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Olejnik P, Roszkowska Z, Adamus S, Kasarełło K. Multiple sclerosis: a narrative overview of current pharmacotherapies and emerging treatment prospects. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:926-943. [PMID: 39177889 PMCID: PMC11387431 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by pathological processes of demyelination, subsequent axonal loss, and neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. Despite the availability of numerous disease-modifying therapies that effectively manage this condition, there is an emerging need to identify novel therapeutic targets, particularly for progressive forms of MS. Based on contemporary insights into disease pathophysiology, ongoing efforts are directed toward developing innovative treatment modalities. Primarily, monoclonal antibodies have been extensively investigated for their efficacy in influencing specific pathological pathways not yet targeted. Emerging approaches emphasizing cellular mechanisms, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy targeting immunological cells, are attracting increasing interest. The evolving understanding of microglia and the involvement of ferroptotic mechanisms in MS pathogenesis presents further avenues for targeted therapies. Moreover, innovative treatment strategies extend beyond conventional approaches to encompass interventions that target alterations in microbiota composition and dietary modifications. These adjunctive therapies hold promise as complementary methods for the holistic management of MS. This narrative review aims to summarize current therapies and outline potential treatment methods for individuals with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Olejnik
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Roszkowska
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Adamus
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kaja Kasarełło
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Selmaj K, Hartung HP, Mycko MP, Selmaj I, Cross AH. MS treatment de-escalation: review and commentary. J Neurol 2024; 271:6426-6438. [PMID: 39093335 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Almost all currently licensed disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for MS treatment require prolonged if not lifelong administration. Yet, as people age, the immune system has increasingly reduced responsiveness, known as immunosenescence. Many MS DMTs reduce the responsiveness of the immune system, increasing the risks for infections and possibly cancers. As people with MS (pwMS) age, it is recognized that inflammatory MS activity declines. Several studies have addressed de-escalation of DMTs for relapsing MS under special circumstances. Here, we review evidence for de-escalating DMTs as a strategy that is particularly relevant to pwMS of older age. Treatment de-escalation can involve various strategies, such as extended or reduced dosing, switching from high-efficacy DMTs having higher risks to moderately effective DMTs with lesser risks, or treatment discontinuation. Studies have suggested that for natalizumab extended dosing maintained clinical efficacy while reducing the risk of PML. Extended interval dosing of ocrelizumab mitigated the decline of Ig levels. Retrospective and observational discontinuation studies demonstrate that age is an essential modifier of drug efficacy. Discontinuation of MS treatment in older patients has been associated with a stable disease course, while younger patients who discontinued treatment were more likely to experience new clinical activity. A recently completed 2-year randomized-controlled discontinuation study in 260 stable pwMS > 55 years found stable clinical multiple sclerosis with only a small increased risk of new MRI activity upon discontinuation. DMT de-escalation or discontinuation in MS patients older than 55 years may be non-inferior to continued treatment with immunosuppressive agents having higher health risks. However, despite several small studies, a definite conclusion about treatment de-escalation in older pwMS will require larger and longer studies. Ideally, comparison of de-escalation versus continuation versus discontinuation of DMTs should be done by prospective randomized-controlled trials enrolling sufficient numbers of subjects to allow comparisons for MS patients of both sexes within age groups, such as 55-59, 60-65, 66-69, etc. Optimally, such studies should be 3 years or longer and should incorporate testing for specific markers of immunosenescence (such as T-cell receptor excision circles) to account for differential aging of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Selmaj
- Department of Neurology, University of Warmia & Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.
- Center of Neurology, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marcin P Mycko
- Department of Neurology, University of Warmia & Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Anne H Cross
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Bourdette D. Investigating When Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Should Switch From a Low- or Moderate-Efficacy Therapy to a High-Efficacy Treatment. Neurology 2024; 103:e209835. [PMID: 39197112 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Bourdette
- From the Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
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4
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Malucchi S, Bava CI, Valentino P, Martire S, Lo Re M, Bertolotto A, Di Sapio A. In multiple sclerosis patients a single serum neurofilament light chain (sNFL) dosage is strongly associated with 12 months outcome: data from a real-life clinical setting. J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12701-w. [PMID: 39313638 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12701-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilament light chain (NFL) is a neuroaxonal cytoskeletal protein released into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and eventually into blood upon neuronal injury. Its detection in serum (sNFL) makes it a promising marker in multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the usefulness of a single dosage of sNFL in clinical practice. METHODS 626 consecutive relapsing-remitting (RR) MS patients treated with disease modifying treatments (DMTs) for at least 12 months underwent a single sNFL dosage. 553 patients had NEDA-3 status (no relapses, no disability progression, no new/enlarging or contrast-enhancing lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging) in the 12 months prior blood sampling. sNFL levels were measured by single molecule array (Simoa™). Association between sNFL levels and NEDA-3 status at 12, 24, and 36 months was evaluated with logistic regression models adjusted for sex, EDSS, disease duration, and type of DMTs. RESULTS 469 out of the 553 NEDA-3 patients had normal sNFL level, whereas 42 had elevated level. The two groups did not differ regarding baseline characteristics. A very strong association between elevated sNFL levels and loss of NEDA-3 status within 12 months was found, with an odds ratio [OR] of 10.74 (95% CI 4.34-26.57); 15 and 10 patients with normal and elevated sNFL, respectively lost NEDA-3 (p < 0.001). The effect was not detected during the subsequent 13-24 and 25-36 months. CONCLUSIONS A single elevated sNFL is strongly associated with NEDA-3 loss within 1 year. Elevated sNFL in apparently stable patients suggests an ongoing disease activity below the detection threshold of standard parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Malucchi
- Department of Neurology and CRESM, University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy.
| | | | - Paola Valentino
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Serena Martire
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marianna Lo Re
- Department of Neurology and CRESM, University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Antonio Bertolotto
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
- Koelliker Hospital, C.so Galileo Ferraris, 247/255, 10134, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Sapio
- Department of Neurology and CRESM, University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
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Zabalza A, Pappolla A, Comabella M, Montalban X, Malhotra S. MiRNA-based therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1441733. [PMID: 39267760 PMCID: PMC11390414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1441733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This review will briefly introduce microRNAs (miRNAs) and dissect their contribution to multiple sclerosis (MS) and its clinical outcomes. For this purpose, we provide a concise overview of the present knowledge of MS pathophysiology, biomarkers and treatment options, delving into the role of selectively expressed miRNAs in clinical forms of this disease, as measured in several biofluids such as serum, plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Additionally, up-to-date information on current strategies applied to miRNA-based therapeutics will be provided, including miRNA restoration therapy (lentivirus expressing a specific type of miRNA and miRNA mimic) and miRNA inhibition therapy such as antisense oligonucleotides, small molecules inhibitors, locked nucleic acids (LNAs), anti-miRNAs, and antagomirs. Finally, it will highlight future directions and potential limitations associated with their application in MS therapy, emphasizing the need for improved delivery methods and validation of therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zabalza
- Vall Hebron University Hospital & Research Institute (VHIR), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat) & Neurology Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustin Pappolla
- Vall Hebron University Hospital & Research Institute (VHIR), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat) & Neurology Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Vall Hebron University Hospital & Research Institute (VHIR), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat) & Neurology Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Vall Hebron University Hospital & Research Institute (VHIR), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat) & Neurology Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVicUCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Sunny Malhotra
- Vall Hebron University Hospital & Research Institute (VHIR), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat) & Neurology Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Intarakhao P, Laipasu T, Jitprapaikulsan J, Apiraksattayakul N, Kosiyakul P, Siritho S, Prayoonwiwat N, Ongphichetmetha T. Rituximab in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024. [PMID: 39186371 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.52186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of rituximab (RTX) in stabilizing disability progression in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). METHODS A systematic review was conducted, encompassing studies from inception to April 2023, utilizing the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Inclusion criteria comprised studies with a minimum of 3 SPMS patients receiving intravenous RTX in at least one infusion, with a follow-up duration of at least 6 months. Primary outcome measures included changes in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores. Mean differences in pre- and post-RTX EDSS scores were analyzed using a random-effects model. Meta-regression examined age at RTX initiation, pre-RTX EDSS scores, disease duration, and outcome reported time as variables. Secondary outcomes assessed changes in the annualized relapse rate (ARR). RESULTS Thirteen studies, involving 604 SPMS patients, met the inclusion criteria. Following a mean follow-up of 2 years, the mean difference in EDSS scores (ΔEDSS = EDSSpre-RTX - EDSSpost-RTX) was -0.21 (95% CI -0.51 to 0.08, p = 0.16), indicating no significant variation. Multivariable meta-regression identified significant associations between EDSS score mean difference and pre-RTX EDSS scores, disease duration at RTX initiation, and outcome reported time. However, age at RTX initiation showed no significant association. Pre- and post-RTX ARR data were available for 245 out of 604 SPMS patients across seven studies, revealing a mean difference in ARR (ΔARR = ARRpre-RTX - ARRpost-RTX) of 0.74 (95% CI 0.19-1.29, p = 0.008). INTERPRETATION RTX demonstrates efficacy in reducing relapse frequency and exhibits potential in stabilizing disability progression over a 2-year follow-up, particularly among individuals with shorter disease duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasin Intarakhao
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taksaporn Laipasu
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Jitprapaikulsan
- Siriraj Neuroimmunology Center, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natnasak Apiraksattayakul
- Siriraj Neuroimmunology Center, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Punchika Kosiyakul
- Siriraj Neuroimmunology Center, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasitorn Siritho
- Siriraj Neuroimmunology Center, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naraporn Prayoonwiwat
- Siriraj Neuroimmunology Center, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tatchaporn Ongphichetmetha
- Siriraj Neuroimmunology Center, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Schuldesz AC, Maganti RK, Tudor R, Cornea A, Prodan M, Toma AO, Fericean RM, Simu M. Impact of Ocrelizumab on Disease Progression, Memory Improvement, and Quality of Life in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Longitudinal MRI and Clinical Criteria Analysis. Diseases 2024; 12:127. [PMID: 38920559 PMCID: PMC11202762 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12060127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive neurological disorder that significantly impacts quality of life and functionality. Ocrelizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20-positive B cells, has emerged as a treatment for relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). This study aimed to assess the impact of ocrelizumab on disease progression and quality of life over a longitudinal course, utilizing clinical criteria and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analyses. Conducted at the Neurology Department of Pius Brinzeu Clinical Emergency Hospital in Western Romania from 2020 to 2023, this observational study enrolled 93 patients with RRMS who commenced ocrelizumab therapy. The study employed the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and MRI to evaluate disease progression, while quality of life was assessed using the World Health Organisation Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaire, Beck Depression Index (BDI), and MOCA scales. Significant improvements were observed post-treatment. EDSS scores decreased from 4.61 to 4.08 (p = 0.038), indicating reduced disability. MRI analyses showed a substantial decrease in expansive lesions (from 67.74% to 26.88%, p < 0.001) and an increase in stationary lesions (from 32.26% to 73.12%, p < 0.001). Quality of life improvements were notable in the physical (from 58.42 to 64.84, p = 0.005) and environmental domains (from 63.21 to 68.44, p = 0.033). Cognitive functions, assessed via Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), showed a significant total score increase from 20.38 to 22.30 (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed more pronounced effects in females and younger patients, with a significant reduction in depressive symptoms measured by BDI scores (from 14.35 to 11.62, p = 0.003). Ocrelizumab significantly reduced disease activity and disability in RRMS patients, as demonstrated by improvements in EDSS scores and MRI findings. Quality of life and cognitive functions also showed considerable enhancements. These findings support ocrelizumab's efficacy in not only managing MS symptoms but also improving overall patient well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Claudia Schuldesz
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.C.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Ram Kiram Maganti
- School of General Medicine, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar 563101, India;
| | - Raluca Tudor
- Discipline of Neurology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Amalia Cornea
- Discipline of Neurology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Mihaela Prodan
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.C.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Ana-Olivia Toma
- Discipline of Dermatology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, Timisoara Municipal Emergency Hospital, 300254 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Roxana Manuela Fericean
- Department of Dermatology, Timisoara Municipal Emergency Hospital, 300254 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Simu
- Discipline of Neurology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
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Xu W, Rong Z, Ma W, Zhu B, Li N, Huang J, Liu Z, Yu Y, Zhang F, Zhang X, Ge M, Hou Y. Improving the classification of multiple sclerosis and cerebral small vessel disease with interpretable transfer attention neural network. Comput Biol Med 2024; 176:108530. [PMID: 38749324 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
As an autoimmune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, multiple sclerosis (MS) is often confused with cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD), which is a regional pathological change in brain tissue with unknown pathogenesis. This is due to their similar clinical presentations and imaging manifestations. That misdiagnosis can significantly increase the occurrence of adverse events. Delayed or incorrect treatment is one of the most important causes of MS progression. Therefore, the development of a practical diagnostic imaging aid could significantly reduce the risk of misdiagnosis and improve patient prognosis. We propose an interpretable deep learning (DL) model that differentiates MS and cSVD using T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. Transfer learning (TL) was utilized to extract features from the ImageNet dataset. This pioneering model marks the first of its kind in neuroimaging, showing great potential in enhancing differential diagnostic capabilities within the field of neurological disorders. Our model extracts the texture features of the images and achieves more robust feature learning through two attention modules. The attention maps provided by the attention modules provide model interpretation to validate model learning and reveal more information to physicians. Finally, the proposed model is trained end-to-end using focal loss to reduce the influence of class imbalance. The model was validated using clinically diagnosed MS (n=112) and cSVD (n=321) patients from the Beijing Tiantan Hospital. The performance of the proposed model was better than that of two commonly used DL approaches, with a mean balanced accuracy of 86.06 % and a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 98.78 %. Moreover, the generated attention heat maps showed that the proposed model could focus on the lesion signatures in the image. The proposed model provides a practical diagnostic imaging aid for the use of routinely available imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging to classify MS and cSVD by linking DL to human brain disease. We anticipate a substantial improvement in accurately distinguishing between various neurological conditions through this novel model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangshu Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Zhiwei Rong
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenping Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jiansong Huang
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhilin Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yipei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fa Zhang
- The School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xinghu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Ming Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University Clinical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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9
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Fernández Ó, Sörensen PS, Comi G, Vermersch P, Hartung HP, Leocani L, Berger T, Van Wijmeersch B, Oreja-Guevara C. Managing multiple sclerosis in individuals aged 55 and above: a comprehensive review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379538. [PMID: 38646534 PMCID: PMC11032020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) management in individuals aged 55 and above presents unique challenges due to the complex interaction between aging, comorbidities, immunosenescence, and MS pathophysiology. This comprehensive review explores the evolving landscape of MS in older adults, including the increased incidence and prevalence of MS in this age group, the shift in disease phenotypes from relapsing-remitting to progressive forms, and the presence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy. We aim to provide an updated review of the available evidence of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) in older patients, including the efficacy and safety of existing therapies, emerging treatments such as Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTKs) inhibitors and those targeting remyelination and neuroprotection, and the critical decisions surrounding the initiation, de-escalation, and discontinuation of DMTs. Non-pharmacologic approaches, including physical therapy, neuromodulation therapies, cognitive rehabilitation, and psychotherapy, are also examined for their role in holistic care. The importance of MS Care Units and advance care planning are explored as a cornerstone in providing patient-centric care, ensuring alignment with patient preferences in the disease trajectory. Finally, the review emphasizes the need for personalized management and continuous monitoring of MS patients, alongside advocating for inclusive study designs in clinical research to improve the management of this growing patient demographic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Fernández
- Departament of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga (IBIMA), Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Per Soelberg Sörensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Multiple Sclerosis Centre Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrick Vermersch
- Univ. Lille, Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, Lille, France
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Multiple Sclerosis Centre Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences & Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- University MS Centre, Hasselt-Pelt, Belgium
- Rehabilitation and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Noorderhart Hospitals, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Celia Oreja-Guevara
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Papukchieva S, Stratil AS, Kahn M, Neß NH, Hollnagel-Schmitz M, Gerencser V, Rustemeier J, Eberl M, Friedrich B, Ziemssen T. Shifting from the treat-to-target to the early highly effective treatment approach in patients with multiple sclerosis - real-world evidence from Germany. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2024; 17:17562864241237857. [PMID: 38525488 PMCID: PMC10960977 DOI: 10.1177/17562864241237857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background While evidence highlights the effectiveness of initiating disease-modifying therapy with a high-efficacy medication for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with poor prognostic factors, it remains unclear whether this approach has been adopted by a broad range of MS providers in Germany yet. Objective To assess the adoption of the early highly effective treatment (EHT) compared to the treat-to-target treatment approach with the option of escalating treatment efficacy over time in Germany based on real-world evidence data. Design Patient-level pharmacy dispensing data from the Permea platform were analysed from 2020 to 2022. Methods In total, 29,529 therapy beginners (>18 years) were included to analyse shifts in treatment approaches over time and switching behaviour. Medication classification adhered to the German Society of Neurology guidelines and designated fumarates, glatiramer acetate, teriflunomide and interferons as low-efficacy category 1 medications; cladribine and S1P-modulators as medium-efficacy category 2 medications; and alemtuzumab, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab and rituximab (off-label) as high-efficacy category 3 medications. Results Our results show that 70.0% of patients redeemed their first prescription for category 1 medication, 16.3% for category 2 and 13.7% for category 3 medications. The proportion of prescriptions filled shifted from 2020 to 2022 with a decrease of 14.7% for category 1 drugs and an increase of 12.5% for category 3 drugs. 93.2% of patients stayed on their initially prescribed medication category. 3.2% of category 1 and 3.7% of category 2 therapy beginners escalated to category 3 medication. 3.4% of category 3 medication users de-escalated their treatment to category 1 or category 2. Conclusion While most individuals started their treatment according to the treat-to-target approach and remained on their initially prescribed medication category, there has been a steadily increasing shift towards the EHT approach since 2020. These insights demonstrate that, while not officially recommended by German guidelines, MS providers increasingly adopt the EHT approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Ananthavarathan P, Sahi N, Chard DT. An update on the role of magnetic resonance imaging in predicting and monitoring multiple sclerosis progression. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:201-216. [PMID: 38235594 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2304116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is established in diagnosing and monitoring disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS), its utility in predicting and monitoring disease progression is less clear. AREAS COVERED The authors consider changing concepts in the phenotypic classification of MS, including progression independent of relapses; pathological processes underpinning progression; advances in MRI measures to assess them; how well MRI features explain and predict clinical outcomes, including models that assess disease effects on neural networks, and the potential role for machine learning. EXPERT OPINION Relapsing-remitting and progressive MS have evolved from being viewed as mutually exclusive to having considerable overlap. Progression is likely the consequence of several pathological elements, each important in building more holistic prognostic models beyond conventional phenotypes. MRI is well placed to assess pathogenic processes underpinning progression, but we need to bridge the gap between MRI measures and clinical outcomes. Mapping pathological effects on specific neural networks may help and machine learning methods may be able to optimize predictive markers while identifying new, or previously overlooked, clinically relevant features. The ever-increasing ability to measure features on MRI raises the dilemma of what to measure and when, and the challenge of translating research methods into clinically useable tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piriyankan Ananthavarathan
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, London, UK
| | - Nitin Sahi
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, London, UK
| | - Declan T Chard
- Clinical Research Associate & Consultant Neurologist, Institute of Neurology - Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, London, UK
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