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Brussee T, Alagahgi B, Nispen RMA, Rens GHMB. Measurement properties of reading tests in subjects with maculopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:275-287. [PMID: 32833321 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A reliable reading test provides a standardized measure of the visual component of reading performance. This study evaluated reproducibility, agreement and feasibility of five Dutch language continuous text reading tests used in clinical practice and research in visually impaired participants. METHODS In 42 participants with macular pathologies (mean age 77 years), the Colenbrander Reading Card (Colenbrander), International Reading Speed Texts (IReST), Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology (LEO) charts, 'de Nederlanders' (NED) and the Radner Reading Charts (Radner) were evaluated. The coefficient of repeatability was calculated for different reading parameters, and agreement between the reading tests was determined. RESULTS Between the reading tests, the differences found in repeatability for reading performance were mainly within the limit of one line (0.1 logMAR). Exceptions were the inter-session repeatability for critical print size: Colenbrander (0.35 logMAR), LEO (0.34), Radner (0.23). The highest agreement was found between the LEO and Radner; Reading acuity bias 0.03 logMAR (SD 0.10), CPS 0.03 (0.12). CONCLUSION This study shows that reading performance results obtained with reading tests are not always reliable and reading parameters could not always be properly assessed in participants with maculopathies. Therefore, choices regarding which reading test to use especially for research purposes should be based on both the feasibility and reliability of the reading test. The NED (a historical test) was the least feasible, and it is recommend that this test is no longer used. To allow standardized and comparable analysis of reading performance a highly standardized reading test, like the Radner is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Brussee
- Ophthalmology Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Ophthalmology Elkerliek Hospital Helmond The Netherlands
| | - Basel Alagahgi
- Ophthalmology Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ruth M. A. Nispen
- Ophthalmology Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ger H. M. B. Rens
- Ophthalmology Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Ophthalmology Elkerliek Hospital Helmond The Netherlands
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Mataftsi A, Bourtoulamaiou A, Haidich A, Antoniadis A, Kilintzis V, Tsinopoulos IT, Dimitrakos S. Development and validation of the Greek version of the MNREAD acuity chart. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 96:25-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Mataftsi
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
| | - Areti Bourtoulamaiou
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
| | - Anna‐bettina Haidich
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
| | - Antonis Antoniadis
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
- IT Department of Drama Prefecture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
| | - Vassilis Kilintzis
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
| | - Ioannis T Tsinopoulos
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
| | - Stavros Dimitrakos
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
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Wolffsohn JS, Palmer E, Rubinstein M, Eperjesi F. Effect of light‐emitting diode colour temperature on magnifier reading performance of the visually impaired. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 95:510-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James S Wolffsohn
- Aston University, Life and Health Sciences, Ophthalmic Research Group, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eshmael Palmer
- Aston University, Life and Health Sciences, Ophthalmic Research Group, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Rubinstein
- Aston University, Life and Health Sciences, Ophthalmic Research Group, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom. E‐mail:
| | - Frank Eperjesi
- Aston University, Life and Health Sciences, Ophthalmic Research Group, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Rossouw P, Guichard MM, Hatz K. Contrast sensitivity and binocular reading speed best correlating with near distance vision-related quality of life in bilateral nAMD. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 40:760-769. [PMID: 32959926 PMCID: PMC7702040 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Bilateral neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (nAMD) causes difficulties in daily life, especially with regard to near‐vision tasks, despite well preserved Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at distance. Therefore, alternative visual function measures were evaluated in terms of their correlation with vision‐related quality of life scores (QoL). Methods A prospective cross‐sectional pilot study including patients with a diagnosis of bilateral nAMD having lesions within the central 1 mm ETDRS grid subfield. Standardised testing included a vision‐related QoL assessment (NEI‐VFQ25), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), low luminance visual acuity (LLVA), Radner maximum reading speed and Pelli‐Robson contrast sensitivity (CS). Results N = 54. The mean better eye (range) BCVA was 79 (55–96) letters, median (range) LLVA 79.5 (58–97) letters and median (range) CS 1.35 (0–1.65) log units. Mean binocular maximum reading speed was 117.33 ± 28.42 wpm. The best correlations with the near subscale score were found for CS followed by binocular maximum reading speed (r = 0.59, p = 0.0001; r = 0.36, p = 0.008, respectively). A weaker correlation was observed for the BCVA in the better eye (r = 0.33, p = 0.02). The correlation between the NEI‐VFQ25 distance subscale and BCVA was weaker (r = 0.37, p = 0.005) than the correlations with CS (r = 0.67, p = 0.0001) and LLVA (r = 0.40, p = 0.003). Conclusions For patients with a bilateral centre‐involving nAMD, the best correlation with near QoL was the better eye CS followed by maximum binocular reading speed. These measures could be valuable in quantifying vision‐related QoL outcomes in AMD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Rossouw
- Department of Vision Science and Optometry, University of Aalen, Aalen, Germany.,Vista Klinik Binningen, Binningen, Switzerland
| | | | - Katja Hatz
- Vista Klinik Binningen, Binningen, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Porter K, Arblaster G. How Does Vertical Reading Affect Reading Speed? Br Ir Orthopt J 2020; 16:38-43. [PMID: 32999992 PMCID: PMC7510370 DOI: 10.22599/bioj.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vertical reading is an adaptive reading strategy sometimes used in homonymous hemianopia. This study aimed to measure horizontal and vertical reading speeds in visually normal volunteers using the Radner Reading Chart. METHODS Fifteen orthoptic students, mean age 19.7 years, took part in this repeated measures study. Participants read sentences aloud from the Radner Reading Chart horizontally and rotated vertically, to read up and down the line. Words read correctly and the time taken to read each sentence were recorded. RESULTS Reading speeds were calculated (words read correctly per second) for horizontal text (2.95 words per second) and for vertical text, reading up the line (1.73 words per second) and reading down the line (1.57 words per second). Reading horizontal text was significantly faster than reading vertical text. Reading horizontal text was 1.22 words per second faster than reading text vertically up (p < 0.0001) and 1.38 words per second faster than text vertically down (p < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between reading text vertically up the line and vertically down the line (0.16 words per second, p = 0.42). CONCLUSION Horizontal reading speed, measured with the Radner Reading Chart, was significantly faster than both vertical reading speeds. There was no significant difference between reading vertically up the line and reading vertically down the line. The slower time taken to read the vertically orientated sentences had a greater effect on reading speed than the number of errors made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Porter
- Orthoptic Department, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, GB
- Division of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics, Health Sciences School, University of Sheffield, GB
| | - Gemma Arblaster
- Division of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics, Health Sciences School, University of Sheffield, GB
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Kortuem C, Marx T, Altpeter EK, Trauzettel-Klosinski S, Kuester-Gruber S. Comparing Reading Speeds for Reading Standardized Single Sentences and Paragraphs in Patients with Maculopathy. Ophthalmic Res 2020; 64:512-522. [PMID: 32585666 DOI: 10.1159/000509687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to compare reading speeds (RS) of either paragraphs of text or single sentences in patients with maculopathy by investigating the repeatability of RS to decide which text type to use in studies on patients with maculopathy. METHODS RS was measured for standardized texts in 25 participants with a central scotoma due to maculopathy (mean age 77.8 years ± 9.9 SD, mean binocular visual acuity 0.65 logMAR (±0.85 SD), median magnification requirement 3-fold). Reading 3 single sentences taken from the Radner reading charts (sample #1, #2, and #3) of 14 words and reading 3 paragraphs of International Reading Speed Texts (IReST, sample # 3, #6, and #10) with a mean of 132 (±3.2 SD) words, each in German, were compared. The 6 texts were read aloud in random order from a closed-circuit TV system, with size adjusted according to the individual magnification requirement. Reading time was measured by stopwatch, and speed was calculated in correctly read words per minute (wpm). Differences in RS depending on text length (single sentence vs. paragraph) and text sample were calculated by the Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS The mean RS showed no significant difference between 2 charts of the same kind (sentences: 93 wpm ± 37 SD; paragraphs: 95 wpm ± 38 SD). RS differences between 2 charts were lower in paragraphs than in single sentences. Highest correlations of RS between all 6 texts existed between the 3 IReST text samples (r = 0.98, 0.98, and 0.98) compared with the 3 Radner sentences (r = 0.89, 0.81, and 0.90). The inter-chart reliability (coefficient of repeatability) was smaller for the paragraphs (12.9 wpm) than for the single sentences (36.4 wpm). CONCLUSION In patients with maculopathy, single sentences are well suited for single measurement of RS. For repeated measurements (e.g., monitoring the course of a reading disorder or assessing effects of interventions), paragraphs are preferable because of their lower variability of RS between the paragraphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Kortuem
- Center for Ophthalmology, Department for Strabology, Lids and Orbit, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Marx
- Center for Ophthalmology, Low Vision Clinic, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elke Karin Altpeter
- Center for Ophthalmology, Low Vision Clinic, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Kuester-Gruber
- Center for Ophthalmology, Vision Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,
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Jolly JK, Couldridge-Smith CE, Xue K, MacLaren RE. The Impact of Progressive Visual Field Constriction on Reading Ability in an Inherited Retinal Degeneration. Ophthalmologica 2019; 243:207-216. [PMID: 31689706 DOI: 10.1159/000503294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to read is an important factor in the quality of life. Choroideremia is an inherited retinal degeneration presenting with gradual, progressive constriction of the central visual field, providing a useful disease model to investigate the impact of the visual field on reading ability. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to provide practical guidance on the usefulness of measuring reading ability in patients. METHOD The Radner Reading Test was administered to 33 patients (65 eyes with choroideremia). To quantify the residual retinal area, the patients underwent microperimetry and imaging. The visual angle subtended by the largest letter read by each subject was calculated using Emsley's Model Eye. RESULTS A minimum of 1 letter must be seen to allow the eye to read, with preservation of foveal sensitivity. The relationship between reading speed and acuity varies with the visual field. The reading speed is higher in eyes with an intact fovea (p < 0.001 right eye, p = 0.06 left eye). Qualitative analysis of the direction of the intact retina did not indicate any directional impact on measurements. CONCLUSIONS In order to read, an eye must have enough retinal width close to the fovea to see at least 1 full letter. Direction of print does not impact the ability to read, allowing results from different languages to be combined in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Jolly
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kanmin Xue
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom, .,Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom,
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Abstract
Aim: To compare the effect of induced vertical diplopia (small and large separation) on reading speed and accuracy. Methods: The Radner Reading Chart (RRC) was used to measure reading speed (correct words per minute (wpm)) and accuracy (percentage). Accuracy was measured using two different methods: ‘accuracy-omission’ where only the omission of a word reduced the score, and ‘accuracy-addition and omission’ where any error reduced the score. Three viewing conditions were created using Fresnel prisms on plano glasses: a control condition without diplopia (6 prism dioptres (Δ) base up (BU) over each eye), small separation vertical diplopia (3Δ BU right eye and 3Δ base down (BD) left eye) and large separation vertical diplopia (6Δ BU right eye and 6Δ BD left eye). Viewing conditions were counterbalanced to minimise order effects. Results: Twenty-four participants were included with a mean age of 20.1 years. The mean reading speed in the control condition was 156.90 wpm. Both diplopic conditions significantly reduced the reading speed compared to the control condition, small separation diplopia to 62.75 wpm (p < 0.001) and large separation diplopia to 105.71 wpm (p < 0.001). The mean reading speed with small separation diplopia was significantly slower than the mean reading speed with large separation diplopia (p < 0.01). Median accuracy scores in the control and the large separation diplopia conditions were 100% using both methods of measuring accuracy. The small separation diplopia condition significantly reduced accuracy to 92.86% (accuracy-omission method) and to 57.50% (accuracy-addition and omission method) compared to the control condition (p < 0.01) and the large separation diplopia condition (p < 0.05). Conclusion: When vertical diplopia was induced using Fresnel prisms, diplopia of smaller separation resulted in the greatest reduction in reading speed and accuracy, compared to without diplopia and large separation diplopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beckie Lijka
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics, University of Sheffield, GB.,Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, GB
| | - Sonia Toor
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics, University of Sheffield, GB.,Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, GB
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Wilson RL, Paterson KB, McGowan V, Hutchinson CV. Visual Aspects of Reading Performance in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME). Front Psychol 2018; 9:1468. [PMID: 30174633 PMCID: PMC6107832 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) report vision-related reading difficulty, although this has not been demonstrated objectively. Accordingly, we assessed reading speed and acuity, including crowded acuity and acuity for isolated words using standardized tests of reading and vision, in 27 ME/CFS patients and matched controls. We found that the ME/CFS group exhibited slower maximum reading speed, and had poorer crowded acuity than controls. Moreover, crowded acuity was significantly associated with maximum reading speed, indicating that patients who were more susceptible to visual crowding read more slowly. These findings suggest vision-related reading difficulty belongs to a class of measureable symptoms for ME/CFS patients.
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Rodrigues TM, Cortez L, Murta JN, Paiva C. Low-vision aids improve the visual performance of children with bilateral chorioretinal coloboma. J AAPOS 2018; 22:202-206. [PMID: 29730056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the improvements in visual performance for both distance and near tasks attained by children with bilateral chorioretinal coloboma (CRC) with use of low-vision aids (LVAs). METHODS This was a hospital-based, cross-sectional, interventional case series of children with bilateral CRC. Demographic data were collected through a structured questionnaire and review of medical records. Distance and near best-corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and reading speed were evaluated with refractive correction alone and with the use of LVAs (Keplerian telescopes for distance; handheld magnifiers and a tinted lens [400 nm filter] for near). Effects are presented as medians of differences with 95% binomial-exact confidence intervals. RESULTS Six children were included (median age, 11.5 years; range, 7-17 years), of whom 5 were already using LVAs on a daily basis. The use of a Keplerian telescope achieved a significant median improvement in distance best-corrected visual acuity of 0.75 logMAR (95% CI, 0.20-1.20). Contrast sensitivity was also improved across all tested spatial frequencies. Use of near LVAs resulted in a significant median improvement in near reading acuity of 0.47 logRAD (95% CI, 0.28-0.90). Critical print size and reading speed at N10 were also improved. CONCLUSIONS LVAs enable meaningful improvements in the visual performance of children with bilateral CRC, allowing noteworthy increases in distance and near visual acuities as well as good reading speeds at small print sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M Rodrigues
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liliana Cortez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim N Murta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Radner W. Reading charts in ophthalmology. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255:1465-1482. [PMID: 28411305 PMCID: PMC5541099 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new generation of logarithmic reading charts has sparked interest in standardized reading performance analyses. Such reading charts have been developed according to the standards of the International Council of Ophthalmology. The print size progression in these calibrated charts is in accordance with the mathematical background of EN ISO 8596. These reading charts are: the Bailey–Lovie Word Reading Chart, the Colenbrander English Continuous Text Near Vision Cards, the Oculus Reading Probe II, the MNREAD Charts, the SKread Charts, and the RADNER Reading Charts. The test items used for these reading charts differ among the charts and are standardized to various extents. The Bailey–Lovie Charts, MNREAD Charts, SKread Charts, and RADNER Charts are also meant to measure reading speed and allow determination of further reading parameters such as reading acuity, reading speed based on reading acuity, critical print size, reading score, and logMAR/logRAD ratio. Such calibrated reading charts have already provided valuable insights into the reading performance of patients in many research studies. They are available in many languages and thus facilitate international communication about near visual performance. In the present review article, the backgrounds of these modern reading charts are presented, and their different levels of test-item standardization are discussed. Clinical research studies are mentioned, and a discussion about the immoderately high number of reading acuity notations is included. Using the logReading Acuity Determination ([logRAD] = reading acuity equivalent of logMAR) measure for research purposes would give reading acuity its own identity as a standardized reading parameter in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Radner
- Austrian Academy of Ophthalmology, Mollgasse 11, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
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Alabdulkader B, Leat SJ. Toward developing a standardized Arabic continuous text reading chart. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2017; 10:84-94. [PMID: 27162118 PMCID: PMC5383463 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Near visual acuity is an essential measurement during an oculo-visual assessment. Short duration continuous text reading charts measure reading acuity and other aspects of reading performance. There is no standardized version of such chart in Arabic. The aim of this study is to create sentences of equal readability to use in the development of a standardized Arabic continuous text reading chart. METHODS Initially, 109 Arabic pairs of sentences were created for use in constructing a chart with similar layout to the Colenbrander chart. They were created to have the same grade level of difficulty and physical length. Fifty-three adults and sixteen children were recruited to validate the sentences. Reading speed in correct words per minute (CWPM) and standard length words per minute (SLWPM) was measured and errors were counted. Criteria based on reading speed and errors made in each sentence pair were used to exclude sentence pairs with more outlying characteristics, and to select the final group of sentence pairs. RESULTS Forty-five sentence pairs were selected according to the elimination criteria. For adults, the average reading speed for the final sentences was 166 CWPM and 187 SLWPM and the average number of errors per sentence pair was 0.21. Childrens' average reading speed for the final group of sentences was 61 CWPM and 72 SLWPM. Their average error rate was 1.71. CONCLUSIONS The reliability analysis showed that the final 45 sentence pairs are highly comparable. They will be used in constructing an Arabic short duration continuous text reading chart.
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Radner W, Radner S, Diendorfer G. Integrating a novel concept of sentence optotypes into the RADNER Reading Charts. Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 101:239-243. [PMID: 27881374 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To add a new set of 24 sentence optotypes to the German version of the RADNER reading charts and to investigate whether sentences constructed based upon an optimised concept of sentence optotypes can be used together with the original 38 sentences. METHODS Twenty-eight optimised sentence optotypes were constructed based upon the concept of sentence optotypes as established for the RADNER Reading Charts, with words having the same number of characters and syllables being placed in the same positions. The best comparable sentences were statistically selected in 30 volunteers. Reading speed and the number of errors were determined. Validity was analysed in comparison to a 111-word long standardised paragraph and 7 of the 38 original sentence optotypes. RESULTS The mean reading speed obtained with the 28 sentences was 192.30±26.69 words per minute (wpm), as compared with 192.47±25.32 wpm for the 7 original sentence optotypes and 165.28±20.82 wpm for the long paragraph; 24 of the 28 optimised sentences met our selection criteria for reading speed/time (mean reading speed: 192.41±26.58). The mean number of reading errors was 0.10±0.30. The correlation between the 24 optimised sentence optotypes and the long paragraph was r=0.90. Reliability analyses yielded an overall Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.992. CONCLUSION The 24 new sentence optotypes can be integrated into the existing set of 38 original sentences. Since all the statistical results obtained were similar to those of the original sentences, the best possible reliability had apparently already been achieved with the original sentence optotypes.
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Munch IC, Jørgensen AHR, Radner W. The Danish version of the Radner Reading Chart: design and empirical testing of sentence optotypes in subjects of varying educational background. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94:182-6. [PMID: 26408429 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop 28 short texts to be used as sentence optotypes in a Danish version of the Radner Reading Chart for the measurement of reading acuity and speed. METHOD Forty-six short texts of comparable lexical and grammatical difficulty were constructed. The short texts were tested together with two longer reference texts in 100 persons with visual acuity 6/6, of which 50 were university students (age: 24.7 ± 3.1 years, 36% males) and 50 were blue-collar workers (37.2 ± 13.4 years, 54% males). Study parameters were mean reading speed and error rate per participant, and mean reading time, variance and number of errors per short text. RESULTS The students read the short texts faster than the blue-collar workers (184 ± 21.4 words per minute (wpm) versus 163 ± 26.3 wpm, p < 0.0001). There was a high correlation between the reference texts and the short texts [Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.89 (95% CI 0.83-0.92)]. The mean reading time for each of the short texts ranged from 4.4 s to 5.8 s with a mean of 4.96 ± 0.35 s, and the median number of errors was eight. Twenty-eight short texts were selected for sentence optotypes with mean reading times between 4.6 s and 5.2 s, a mean standard deviation of 1.2 s or less and a number of errors of 17 per 100 persons or less. CONCLUSION Reading time uniformity in the Danish version of the Radner Reading Chart was comparable to that of the original German version. Education had an influence on reading performance that may warrant stratification for this parameter when reading tests are used in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Christine Munch
- Department of Ophthalmology; Roskilde Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Wolfgang Radner
- Austrian Academy of Ophthalmology and Optometry; Vienna Austria
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Cheung JPY, Liu DSK, Lam CCC, Cheong AMY. Development and validation of a new Chinese reading chart for children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 35:514-21. [PMID: 26303447 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to develop and validate a new Chinese reading chart for children. The characteristics of reading profiles among Hong Kong children were also investigated. METHODS A new reading chart was developed using the design principles of the MNREAD chart. Children (N = 169) aged seven to 11 years with normal vision and no developmental or reading difficulties were recruited from four local Hong Kong primary schools located in four different districts. Reading performance was measured using three versions of the new Chinese reading chart for children as well as six short passages. Repeated reading measures were conducted for 79 participants 4-8 weeks later. A linear mixed-model analysis was performed for the reading measures to identify the contribution of each source of variation (individual participant, among-charts within-session and between-sessions, and error) to the total variance. RESULTS Three reading parameters were derived from the Chinese reading chart for children - maximum reading speed (MRS), critical print size (CPS) and reading acuity (RA). Results from the linear mixed-model and Bland and Altman analyses revealed that all three versions of the chart were reproducible, with little variability among-charts and between-sessions (p < 0.001). The coefficient of repeatability for the MRS, CPS and RA was 0.08 logWPM, 0.16 logMAR and 0.14 logMAR respectively. The strong correlation between reading speed measured by the chart and ordinary children's reading passages confirmed the usefulness of the chart for assessing children's reading performance (Rc = 0.67, 95% CI of 0.60-0.73). CONCLUSIONS We developed and validated a new Chinese reading chart for children for quantifying reading performance in Chinese children with normal reading ability. This standardised clinical test can be reliably used to measure the MRS, CPS and RA in Chinese-speaking children. Further research is needed to evaluate the validity of this chart for assessing reading performance in Chinese children with reading difficulties, dyslexia or low vision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilys S K Liu
- Department of Health, Child Assessment Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Allen M Y Cheong
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Brussee T, van Nispen RMA, van Rens GHMB. Measurement properties of continuous text reading performance tests. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 34:636-57. [PMID: 25331578 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measurement properties of tests to assess reading acuity or reading performance have not been extensively evaluated. This study aims to provide an overview of the literature on available continuous text reading tests and their measurement properties. METHODS A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase and PsycInfo. Subsequently, information on design and content of reading tests, study design and measurement properties were extracted using consensus-based standards for selection of health measurement instruments. Quality of studies, reading tests and measurement properties were systematically assessed using pre-specified criteria. RESULTS From 2334 identified articles, 20 relevant articles were found on measurement properties of three reading tests in various languages: IReST, MNread Reading Test and Radner Reading Charts. All three reading tests scored high on content validity. Reproducibility studies (repeated measurements between different testing sessions) of the IReST and MNread of commercially available reading tests in different languages were missing. The IReST scored best on inter-language comparison, the MNread scored well in repeatability studies (repeated measurements under the same conditions) and the Radner showed good reproducibility in studies. CONCLUSIONS Although in daily practice there are other continuous text reading tests available meeting the criteria of this review, measurement properties were described in scientific studies for only three of them. Of the few available studies, the quality and content of study design and methodology used varied. For testing existing reading tests and the development of new ones, for example in other languages, we make several recommendations, including careful description of patient characteristics, use of objective and subjective lighting levels, good control of working distance, documentation of the number of raters and their training, careful documentation of scoring rules and the use of Bland-Altman analyses or similar for reproducibility and repeatability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Brussee
- Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Elkerliek Hospital, Helmond, The Netherlands
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Buari NH, Chen AH, Musa N. Comparison of reading speed with 3 different log-scaled reading charts. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2014; 7:210-216. [PMID: 25323642 PMCID: PMC4213869 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reading chart that resembles real reading conditions is important to evaluate the quality of life in terms of reading performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the reading speed of UiTM Malay related words (UiTM-Mrw) reading chart with MNread Acuity Chart and Colenbrander Reading Chart. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty subjects with normal sight were randomly recruited through randomized sampling in this study (mean age=22.98±1.65 years). Subjects were asked to read three different near charts aloud and as quickly as possible at random sequence. The charts were the UiTM-Mrw Reading Chart, MNread Acuity Chart and Colenbrander Reading Chart, respectively. The time taken to read each chart was recorded and any errors while reading were noted. Reading performance was quantified in terms of reading speed as words per minute (wpm). RESULTS The mean reading speed for UiTM-Mrw Reading Chart, MNread Acuity Chart and Colenbrander Reading Chart was 200±30wpm, 196±28wpm and 194±31wpm, respectively. Comparison of reading speed between UiTM-Mrw Reading Chart and MNread Acuity Chart showed no significant difference (t=-0.73, p=0.72). The same happened with the reading speed between UiTM-Mrw Reading Chart and Colenbrander Reading Chart (t=-0.97, p=0.55). Bland and Altman plot showed good agreement between reading speed of UiTM-Mrw Reading Chart with MNread Acuity Chart with the Colenbrander Reading Chart. CONCLUSION UiTM-Mrw Reading Chart in Malay language is highly comparable with standardized charts and can be used for evaluating reading speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Halilah Buari
- Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ai-Hong Chen
- Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nuraini Musa
- Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kamaraj DC, Dicianno BE, Cooper RA. A participatory approach to develop the Power Mobility Screening Tool and the Power Mobility Clinical Driving Assessment tool. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:541614. [PMID: 25276796 PMCID: PMC4172927 DOI: 10.1155/2014/541614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The electric powered wheelchair (EPW) is an indispensable assistive device that increases participation among individuals with disabilities. However, due to lack of standardized assessment tools, developing evidence based training protocols for EPW users to improve driving skills has been a challenge. In this study, we adopt the principles of participatory research and employ qualitative methods to develop the Power Mobility Screening Tool (PMST) and Power Mobility Clinical Driving Assessment (PMCDA). Qualitative data from professional experts and expert EPW users who participated in a focus group and a discussion forum were used to establish content validity of the PMCDA and the PMST. These tools collectively could assess a user's current level of bodily function and their current EPW driving capacity. Further multicenter studies are necessary to evaluate the psychometric properties of these tests and develop EPW driving training protocols based on these assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepan C. Kamaraj
- VA Center of Excellence in Wheelchairs and Related Technology, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories,
6425 Penn Avenue, Bakery Square, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Brad E. Dicianno
- VA Center of Excellence in Wheelchairs and Related Technology, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rory A. Cooper
- VA Center of Excellence in Wheelchairs and Related Technology, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories,
6425 Penn Avenue, Bakery Square, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Thaung J, Olseke K, Ahl J, Sjöstrand J. Reliability of a standardized test in Swedish for evaluation of reading performance in healthy eyes. Interchart and test-retest analyses. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:557-62. [PMID: 24373288 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of our study was to establish a practical and quick test for assessing reading performance and to statistically analyse interchart and test-retest reliability of a new standardized Swedish reading chart system consisting of three charts constructed according to the principles available in the literature. METHODS Twenty-four subjects with healthy eyes, mean age 65 ± 10 years, were tested binocularly and the reading performance evaluated as reading acuity, critical print size and maximum reading speed. The test charts all consist of 12 short text sentences with a print size ranging from 0.9 to -0.2 logMAR in approximate steps of 0.1 logMAR. Two testing sessions, in two different groups (C1 and C2), were under strict control of luminance and lighting environment. Reading performance tests with chart T1, T2 and T3 were used for evaluation of interchart reliability and test data from a second session 1 month or more apart for the test-retest analysis. RESULTS The testing of reading performance in adult observers with short sentences of continuous text was quick and practical. The agreement between the tests obtained with the three different test charts was high both within the same test session and at retest. CONCLUSION This new Swedish variant of a standardized reading system based on short sentences and logarithmic progression of print size provides reliable measurements of reading performance and preliminary norms in an age group around 65 years. The reading test with three independent reading charts can be useful for clinical studies of reading ability before and after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen Thaung
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
| | - Kjell Olseke
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
| | - Johan Ahl
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
| | - Johan Sjöstrand
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
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THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS FOR MACULAR DISEASES SHOW CHARACTERISTIC EFFECTS ON NEAR AND DISTANCE VISUAL FUNCTION. Retina 2013; 33:1915-22. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e318285cc0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Munk MR, Kiss C, Huf W, Sulzbacher F, Roberts P, Mittermüller TJ, Sacu S, Simader C, Schmidt-Erfurth U. One year follow-up of functional recovery in neovascular AMD during monthly anti-VEGF treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 156:633-43. [PMID: 23891335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify neurosensory recovery, testing different functional variables during monthly intravitreal standard anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN Prospective interventional cohort study. METHODS Sixty-four treatment-naïve neovascular AMD patients with subfoveal lesions were treated and examined monthly for distance visual acuity, reading acuity, maximum reading speed, and contrast sensitivity and with microperimetry evaluating the percentage of absolute and relative scotoma and mean central retinal sensitivity weighted by area. Improvements in reading acuity, distance acuity, reading speed, contrast sensitivity, mean central retinal sensitivity, and scotoma area in dependence of age, lesion type, lesion size, and mean central retinal sensitivity were evaluated by a random-slope and random-intercept model. Recovery pattern of parameters was compared by correlating the individual slopes of each variable. RESULTS Initially, a rapid short-term effect of anti-VEGF treatment was documented throughout all functional variables. Progressive functional gain over 1 year was observed for distance visual acuity (P = .011), contrast sensitivity (P ≤ .0001), and mean central retinal sensitivity (P ≤ .0001), but not for reading acuity (P = .31) and maximum reading speed (P = .94). Decrease of absolute scotoma area missed statistical significance over time (P = .053) and also fixation stability did not improve (P = .08). However, lesion size influenced the course of absolute scotoma area (P = .0015), while lesion type had no effect on any visual function variable evaluated. The individual slopes of reading acuity and distance visual acuity showed a moderate correlation; however, all other variables showed only a weak or no significant correlation among each other. CONCLUSION Visual recovery in anti-VEGF therapy is reflected in a characteristic pattern of functional changes over time, whereas distance visual acuity does not seem to comprehensively reflect overall visual function gain.
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Aggermann T, Brunner S, Krebs I, Haas P, Womastek I, Brannath W, Binder S. A prospective, randomised, multicenter trial for surgical treatment of central retinal vein occlusion: results of the Radial Optic Neurotomy for Central Vein Occlusion (ROVO) study group. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 251:1065-72. [PMID: 22960949 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the surgical outcomes and evaluate the effectiveness of two treatments for central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), radial optic neurotomy (RON) and intravitreal triamcinolone (IVT), in comparison to natural history. METHODS A prospective, placebo-controlled, randomised and multi-center study. Patients with CRVO were treated in three groups - with either RON, a single intravitreal injection of 4 mg triamcinolone acetonide, or a placebo treatment. The main outcome measures were change of VA (visual acuity) and proportion of eyes with a significant improvement (defined as > 3 lines logMAR scale) of VA from baseline to month 12. RESULTS Ninety patients were included. Due to insufficient data, seven were excluded. Forty-seven percent (n = 18) of patients treated with RON showed an increase in VA, in comparison to 10 % (n = 2) of placebo-treated patients, and 20 % (n = 5) of patients treated with IVT. Significantly more patients showed an improvement in VA following RON than in the placebo group (p = 0.009). Significantly more patients showed an improvement in VA following RON than in the IVT group (p = 0.034). No significant difference was found when directly comparing improvement in VA following IVT and placebo (p = 0.667) treatment.Significantly (p = 0.007) more patients in the placebo group (35 %, n = 7) showed a deterioration (defined as > 3 lines LogMAR scale) in VA than patients in the RON group (8 %, n = 3). CONCLUSION Our study showed that following treatment with RON, patients with CRVO display a significantly better long-term VA than untreated patients and patients treated with a single dose of IVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Aggermann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rudolf Foundation Clinic, Juchgasse 25, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Subjective perception versus objective outcome after intravitreal ranibizumab for exudative AMD. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 250:201-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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