A comparative study of topical natural ergot alkaloids on the intraocular pressure and aqueous humor dynamics in oclular normotensive and alpha-chymotrypsin-induced ocular hypertensive rabbits

Urease and α-Chymotrypsin Inhibitory Activities and Molecular Docking Studies of Alkaloids Isolated from Medicinal Plant Isatis minima Bunge

Phytochemical studies on the alkaloids fraction of the entire plant of Isatis minima Bunge resulted in the alkaloids 1–4 isolation, which were first time isolated from this species. The 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data were used to identify their structures, and there was satisfactory compatibility of the data compared to those which were previously published. In the examined compounds 1–4, Isaindigotidione (3) and Isaindigotone (4) were shown as an effective urease inhibitor in such a concentration-dependent way against Jack bean and Bacillus pasteurii urease, with IC₅₀ values 29.03 ± 0.04, 20.04 ± 0.09 and 34.03 ± 0.07, 26.13 ± 0.08 μM, respectively. Compounds 3 and 4 were likewise shown to be an effective inhibitor against α-chymotrypsin, exhibiting IC₅₀ values 16.09 ± 0.07 and 22.01 ± 0.06 μM, correspondingly. The program MOE-Dock was used to perform a molecular docking analysis to confirm probable binding modes of the active complexes of the isolated compounds 1–4 and the crystal structure of urease and α-chymotrypsin enzymes. Compound 3 was the most active, having the highest docking scores against Bacillus pasteurii urease, α-chymotrypsin, and Jack bean (−8.6876), (−7.6647), and (−13.1927) μM, respectively. All four alkaloids (1–4) showed significant urease and protease inhibitory potential and further these activities were confirmed with the help of molecular docking study.

Natural Ergot Alkaloids in Ocular Pharmacotherapy: Known Molecules for Novel Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems

Several pharmacological properties are attributed to ergot alkaloids as a result of their antibacterial, antiproliferative, and antioxidant effects. Although known for their biomedical applications (e.g., for the treatment of glaucoma), most ergot alkaloids exhibit high toxicological risk and may even be lethal to humans and animals. Their pharmacological profile results from the structural similarity between lysergic acid-derived compounds and noradrenalin, dopamine, and serotonin neurotransmitters. To reduce their toxicological risk, while increasing their bioavailability, improved delivery systems were proposed. This review discusses the safety aspects of using ergot alkaloids in ocular pharmacology and proposes the development of lipid and polymeric nanoparticles for the topical administration of these drugs to enhance their therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of glaucoma.