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Wu M, Jiang H, Yu K, Zhao Z, Zhu B. The Prescription trends and dosing appropriateness analysis of novel oral anticoagulants in ischemic stroke patients: a retrospective study of 9 cities in China. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1304139. [PMID: 38533252 PMCID: PMC10963614 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1304139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been recommended by guidelines as the first-line drugs for preventing cardiogenic stroke. We aimed to provide an overview of the prescription trends and dosing appropriateness of NOACs in China. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of NOAC prescriptions using the Hospital Prescription Analysis Cooperation Project data from 2016 to 2022. Various patient features, such as gender, age, city, year, source, department visited, original diagnosis, dosing, cost, and insurance type, were collected and analyzed to examine the trends and dosing appropriateness of NOAC usage in ischemic stroke patients. Results: 62,014 NOAC prescriptions were analyzed, including 16,602 for dabigatran, 45,253 for rivaroxaban, and 159 for apixaban. 85.14% of the patients were aged 65 or above, and tertiary hospitals accounted for 95.97% of NOAC prescriptions. NOAC prescriptions rose from 1828 in 2016 to 13,998 in 2021 but dropped to 13,166 in 2022. The percentage of annual prescriptions for NOACs among stroke patients has increased from 0.05% in 2016 to 0.37% in 2022. Total drug cost increased from ¥704541.18 in 2016 to ¥4128648.44 in 2021, then decreased to ¥1680109.14 in 2022. Prescriptions were divided into 48,321 appropriate and 11,262 inappropriate dosing groups, showing significant differences in medications, age, year, city type, hospital level, source, insurance type, and department visited (all p < 0.001). The median drug cost for inappropriate dosing was higher than for appropriate dosing (¥55.20 VS ¥83.80). The top comorbidities in ischemic stroke patients were atrial fibrillation (35.30%), hypertension (32.75%), and coronary heart disease (16.48%). Conclusion: The application of NOACs in the Chinese population is increasing. Our findings highlight the frequent deviation from labeled dosing of NOACs in clinical practice. Continued efforts are necessary to promote the appropriate use of NOACs according to the standard dosage in the drug insert.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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2
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Kao TW, Liao PJ. Phenotype-directed clinically driven low-dose direct oral anticoagulant for atrial fibrillation. Future Cardiol 2023; 19:405-417. [PMID: 37650492 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2022-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically-driven dose reduction of direct oral anticoagulants in individuals with atrial fibrillation is prevalent worldwide. However, a paucity of evidence to tailor dose selection remained as clinical unmet need. Current doses of anticoagulant were determined largely by landmark clinical trials, in which the enrolled subjects were carefully selected and without major comorbidities. Our study reviewed the relevant real-world studies in specific patient phenotypes, including renal and hepatic diseases, elderly, low body weight, Asians and presence of concomitant drug-drug interactions. Thorough investigations toward the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in reduced doses will facilitate substituting current universal approach with individualized prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Jyun Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
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3
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Moecker R, Weissenborn M, Klingenberg A, Wirbka L, Fuchs A, Eickhoff C, Mueller U, Schulz M, Kaufmann-Kolle P, Haefeli WE, Seidling HM. Task sharing in an interprofessional medication management program - a survey of general practitioners and community pharmacists. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1005. [PMID: 35933349 PMCID: PMC9356506 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacist-led medication review and medication management programs (MMP) are well-known strategies to improve medication safety and effectiveness. If performed interprofessionally, outcomes might even improve. However, little is known about task sharing in interprofessional MMP, in which general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists (CPs) collaboratively perform medication reviews and continuously follow-up on patients with designated medical and pharmaceutical tasks, respectively. In 2016, ARMIN (Arzneimittelinitiative Sachsen-Thüringen) an interprofessional MMP was launched in two German federal states, Saxony and Thuringia. The aim of this study was to understand how GPs and CPs share tasks in MMP when reviewing the patients’ medication. Methods This was a cross-sectional postal survey among GPs and CPs who participated in the MMP. Participants were asked who completed which MMP tasks, e.g., checking drug-drug interactions, dosing, and side effects. In total, 15 MMP tasks were surveyed using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from “I complete this task alone” to “GP/CP completes this task alone”. The study was conducted between 11/2020 and 04/2021. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results In total, 114/165 (69.1%) GPs and 166/243 (68.3%) CPs returned a questionnaire. The majority of GPs and CPs reported (i) checking clinical parameters and medication overuse and underuse to be completed by GPs, (ii) checking storage conditions of drugs and initial compilation of the patient’s medication including brown bag review being mostly performed by CPs, and (iii) checking side-effects, non-adherence, and continuous updating of the medication list were carried out jointly. The responses differed most for problems with self-medication and adding and removing over-the-counter medicines from the medication list. In addition, the responses revealed that some MMP tasks were not sufficiently performed by either GPs or CPs. Conclusions Both GPs’ and CPs’ expertise are needed to perform MMP as comprehensively as possible. Future studies should explore how GPs and CPs can complement each other in MMP most efficiently. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08378-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Moecker
- Cooperation Unit Clinical Pharmacy, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Weissenborn
- Cooperation Unit Clinical Pharmacy, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Klingenberg
- aQua Institute for Applied Quality Improvement and Research in Health Care, Maschmühlenweg 8-10, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucas Wirbka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fuchs
- AOK PLUS - Die Gesundheitskasse, Sternplatz 7, 01067, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Eickhoff
- Department of Medicine, ABDA - Federal Union of German Associations of Pharmacists, Heidestraße 7, 10557, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta Mueller
- Department of Medicine, ABDA - Federal Union of German Associations of Pharmacists, Heidestraße 7, 10557, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Department of Medicine, ABDA - Federal Union of German Associations of Pharmacists, Heidestraße 7, 10557, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstraße 31, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Kaufmann-Kolle
- aQua Institute for Applied Quality Improvement and Research in Health Care, Maschmühlenweg 8-10, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Walter E Haefeli
- Cooperation Unit Clinical Pharmacy, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna M Seidling
- Cooperation Unit Clinical Pharmacy, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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4
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Rajendram P, Fox K, Sivanandan B, Selchen D, Kassardjian CD, Saposnik G. Identifying gaps in the management of atrial fibrillation with anticoagulation for stroke prevention (GIANTS): a quality improvement initiative. J Neurol 2022; 269:5047-5051. [PMID: 35536407 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are indicated for preventing ischemic stroke in 95% of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, DOACs are largely underutilized or inappropriately dosed. This study aimed to explore the rates of appropriate DOAC use between repatriated and non-repatriated patients with AF who presented with an acute ischemic stroke not deemed candidates for revascularization therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected via electronic medical records and patients were contacted via telephone to obtain medication information and other missing clinical information. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between appropriate use of a DOAC and repatriation status adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities. RESULTS A total of 49 patients were included in the study with a mean follow-up of 31.5 (± 11.9) months. Eleven patients (22.4%) died, and 4 (8.2%) patients were lost to follow-up. Overall, 9 (26.5%) patients (3 non-repatriated and 6 repatriated) were found to be on suboptimal or inappropriate anticoagulation. Repatriation was associated with over six fold (OR 6.53; 95% CI 1.20-35.7) likelihood of suboptimal or inappropriate anticoagulation. CONCLUSIONS Awareness of this finding is critical to overcome therapeutic inertia in the use of DOACs for ischemic stroke patients with AF. With stroke care becoming increasingly nuanced, peripheral centers may lack the ability to guide anticoagulation in a timely and effective manner. Creation of tertiary short-term follow-up stroke clinics with cardiology follow-up may be an effective strategy to ensure standard of care. Research into systems contributors affecting the appropriate use of DOACs should be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phavalan Rajendram
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Stroke Outcomes and Decision Neuroscience Research Unit, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Neurology Quality and Innovation Lab, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 55 Queen St. E., Toronto, ON, M5C 1R6, Canada
| | - Krystal Fox
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brindan Sivanandan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Stroke Outcomes and Decision Neuroscience Research Unit, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Neurology Quality and Innovation Lab, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 55 Queen St. E., Toronto, ON, M5C 1R6, Canada
| | - Daniel Selchen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charles D Kassardjian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Neurology Quality and Innovation Lab, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 55 Queen St. E., Toronto, ON, M5C 1R6, Canada
| | - Gustavo Saposnik
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Stroke Outcomes and Decision Neuroscience Research Unit, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada. .,Neurology Quality and Innovation Lab, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 55 Queen St. E., Toronto, ON, M5C 1R6, Canada.
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5
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Siedler G, Macha K, Stoll S, Plechschmidt J, Wang R, Gerner ST, Strasser E, Schwab S, Kallmünzer B. Monitoring of direct oral anticoagulants plasma levels for secondary stroke prevention. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1138-1145. [PMID: 35171533 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with atrial fibrillation have a relevant risk for ischemic stroke despite the recommended use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). The risk correlates with the functional DOAC plasma levels in clinical trials, but the value of their measurement in community use remains undetermined. OBJECTIVES We aim to investigate the clinical implications and the prognostic value of DOAC plasma level measurement during steady state. METHODS In this observational clinical cohort study among patients with ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation, 397 individuals on oral anticoagulants for secondary stroke prevention were included between 2016 and 2020. The functional DOAC plasma levels were measured during steady state. Early stroke recurrence within 3 months was recorded as the main outcome parameter. RESULTS Three hundred ninety-seven patients (201 female, mean age 78 [±9] years, median CHA2 DS2 VASc-Score 6 [interquartile range 5-7]) were included. Mean DOAC plasma trough level was 95.9 (±66.9) ng/ml. A high glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was an independent predictor of lower levels in a multivariate model (R coefficient: -0.174, P = .014). During follow-up, 10 patients (3%) suffered from early ischemic stroke recurrence despite the use of DOAC, while 10 clinically relevant bleeding complications occurred (3%). Ischemic stroke recurrence was associated with numerical lower plasma levels for patients on apixaban and dabigatran after propensity score matching. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring of DOAC plasma levels could help to identify patients with increased risk for stroke recurrence and should be considered for certain subgroups, including patients with high GFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Siedler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kosmas Macha
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svenja Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Plechschmidt
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruihao Wang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erwin Strasser
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haemostaseology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwab
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Kallmünzer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Kubota K, Ooba N. Effectiveness and Safety of Reduced and Standard Daily Doses of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Cohort Study Using National Database Representing the Japanese Population. Clin Epidemiol 2022; 14:623-639. [PMID: 35520279 PMCID: PMC9064485 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s358277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the effectiveness and safety of reduced or standard daily doses of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) with warfarin in Japanese patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). We used post-hoc analyses to identify patient groups that could benefit from reduced-dose DOACs. Patients and Methods Using the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan, we identified 944,776 patients with NVAF who had started an oral anticoagulant after at least one year of non-use between April 2011 and March 2016. We matched patients taking any, reduced, or standard doses of DOACs 1:1 with those taking warfarin. We measured treatment effectiveness based on admission due to stroke or systemic embolism (S/SE) and safety based on admission due to any bleeding (defined as major bleeding, MB). We compared both outcomes between DOACs and warfarin using the Cox proportional hazards model. We used post-hoc analysis to match patients receiving reduced-dose DOACs to those receiving standard-dose DOACs and compared treatment effectiveness and safety. Results More than half of patients receiving DOACs used a reduced dose. The occurrences of S/SE and MB in patients receiving any, reduced, or standard doses of DOACs were equal to or lower than those receiving warfarin. In the post-hoc analysis, the risk of S/SE and MB was similar between reduced and standard doses of DOACs except for those with a history of cerebral infarction and CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥3, where the risk of S/SE was lower for reduced doses of any and individual DOACs. Conclusion Findings from the current study are consistent with recent Asian and global studies but different from most studies conducted in North America and Europe, where patients receiving a reduced dose of DOACs had an increased risk of S/SE. Future studies should test the reproducibility of results from the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kubota
- NPO Drug Safety Research Unit Japan, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ooba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
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7
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Wang R, Macha K, Haupenthal D, Gaßmann L, Siedler G, Stoll S, Fröhlich K, Koehn J, Schwab S, Kallmünzer B. Acute care and secondary prevention of stroke with newly detected versus known atrial fibrillation. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:1963-1971. [PMID: 35344638 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) in stroke patients can be classified as either "known AF (KAF)", which was confirmed before stroke-onset, or "AF detected after stroke (AFDAS)", which was diagnosed after stroke-onset. While KAF is considered primarily cardiogenic, AFDAS includes patients with stroke-triggered neurogenic arrhythmias. This study aimed to investigate the clinical course of stroke, functional outcome and the value of oral anticoagulation for secondary prevention according to AF subtype. METHODS Acute ischemic stroke patients were consecutively enrolled, AF was classified as AFDAS or KAF. Stroke severity was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the three-month functional outcome was measured on the modified Rankin scale. Inverse probability weighting was applied to adjust baseline confounders in patients with AFDAS and KAF. Multivariate logistic regression models were calculated to investigate the value of oral anticoagulation for secondary prevention. RESULTS 822 stroke patients with AF were included, 234 patients (28.5%) had AFDAS. AFDAS patients had lower prevalence of coronary artery disease, heart failure, and sustained AF, but higher rates of large-vessel occlusion compared to KAF patients. NIHSS-scores were lower in patients on pre-stroke anticoagulation. Oral anticoagulation for secondary prevention was associated with a favorable three-month functional outcome (odds ratio 7.60, 95% confidence interval 3.42-16.88) independently from AF subtype. The rate of stroke recurrence did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS Clinical characteristics suggest that AFDAS might comprise a distinct pathophysiologic and clinical entity among stroke patients with AF. The benefit of anticoagulation for secondary prevention was not affected by AF subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kosmas Macha
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Haupenthal
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luise Gaßmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Siedler
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svenja Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kilian Fröhlich
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Koehn
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwab
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Kallmünzer
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Rizos T, Meid AD, Huppertz A, Dumschat C, Purrucker J, Foerster KI, Burhenne J, Czock D, Jenetzky E, Ringleb PA, Haefeli WE. Low Exposure to Direct Oral Anticoagulants Is Associated with Ischemic Stroke and Its Severity. J Stroke 2022; 24:88-97. [PMID: 35135063 PMCID: PMC8829480 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2020.04952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose In acute stroke patients, plasma concentrations of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) at hospital admission only poorly mirror DOAC exposure or the coagulation status at the time of the event. Here, we evaluated whether DOAC exposure and DOAC plasma concentration at the time of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and ischemic strokes correlate with their likelihood of occurrence.
Methods Prospectively, consecutive DOAC patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA were included. Admission DOAC plasma concentrations were measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry. Individual DOAC exposure (area under the curve) and DOAC concentrations at event onset were derived from population pharmacokinetic analyses.
Results DOAC exposure was successfully modeled in 211 patients (ischemic stroke 74.4%, TIA 25.6%). Compared to published values, 63.0% had relatively lower DOAC exposure and they more often received lower DOAC doses than recommended (odds ratio [OR], 2.125; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.039 to 4.560; P=0.044). These patients more likely suffered ischemic strokes than TIA (OR, 2.411; 95% CI, 1.254 to 4.638; P=0.008) and their strokes were more severe (slope, 3.161; 95% CI, 0.741 to 5.58; P=0.011). Low relative DOAC concentrations at event onset were likewise associated with ischemic strokes (OR, 4.123; 95% CI, 1.834 to 9.268; P=0.001), but not to stroke severity (P=0.272). DOAC exposure had a higher explanatory value for stroke severity than concentrations at event.
Conclusions Low DOAC exposure is strongly associated to ischemic stroke and its severity. By monitoring DOAC plasma concentrations, patients prone to ischemic stroke might be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timolaos Rizos
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: Timolaos Rizos Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Tel: +49-6221-56-7504 Fax: +49-6221-56-5654 E-mail:
| | - Andreas D. Meid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Huppertz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chris Dumschat
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Purrucker
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin I. Foerster
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Czock
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ekkehart Jenetzky
- Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter A. Ringleb
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter E. Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Tütüncü S, Olma M, Kunze C, Dietzel J, Schurig J, Fiessler C, Malsch C, Haas TE, Dimitrijeski B, Doehner W, Hagemann G, Hamilton F, Honermann M, Jungehulsing GJ, Kauert A, Koennecke HC, Mackert BM, Nabavi D, Nolte CH, Reis JM, Schmehl I, Sparenberg P, Stingele R, Völzke E, Waldschmidt C, Zeise-Wehry D, Heuschmann PU, Endress M, Haeusler KG. Off-label-dosing of non-vitamin K-dependent oral antagonists in AF patients before and after stroke: results of the prospective multicenter Berlin Atrial Fibrillation Registry. J Neurol 2022; 269:470-480. [PMID: 34718884 PMCID: PMC8739306 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to analyze prevalence and predictors of NOAC off-label under-dosing in AF patients before and after the index stroke. METHODS The post hoc analysis included 1080 patients of the investigator-initiated, multicenter prospective Berlin Atrial Fibrillation Registry, designed to analyze medical stroke prevention in AF patients after acute ischemic stroke. RESULTS At stroke onset, an off-label daily dose was prescribed in 61 (25.5%) of 239 NOAC patients with known AF and CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 1, of which 52 (21.8%) patients were under-dosed. Under-dosing was associated with age ≥ 80 years in patients on rivaroxaban [OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.05-7.9, P = 0.04; n = 29] or apixaban [OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.04-10.1, P = 0.04; n = 22]. At hospital discharge after the index stroke, NOAC off-label dose on admission was continued in 30 (49.2%) of 61 patients. Overall, 79 (13.7%) of 708 patients prescribed a NOAC at hospital discharge received an off-label dose, of whom 75 (10.6%) patients were under-dosed. Rivaroxaban under-dosing at discharge was associated with age ≥ 80 years [OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.24-9.84, P = 0.02; n = 19]; apixaban under-dosing with body weight ≤ 60 kg [OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.47, P < 0.01; n = 56], CHA2DS2-VASc score [OR per point 1.47, 95% CI 1.08-2.00, P = 0.01], and HAS-BLED score [OR per point 1.91, 95% CI 1.28-2.84, P < 0.01]. CONCLUSION At stroke onset, off-label dosing was present in one out of four, and under-dosing in one out of five NOAC patients. Under-dosing of rivaroxaban or apixaban was related to old age. In-hospital treatment after stroke reduced off-label NOAC dosing, but one out of ten NOAC patients was under-dosed at discharge. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02306824.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Tütüncü
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Olma
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Kunze
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanna Dietzel
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schurig
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Fiessler
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Malsch
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Clinical Trial Centre Würzburg, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Eberhard Haas
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Doehner
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BCRT-Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, and Department of Cardiology (Virchow Klinikum), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Hagemann
- Department of Neurology, Helios Klinik Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Honermann
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Klinikum Spandau, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Kauert
- Department of Neurology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Darius Nabavi
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian H Nolte
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Joschua Mirko Reis
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmehl
- Department of Neurology, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Sparenberg
- Department of Neurology, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Stingele
- Department of Neurology, German Red Cross Hospital Berlin Köpenick, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Völzke
- Department of Neurology, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter U Heuschmann
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Clinical Trial Centre Würzburg, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Endress
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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10
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Wu X, Hu L, Liu J, Gu Q. Off-Label Underdosing or Overdosing of Non-vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Meta-Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:724301. [PMID: 34568462 PMCID: PMC8455833 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.724301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies have investigated the role of off-label non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety outcomes between off-label underdose or overdose vs. on-label dose of NOACs in AF patients. Methods: The PubMed database was systematically searched until August 2021. Observational cohorts were included if they compared the outcomes of off-label underdose or overdose with on-label dose of NOACs in AF patients. The risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a fixed-effects model (I2 ≤ 50%) or a random-effects model (I2 > 50%). Results: A total of 15 observational studies were included. Compared with on-label dose of NOACs, off-label underdose of NOACs was associated with increased risks of stroke or systemic embolism (RR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.16), and all-cause death (RR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.10–1.52) but not ischemic stroke (RR = 1.34, 95% CI 0.76–2.36), myocardial infarction (RR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.92–1.28), major bleeding (RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.89–1.05), intracranial hemorrhage (RR = 1.12, 95% CI 0.90–1.40), and gastrointestinal bleeding (RR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.85–1.07), whereas off-label overdose of NOACs was associated with increased risks of SSE (RR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.05–1.36), all-cause death (RR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.06–1.39), and major bleeding (RR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.16–1.52) but not gastrointestinal bleeding (RR = 1.18, 95% CI 0.99–1.42) and myocardial infarction (RR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.75–1.30). Conclusion: Compared with on-label dose of NOACs, off-label underdose was associated with increased risks of stroke or systemic embolism and all-cause death, whereas off-label overdose of NOACs was associated with increased risks of stroke or systemic embolism, all-cause death, and major bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Linyan Hu
- Hengshui Health School, Hengshui, China
| | - Jinjin Liu
- Department of Oncology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qiuping Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
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11
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Purrucker JC, Hölscher K, Kollmer J, Ringleb PA. Etiology of Ischemic Strokes of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Therapy with Anticoagulants. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2938. [PMID: 32932971 PMCID: PMC7564370 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing the number of ischemic strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation despite oral anticoagulation remains an important, yet largely unsolved challenge. Therefore, we assessed the etiology of ischemic strokes despite anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) or non-VKA oral anticoagulants (NOACs). METHODS Patients with known atrial fibrillation (AF), treatment with VKA or NOAC, and acute ischemic stroke admitted between 2015 and 2018 (1st half) were identified from the hospital database. Brain imaging data were independently reviewed. An integrated etiologic classification according to the ASCOD system was made. Medication errors (admission INR <2.0 in the VKA- or NOAC-specific concentration <10 ng/mL) or dosage/dosing errors were also analyzed. RESULTS Of 3610 patients screened, n = 341 were included (VKA, n = 127; NOAC, n = 214). An overall increasing rate of OAC-associated stroke per year was observed. In 95.3% of patients with adequate diagnostic work-up (n = 321/337), at least one additional potential, uncertain, or unlikely non-cardiac cause of stroke was identified. More patients in the VKA than in the NOAC group had a medication error (81/127, 63.8% vs. 102/205, 49.8%; p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Stroke risk factors despite atrial fibrillation were highly prevalent. Although less common with NOACs than VKAs, medication errors are still frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C. Purrucker
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.H.); (P.A.R.)
| | - Kyra Hölscher
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.H.); (P.A.R.)
| | - Jennifer Kollmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Peter A. Ringleb
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.H.); (P.A.R.)
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12
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Bo M, Corsini A, Brunetti E, Isaia G, Gibello M, Ferri N, Poli D, Marchionni N, De Ferrari GM. Off-label use of reduced dose direct oral factor Xa inhibitors in subjects with atrial fibrillation: a review of clinical evidence. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2020; 7:334-345. [PMID: 32853346 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In real-world clinical practice, underdosing, i.e. off-label use of reduced doses (RDs), of oral factor Xa inhibitors (oFXaIs) is quite common in stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, possibly reflecting the hope to increase safety without reducing efficacy in selected patients. To assess whether this strategy is associated with some clinical benefit, we used a physician-centred approach to evaluate whether current evidence supports the hypothesis that a substantial proportion of underdosing may be voluntary rather than casual, whether and to what extent oFXaIs' dose rather than patients' characteristics are associated with bleeding events, and which are the safety and efficacy clinical implications of oFXaIs' underdosing. Our review found consistent evidence that underdosing is often an intentional strategy; however, available studies do not demonstrate a sizeable net clinical benefit of using off-label RD oFXaIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bo
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Università di Torino, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Corso Bramante 88, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Multimedica Hospital, Via Gaudenzio Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Università di Torino, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Corso Bramante 88, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Gianluca Isaia
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Università di Torino, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Corso Bramante 88, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maddalena Gibello
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Università di Torino, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Corso Bramante 88, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Daniela Poli
- Centro Trombosi, Cardiothoracovascular Department, A.O.U. Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Marchionni
- Division of General Cardiology, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, A.O.U. Careggi, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gaetano Maria De Ferrari
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Università di Torino, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Corso Bramante 88, 10126 Turin, Italy
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