric Mapping software. We analysed 18F-florbetaben uptake in demyelinating plaques (appearing as hyperintense lesions in FLAIR sequences), in normal-appearing white matter, and in grey matter. Results Mean standardized uptake value relative to cerebellum was higher in normally appearing white matter (NAWM) (1.51 ± 0.12) than in damaged white matter (DWM) (1.24 ± 0.12; P = .002). Mean percentage of change between NAWM and DWM was −17.56 % ± 6.22 %. This percentage of change correlated negatively with EDSS scores (r = −0.61, p < .05) and with age (r = −0.83, p < 0.01). Progressive forms of MS showed a more pronounced reduction of the uptake in DWM in comparison to relapsing-remitting form. Conclusions Uptake of 18F-florbetaben in damaged white matter is lower than that occurring in normally-appearing white matter. These findings indicate that amyloid tracers may be useful in studies of MS, although further research is needed to evaluate the utility of amyloid-PET in monitoring MS progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0502-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi A Matías-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - María Nieves Cabrera-Martín
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Jorge Matías-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Celia Oreja-Guevara
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Cristina Riola-Parada
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Teresa Moreno-Ramos
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Juan Arrazola
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - José Luis Carreras
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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