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Zarnowski T, Choragiewicz TJ, Schuettauf F, Zrenner E, Rejdak R, Gasior M, Zarnowska I, Thaler S. Ketogenic Diet Attenuates NMDA-Induced Damage to Rat's Retinal Ganglion Cells in an Age-Dependent Manner. Ophthalmic Res 2015; 53:162-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000379753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Thaler S, Haritoglou C, Schuettauf F, Choragiewicz T, May CA, Gekeler F, Fischer MD, Langhals H, Schatz A. In vivo biocompatibility of a new cyanine dye for ILM peeling. Eye (Lond) 2014; 29:428-35. [PMID: 25523205 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the biocompatibility of the new cyanine dye: 3,3'-Di-(4-sulfobutyl)-1,1,1',1'-tetramethyl-di-1H-benz[e]indocarbocyanine (DSS) as a vital dye for intraocular application in an in vivo rat model and to evaluate the effects of this dye on retinal structure and function. METHODS DSS at a concentration of 0.5% was applied via intravitreal injections to adult Brown Norway rats with BSS serving as a control. Retinal toxicity was assessed 7 days later by means of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) counts, light microscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and electroretinography (ERG). RESULTS No significant decrease in RGC numbers was observed. No structural changes of the central retina were observed either in vivo (OCT) or under light microscopy. ERGs detected a temporary reduction of retinal function 7 days after injection; this was no longer evident 14 days after injection. CONCLUSIONS DSS showed good biocompatibility in a well-established experimental in vivo setting and may be usable for intraocular surgery as an alternative to other cyanine dyes. In contrast to indocyanine green, it additionally offers fluorescence in the visual spectrum. Further studies with other animal models are needed before translation into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thaler
- Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Haritoglou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - F Schuettauf
- Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T Choragiewicz
- 1] Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany [2] 1st Eye Hospital, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - C A May
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty 'Carl Gustav Carus', Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - F Gekeler
- Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M D Fischer
- Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Langhals
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - A Schatz
- Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Lee N, Spearry RP, Leahy KM, Robitz R, Trinh DS, Mason CO, Zurbrugg RJ, Batt MK, Paul RJ, Maclennan AJ. Muscle ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor α promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery following peripheral nerve lesion. J Comp Neurol 2014; 521:2947-65. [PMID: 23504871 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) administration maintains, protects, and promotes the regeneration of both motor neurons (MNs) and skeletal muscle in a wide variety of models. Expression of CNTF receptor α (CNTFRα), an essential CNTF receptor component, is greatly increased in skeletal muscle following neuromuscular insult. Together the data suggest that muscle CNTFRα may contribute to neuromuscular maintenance, protection, and/or regeneration in vivo. To directly address the role of muscle CNTFRα, we selectively-depleted it in vivo by using a "floxed" CNTFRα mouse line and a gene construct (mlc1f-Cre) that drives the expression of Cre specifically in skeletal muscle. The resulting mice were challenged with sciatic nerve crush. Counting of nerve axons and retrograde tracing of MNs indicated that muscle CNTFRα contributes to MN axonal regeneration across the lesion site. Walking track analysis indicated that muscle CNTFRα is also required for normal recovery of motor function. However, the same muscle CNTFRα depletion unexpectedly had no detected effect on the maintenance or regeneration of the muscle itself, even though exogenous CNTF has been shown to affect these functions. Similarly, MN survival and lesion-induced terminal sprouting were unaffected. Therefore, muscle CNTFRα is an interesting new example of a muscle growth factor receptor that, in vivo under physiological conditions, contributes much more to neuronal regeneration than to the maintenance or regeneration of the muscle itself. This novel form of muscle-neuron interaction also has implications in the therapeutic targeting of the neuromuscular system in MN disorders and following nerve injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 521: 2947-2965, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Lee
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Echevarria F, Walker C, Abella S, Won M, Sappington R. Stressor-dependent Alterations in Glycoprotein 130: Implications for Glial Cell Reactivity, Cytokine Signaling and Ganglion Cell Health in Glaucoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 25018894 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9570.1000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines is associated with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and glial reactivity in glaucoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate glaucoma-related changes in glycoprotein-130 (gp130), the common signal transducer of the IL-6 family of cytokines, as they relate to RGC health, glial reactivity and expression of IL-6 cytokine family members. METHODS For all experiments, we examined healthy retina (young C57), aged retina (aged C57), retina predisposed to glaucoma (young DBA/2) and retina with IOP-induced glaucoma (aged DBA/2). We determined retinal gene expression of gp130 and IL-6 family members, using quantitative PCR, and protein expression of gp130, using multiplex ELISA. For protein localization and cell-specific expression, we performed co-immunolabeling for gp130 and cell type-specific markers. We used quantitative microscopy to measure layer-specific expression of gp130 and its relationships to astrocyte and Müller glia reactivity and RGC axonal transport, as determined by uptake and transport of cholera toxin β-subunit (CTB). RESULTS Gene expression of gp130 was elevated with all glaucoma-related stressors, but only normal aging increased protein levels. In healthy retina, gp130 localized primarily to the inner retina, where it was expressed by astrocytes, Müller cells and RGCs. Layer-specific analysis of gp130 expression revealed increased expression in aging retina and decreased expression in glaucomatous retina that was eccentricity-dependent. These glaucoma-related changes in gp130 expression correlated with the level of GFAP and glutamine synthetase expression, as well as axonal transport in RGCs. The relationships between gp130, glial reactivity and RGC health could impact signaling by many IL-6 family cytokines, which exhibited overall increased expression in a stressor-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Glaucoma-related stressors, including normal aging, glaucoma predisposition and IOP-induced glaucoma, differentially alter expression of gp130 and these alterations have direct implications for astrocyte and Müller glia reactivity, RGC health and cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fd Echevarria
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Vanderbilt Eye Institute), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA
| | - Cc Walker
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Vanderbilt Eye Institute), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA
| | - Sk Abella
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Vanderbilt Eye Institute), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA
| | - M Won
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Vanderbilt Eye Institute), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA
| | - Rm Sappington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Vanderbilt Eye Institute), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA
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Hautala N, Glumoff V, Hautala T, Vainio O. IL-2 may possess neuroprotective properties in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:e246-7. [PMID: 21834929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schuettauf F, Stein T, Choragiewicz TJ, Rejdak R, Bolz S, Zurakowski D, Varde MA, Laties AM, Thaler S. Caspase inhibitors protect against NMDA-mediated retinal ganglion cell death. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 39:545-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Johnson EC, Doser TA, Cepurna WO, Dyck JA, Jia L, Guo Y, Lambert WS, Morrison JC. Cell proliferation and interleukin-6-type cytokine signaling are implicated by gene expression responses in early optic nerve head injury in rat glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:504-18. [PMID: 20847120 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In glaucoma, the optic nerve head (ONH) is the principal site of initial axonal injury, and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the predominant risk factor. However, the initial responses of the ONH to elevated IOP are unknown. Here the authors use a rat glaucoma model to characterize ONH gene expression changes associated with early optic nerve injury. METHODS Unilateral IOP elevation was produced in rats by episcleral vein injection of hypertonic saline. ONH mRNA was extracted, and retrobulbar optic nerve cross-sections were graded for axonal degeneration. Gene expression was determined by microarray and quantitative PCR (QPCR) analysis. Significantly altered gene expression was determined by multiclass analysis and ANOVA. DAVID gene ontology determined the functional categories of significantly affected genes. RESULTS The Early Injury group consisted of ONH from eyes with <15% axon degeneration. By array analysis, 877 genes were significantly regulated in this group. The most significant upregulated gene categories were cell cycle, cytoskeleton, and immune system process, whereas the downregulated categories included glucose and lipid metabolism. QPCR confirmed the upregulation of cell cycle-associated genes and leukemia inhibitory factor (Lif) and revealed alterations in expression of other IL-6-type cytokines and Jak-Stat signaling pathway components, including increased expression of IL-6 (1553%). In contrast, astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap) message levels were unaltered, and other astrocytic markers were significantly downregulated. Microglial activation and vascular-associated gene responses were identified. CONCLUSIONS Cell proliferation and IL-6-type cytokine gene expression, rather than astrocyte hypertrophy, characterize early pressure-induced ONH injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Johnson
- Kenneth C. Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA.
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Baltmr A, Duggan J, Nizari S, Salt TE, Cordeiro MF. Neuroprotection in glaucoma - Is there a future role? Exp Eye Res 2010; 91:554-66. [PMID: 20800593 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In glaucoma, the major cause of global irreversible blindness, there is an urgent need for treatment modalities that directly target the RGCs. The discovery of an alternative therapeutic approach, independent of IOP reduction, is highly sought after, due to the indirect nature and limited effectiveness of IOP lowering therapy in preventing RGC loss. Several mechanisms have been implicated in initiating the apoptotic cascade in glaucomatous retinopathy and numerous drugs have been shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of glaucoma. These mechanisms and their potential treatment include excitotoxicity, protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation and neurotrophin deprivation. All of these mechanisms ultimately lead to programmed cell death with loss of RGCs. In this article we summarize the mechanisms involved in glaucomatous disease, highlight the rationale for neuroprotection in glaucoma management and review current potential neuroprotective strategies targeting RGCs from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeir Baltmr
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Visual Neurosciences Department, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
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Neuroprotection by acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate against NMDA-induced RGC damage in rat--possible involvement of kynurenic acid. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248:1729-35. [PMID: 20532550 PMCID: PMC2974203 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of systemically administered lithium acetoacetate (ACA) and sodium β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in a rat model of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Additionally, the influence of ACA and BHB on kynurenic acid (KYNA) production was assessed in vitro in bovine retinal slices. METHODS Female adult Brown-Norway rats in groups of 5-8 animals were used. ACA and BHB were administered intraperitoneally once a day for 21 consecutive days, and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was administered to control animals. After 2 weeks, the animals received intraocular NMDA (2 μl of a 10 mM solution in PBS) or intraocular PBS as a control. On day 19, retinal ganglion cells were labeled retrogradely with hydroxystilbamidine. Two days later, RGC density (cells per mm(2)) was assessed on retinal flatmounts. Additionaly, bovine retinal slices were incubated with NMDA and ACA or BHB at concentrations of 1.0 mM and 3.0 mM, and de novo KYNA production was measured using HPLC. RESULTS Intraperitoneal ACA (250 mg/kg) or BHB (291.2 mg/kg) significantly protected RGC against NMDA-induced neurodegeneration. De novo KYNA production in bovine retinal slices was lowered by NMDA. Both ACA and BHB at a concentration of 3.0 mM significantly reduced the effects of NMDA. CONCLUSIONS ACA and BHB had a significant dose-dependent neuroprotective effect on RGC in a rat model of NMDA-induced RGC damage. Both ketone bodies also significantly attenuated NMDA-induced reduction of retinal KYNA production in vitro, suggesting that this mechanism may be essential for the neuroprotective effects of ACA and BHB in vivo. Our results imply that ketone bodies may represent an additional treatment option in chronic neurodegenerative disorders of the eye.
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Ahmed Z, Aslam M, Lorber B, Suggate EL, Berry M, Logan A. Optic nerve and vitreal inflammation are both RGC neuroprotective but only the latter is RGC axogenic. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:441-54. [PMID: 19900554 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravitreal inflammation, induced by either lens injury, or intravitreal injection of zymosan (IVZ), protects RGC from apoptosis and stimulates axon regeneration after optic nerve transection. Here, we investigate the differential effects of intra-optic nerve zymosan (ONZ) and IVZ injections on RGC neuroprotection and axogenesis. After both IVZ and ONZ injection, zymosan-induced inflammation promoted a similar 4-/5-fold enhancement in RGC survival, compared to optic nerve transected controls, but only IVZ promoted RGC axon regeneration. IVZ was the most effective in activating retinal astrocyte/Müller cells while regulated intramembraneous proteolysis (RIP) of p75(NTR) and inactivation of Rho (key components of the axon growth inhibitory signalling cascade) occurred in both ONZ and IVZ, but only in the latter did RGC axons regenerate. We suggest that neuroprotective factors may be transported to RGC somata by retrograde transport after ONZ and diffuse into the retina after IVZ injection, but an axogenic agent is required to initiate and maintain disinhibited RGC axon regeneration that may be an exclusive property of a Müller cell-derived factor released after IVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed
- Molecular Neuroscience Group, Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Thaler S, Fiedorowicz M, Rejdak R, Choragiewicz TJ, Sulejczak D, Stopa P, Zarnowski T, Zrenner E, Grieb P, Schuettauf F. Neuroprotective effects of tempol on retinal ganglion cells in a partial optic nerve crush rat model with and without iron load. Exp Eye Res 2009; 90:254-60. [PMID: 19883642 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload can contribute to oxidative stress in many tissues. We studied the effects of pretreatment with iron dextran on RGC loss in a calibrated partial optic nerve crush (PONC) model in rats, along with the protection offered by tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl, a membrane-permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic and free-radical scavenger), in the same experimental paradigm. A total of 40 rats in 6 groups of 5-8 animals each underwent PONC in one eye and sham crush in the other. Animals were pretreated with a single iron dextran load 24 h prior to PONC, and treated with tempol 6 h before and then once daily after PONC. Control animals were treated with PBS. RGC were retrogradely labeled with a fluorescent marker; all data are expressed in percent of the RGC count in the respective sham-treated eye. Immunohistochemistry was performed to visualize 3-nitrotyrosine, a marker of nitroxidative stress. PONC without iron pretreatment resulted in the survival of only 31.4% of labeled RGC after 7 days. Even fewer RGC (12.7%) survived after PONC with iron pretreatment. However, tempol in doses of 20 mg/kg of body weight (BW) significantly attenuated this effect when given as described above; in the group without iron pretreatment the number of surviving RGC doubled from 31.4% to 62.1%. In the group with iron pretreatment the survival rate of RGC increased even more pronouncedly, from 12.7% without tempol to 46.2% with tempol. Tempol in doses of 1 mg/kg BW and 5 mg/kg BW showed no significant rescue of RGC. Immunostaining showed nitrotyrosine-positive RGCs in PONC but not in sham-treated eyes and an increase in positive cells after iron load. Tempol treatment reduced nitrotyrosine staining in both the iron and non-iron groups. Our results demonstrate that PONC results in significantly greater RGC damage when iron pretreatment is performed, and that the compound tempol may provide additional protection for RGC in cases of neuronal damage both with and without prior iron treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Thaler
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Zhang PL, Levy AM, Ben-Simchon L, Haggiag S, Chebath J, Revel M. Induction of neuronal and myelin-related gene expression by IL-6-receptor/IL-6: A study on embryonic dorsal root ganglia cells and isolated Schwann cells. Exp Neurol 2007; 208:285-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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