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Types and Presentation of Refractive Error among Individuals Aged 0-30 Years: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study, Yemen. Adv Med 2021; 2021:5557761. [PMID: 34285926 PMCID: PMC8275419 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5557761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractive errors are the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Its proportion varied among societies and is considered as a public health challenge. Symptoms and signs associated with refractive errors are the most worrisome and common presentations in the general practice in eye clinics. AIM The goal of this study was to determine the types and presentations of refractive error among the 0-30-year-old Yemeni population to aid early identification, diagnosis, referral, and treatment. Methodology. A cross-sectional study including 1,500 out-patients aged from 0 to 30 years attending the ophthalmology clinic in Sanaa, Yemen (between 2012 and 2015). All patients underwent visual acuity examination, autorefractometer, and anterior and posterior segment examination and were grouped according to type, that is, myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. RESULTS Hyperopia was the most common single diagnosis (53.3%) followed by myopia (33.3%). Astigmatism was uncommon as a single diagnosis (13.4%) but commonly associated with hyperopia or myopia. Myopia was more common in males (42.9%) than in females (25%). Hyperopia was more in females (62.5%) than in males (42.9%). Age groups most affected by refractive errors were 13-18 years (27.7%), 19-24 years (24.8%), and 25-30 years (24.6%), respectively. Decreased vision (53%) was a common presentation in myopia and astigmatism (41.5%) and less in hyperopia (39.6%). Headache was common in astigmatism (56%), hyperopia (28.8%), and myopia (17.8%). Muscle imbalance, namely, exotropia (27.2%), is mainly found in myopia and esotropia (24.3%) in hyperopia. CONCLUSIONS In addition to decreased vision, our patients with refractive errors mostly complain of headaches with clear variations with age and type of refractive error. Early identification and proper categorization of refractive errors by age, gender, and other demographics by general physicians in primary care can better deduce and make useful referrals to eye specialists.
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Gomez-Salazar F, Campos-Romero A, Gomez-Campaña H, Cruz-Zamudio C, Chaidez-Felix M, Leon-Sicairos N, Velazquez-Roman J, Flores-Villaseñor H, Muro-Amador S, Guadron-Llanos AM, Martinez-Garcia JJ, Murillo-Llanes J, Sanchez-Cuen J, Llausas-Vargas A, Alapizco-Castro G, Irineo-Cabrales A, Graue-Hernandez E, Ramirez-Luquin T, Canizalez-Roman A. Refractive errors among children, adolescents and adults attending eye clinics in Mexico. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:796-802. [PMID: 28546940 PMCID: PMC5437471 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.05.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the proportion of refractive errors in the Mexican population that visited primary care optometry clinics in fourteen states of Mexico. METHODS Refractive data from 676 856 patients aged 6 to 90y were collected from optometry clinics in fourteen states of Mexico between 2014 and 2015. The refractive errors were classified by the spherical equivalent (SE), as follows: sphere+½ cylinder. Myopia (SE>-0.50 D), hyperopia (SE>+0.50 D), emmetropia (-0.50≤SE≤+0.50), and astigmatism alone (cylinder≥-0.25 D). A negative cylinder was selected as a notation. RESULTS The proportion (95% confidence interval) among all of the subjects was hyperopia 21.0% (20.9-21.0), emmetropia 40.7% (40.5-40.8), myopia 24.8% (24.7-24.9) and astigmatism alone 13.5% (13.4-13.5). Myopia was the most common refractive error and frequency seemed to increase among the young population (10 to 29 years old), however, hyperopia increased among the aging population (40 to 79 years old), and astigmatism alone showed a decreasing trend with age (6 to 90y; from 19.7% to 10.8%). There was a relationship between age and all refractive errors (approximately 60%, aged 50 and older). The proportion of any clinically important refractive error was higher in males (61.2%) than in females (58.3%; P<0.0001). From fourteen states that collected information, the proportion of refractive error showed variability in different geographical areas of Mexico. CONCLUSION Myopia is the most common refractive error in the population studied. This study provides the first data on refractive error in Mexico. Further programs and studies must be developed to address the refractive errors needs of the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80200, Mexico
| | - Jorge Velazquez-Roman
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
| | | | - Secundino Muro-Amador
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
| | | | - Javier J. Martinez-Garcia
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80200, Mexico
| | | | - Jaime Sanchez-Cuen
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
- Department of Gastroenterology, Regional Hospital, ISSSTE, Culiacán 80230, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Alejando Llausas-Vargas
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Alapizco-Castro
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
- Education and Research Department, Regional general Hospital No. 1, IMSS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80220, Mexico
| | - Ana Irineo-Cabrales
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
- Department of Gastroenterology, Regional Hospital, ISSSTE, Culiacán 80230, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Enrique Graue-Hernandez
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Tito Ramirez-Luquin
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
- The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan Sinaloa 80127, Mexico
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Bourne RRA, Stevens GA, White RA, Smith JL, Flaxman SR, Price H, Jonas JB, Keeffe J, Leasher J, Naidoo K, Pesudovs K, Resnikoff S, Taylor HR. Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2013; 1:e339-49. [PMID: 25104599 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1063] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on causes of vision impairment and blindness are important for development of public health policies, but comprehensive analysis of change in prevalence over time is lacking. METHODS We did a systematic analysis of published and unpublished data on the causes of blindness (visual acuity in the better eye less than 3/60) and moderate and severe vision impairment ([MSVI] visual acuity in the better eye less than 6/18 but at least 3/60) from 1980 to 2012. We estimated the proportions of overall vision impairment attributable to cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, trachoma, and uncorrected refractive error in 1990-2010 by age, geographical region, and year. FINDINGS In 2010, 65% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 61-68) of 32·4 million blind people and 76% (73-79) of 191 million people with MSVI worldwide had a preventable or treatable cause, compared with 68% (95% UI 65-70) of 31·8 million and 80% (78-83) of 172 million in 1990. Leading causes worldwide in 1990 and 2010 for blindness were cataract (39% and 33%, respectively), uncorrected refractive error (20% and 21%), and macular degeneration (5% and 7%), and for MSVI were uncorrected refractive error (51% and 53%), cataract (26% and 18%), and macular degeneration (2% and 3%). Causes of blindness varied substantially by region. Worldwide and in all regions more women than men were blind or had MSVI due to cataract and macular degeneration. INTERPRETATION The differences and temporal changes we found in causes of blindness and MSVI have implications for planning and resource allocation in eye care. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Fight for Sight, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Brien Holden Vision Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert R A Bourne
- Vision and Eye Research Unit, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Gretchen A Stevens
- Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard A White
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer L Smith
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Seth R Flaxman
- School of Computer Science and Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Holly Price
- Vision and Eye Research Unit, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsmedizin, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Janet Leasher
- College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort-Lauderdale-Davie, FL, USA
| | - Kovin Naidoo
- African Vision Research Institute, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Konrad Pesudovs
- NHMRC Centre for Clinical Eye Research, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Hugh R Taylor
- Melbourne School of Public Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Visual impairment and spectacle use in schoolchildren in rural and urban regions in Beijing. Eur J Ophthalmol 2013; 24:258-64. [PMID: 23934825 DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine prevalence and associations of visual impairment and frequency of spectacle use among grade 1 and grade 4 students in Beijing. METHODS This school-based, cross-sectional study included 382 grade 1 children (age 6.3 ± 0.5 years) and 299 grade 4 children (age 9.4 ± 0.7 years) who underwent a comprehensive eye examination including visual acuity, noncycloplegic refractometry, and ocular biometry. RESULTS Presenting visual acuity (mean 0.04 ± 0.17 logMAR) was associated with younger age (p = 0.002), hyperopic refractive error (p<0.001), and male sex (p = 0.03). Presenting visual impairment (presenting visual acuity ≤20/40 in the better eye) was found in 44 children (prevalence 6.64 ± 1.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.74, 8.54]). Mean best-corrected visual acuity (right eyes -0.02 ± 0.04 logMAR) was associated with more hyperopic refractive error (p = 0.03) and rural region of habitation (p<0.001). The prevalence of best-corrected visual impairment (best-corrected visual acuity ≤20/40 in the better eye) was 2/652 (0.30 ± 0.21% [95% CI 0.00, 0.72]). Undercorrection of refractive error was present in 53 children (7.99 ± 1.05%) and was associated with older age (p = 0.003; B 0.53; OR 1.71 [95% CI 1.20, 2.42]), myopic refractive error (p = 0.001; B -0.72; OR 0.49 [95% CI 0.35, 0.68]), and longer axial length (p = 0.002; B 0.74; OR 2.10 [95% CI 1.32, 3.32]). Spectacle use was reported for 54 children (8.14 ± 1.06%). Mean refractive error of the worse eyes of these children was -2.09 ± 2.88 D (range -7.38 to +7.25 D). CONCLUSIONS Factors associated with presenting visual impairment were older age, myopic refractive error, and higher maternal education level. Despite a prevalence of myopia of 33% in young schoolchildren in Greater Beijing, prevalence of best-corrected visual impairment (0.30% ± 0.21%), presenting visual impairment (6.64% ± 1.0%), and undercorrection of refractive error (7.99% ± 1.05%) were relatively low.
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Nangia V, Jonas JB, Sinha A, Gupta R, Bhojwani K. Prevalence of undercorrection of refractive error in rural Central India. The Central India eye and medical study. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:e166-167. [PMID: 21470380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.02073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nangia V, Jonas JB, Gupta R, Khare A, Sinha A. Prevalence of cataract surgery and postoperative visual outcome in rural central India. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011; 37:1932-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE This review presents and summarizes the findings of the Beijing Eye Study. METHODS The Beijing Eye Study is a population-based study which included 4439 of 5324 subjects (aged > or = 40 years) who were initially examined in 2001. The study was repeated in 2006, when 3251 (73.2% of 4439, or 61.1% of 5324) of the original subjects participated. Participants underwent a series of examinations including: refractometry; pneumotonometry; biomicroscopy assisted by slit-lamp; optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment; photography of the cornea, lens, optic disc, macula and fundus; blood sampling for laboratory tests; blood pressure measurements, and determinations of anthropomorphic parameters. They were also asked to complete a questionnaire which included questions on socioeconomic parameters, and awareness and treatment of ocular and general diseases. RESULTS We present normative data for refractive error, anterior segment measurements, intraocular pressure and optic disc structures and their associations, frequency and causes of visual impairment, blindness and visual field defects, prevalences of trachoma, pterygia, open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma, cortical, nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy, myelinated nerve fibres, and retinitis pigmentosa, and associated and risk factors. DISCUSSION These data may be helpful for dealing with public health issues in China and for assessing associated and risk factors of ocular and general diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost B Jonas
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
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