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Ruiz-Lozano RE, Salan-Gomez M, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Quiroga-Garza ME, Ramos-Dávila EM, Perez VL, Azar NS, Merayo-Lloves J, Hernandez-Camarena JC, Valdez-García JE. Wessely corneal ring phenomenon: An unsolved pathophysiological dilemma. Surv Ophthalmol 2023:S0039-6257(23)00041-3. [PMID: 36882129 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The cornea is a densely innervated, avascular tissue showing exceptional inflammatory and immune responses. The cornea is a site of lymphangiogenic and angiogenic privilege devoid of blood and lymphatic vessels that limits the entry of inflammatory cells from the adjacent and highly immunoreactive conjunctiva. Immunological and anatomical differences between the central and peripheral cornea are also necessary to sustain passive immune privilege. The lower density of antigen-presenting cells in the central cornea and the 5:1 peripheral-to-central corneal ratio of C1 are 2 main features conferring passive immune privilege. C1 activates the complement system by antigen-antibody complexes more effectively in the peripheral cornea and, thus, protects the central corneas' transparency from immune-driven and inflammatory reactions. Wessely rings, also known as corneal immune rings, are non-infectious ring-shaped stromal infiltrates usually formed in the peripheral cornea. They result from a hypersensitivity reaction to foreign antigens, including those of microorganism origin. Thus, they are thought to be composed of inflammatory cells and antigen-antibody complexes. Corneal immune rings have been associated with various infectious and non-infectious causes, including foreign bodies, contact lens wear, refractive procedures, and drugs. We describe the anatomical and immunologic basis underlying Wessely ring formation, its causes, clinical presentation, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul E Ruiz-Lozano
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Marcelo Salan-Gomez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Manuel E Quiroga-Garza
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Eugenia M Ramos-Dávila
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Victor L Perez
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nadim S Azar
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jesus Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julio C Hernandez-Camarena
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jorge E Valdez-García
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico.
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Aragona P, Giannaccare G, Mencucci R, Rubino P, Cantera E, Finocchiaro CY, Vaccaro S, Aiello F, Antoniazzi E, Barabino S, Bonini S, Carlini G, Chierego C, Gisoldi RAMC, Di Zazzo A, Fasciani R, Franch A, Gabbriellini G, Gagliano C, Leonardi A, Macrì A, Mosca L, Orfeo V, Pinna A, Pocobelli A, Protti R, Rama P, Rania L, Rechichi M, Russo A, Scorcia V, Spadea L, Trentadue M, Troisi S, Versura P, Villani E, Rolando M. The Management of Dry Eye Disease: Proceedings of Italian Dry Eye Consensus Group Using the Delphi Method. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6437. [PMID: 36362665 PMCID: PMC9656447 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a highly prevalent, chronic and progressive condition that affects 5-33% of the world's adult population [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannaccare
- Department of Ophthalmology, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Mencucci
- Eye Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Pierangela Rubino
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of General and Specialized Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Sabrina Vaccaro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Aiello
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Barabino
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Center, Ospedale L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rome Campus Biomedico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Chierego
- Ophthalmic Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rome Campus Biomedico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Fasciani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Franch
- Fondazione Banca Degli Occhi del Veneto Onlus, Department of Ophthalmology, SS Giovanni and Paolo Hospital, 30122 Venice, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gabbriellini
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical Medical, Molecular Pathology and of the Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Gagliano
- Ophthalmology Clinic, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Leonardi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Macrì
- IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luigi Mosca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Orfeo
- Ophthalmology Unit “Clinica Mediterranea”, 80122 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pinna
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Augusto Pocobelli
- San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, UOC Oftalmologia-Banca degli Occhi, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Romolo Protti
- Ophthalmic Unit, Hospital San Biagio, 28845 Domodossola, Italy
| | - Paolo Rama
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Rania
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istituto per la Sicurezza Sociale, San Marino State Hospital, 387261 Cailungo, San Marino
| | - Miguel Rechichi
- Centro Polispecialistico Mediterraneo, 88050 Selia Marina, Italy
| | - Andrea Russo
- Eye Clinic, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedale Civili, 1, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Scorcia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Trentadue
- Azienda Ospedaliera “Ospedale Consorziale Policlinico”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Troisi
- Eye Department, AOU “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Piera Versura
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Teaching Hospital Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Edoardo Villani
- Eye Clinic, San Giuseppe Hospital, IRCCS Multimedica, University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Rolando
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Center, ISPRE Ophthalmics, 16129 Genoa, Italy
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Navel V, Sapin V, Henrioux F, Blanchon L, Labbé A, Chiambaretta F, Baudouin C, Dutheil F. Oxidative and antioxidative stress markers in dry eye disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:45-57. [PMID: 33938134 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the levels of oxidative stress markers and antioxidants in dry eye disease (DED) compared with healthy subject. METHOD The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases were searched on 10 January 2021 for studies reporting oxidative and antioxidative stress markers in DED and healthy controls. Main meta-analysis was stratified by type of biomarkers, type of samples (tears, conjunctival cells or biopsies), Sjögren's syndrome (SS) (patients with or without SS) and by geographical zones (Asia or Europe). RESULTS We included nine articles, for a total of 333 patients (628 eye samples) with DED and 165 healthy controls (451 eye samples). There is an overall increase in oxidative stress markers in DED compared with healthy controls (standard mean deviation = 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.85-2.94), with a significant increase in lipid peroxide (1.90, 0.69-3.11), myeloperoxidase (2.17, 1.06-3.28), nitric oxide synthase 3 (2.52, 0.95-4.08), xanthine oxidase/oxidoreductase (2.41, 1.40-5.43), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) (4.75, 1.67-7.84), malondialdehyde (3.00, 2.55-3.45) and reactive oxygen species (1.31, 0.94-1.68). Oxidative stress markers were higher in tears, conjunctival cells and conjunctival biopsies of DED than controls. Even if small number of studies were included for antioxidants, catalase seemed to be decreased in DED compared with healthy controls (-2.17, -3.00 to -1.34), with an increase of antioxidants in tears of DED patients without SS (1.13, 0.76-1.49). CONCLUSION Oxidative stress markers, and probably antioxidants, were dysregulated in DED, establishing a local oxidative environment in tears, conjunctival cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Navel
- University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand CHU Clermont‐Ferrand, Ophthalmology Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team Clermont‐Ferrand France
- University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand CHU Clermont‐Ferrand, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Fanny Henrioux
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Loïc Blanchon
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Antoine Labbé
- Department of Ophthalmology III Quinze‐Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital IHU FOReSIGHT Paris France
- Sorbonne Université INSERM CNRS Institut de la Vision Paris France
- Department of Ophthalmology Ambroise Paré Hospital APHP Université de Versailles Saint‐Quentin en Yvelines Versailles France
| | - Frédéric Chiambaretta
- University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand CHU Clermont‐Ferrand, Ophthalmology Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Department of Ophthalmology III Quinze‐Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital IHU FOReSIGHT Paris France
- Sorbonne Université INSERM CNRS Institut de la Vision Paris France
- Department of Ophthalmology Ambroise Paré Hospital APHP Université de Versailles Saint‐Quentin en Yvelines Versailles France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS LaPSCo Physiological and Psychosocial Stress CHU Clermont‐Ferrand University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine Witty Fit Clermont‐Ferrand France
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Anitua E, Muruzabal F, Pino A, Prado R, Azkargorta M, Elortza F, Merayo-Lloves J. Proteomic Characterization of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors and Undiluted Autologous Serum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212176. [PMID: 34830053 PMCID: PMC8618701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last three decades, there has been special interest in developing drugs that mimic the characteristics of natural tears for use it in the treatment of several ocular surface disorders. Interestingly, the composition of blood plasma is very similar to tears. Therefore, different blood-derived products like autologous serum (AS) and plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) have been developed for the treatment of diverse ocular pathologies. However, scarce studies have been carried out to analyze the differences between both types of blood-derived products. In the present study, blood from three healthy donors was drawn and processed to obtain AS and PRGF eye drops. Then, human corneal stromal keratocytes (HK) were treated with PRGF or undiluted AS. Proteomic analysis was carried out to analyze and characterize the differential protein profiles between PRGF and AS, and the differentially expressed proteins in HK cells after PRGF and AS treatment. The results obtained in the present study show that undiluted AS induces the activation of different pathways related to an inflammatory, angiogenic, oxidative stress and scarring response in HK cells regarding PRGF. These results suggest that PRGF could be a better alternative than AS for the treatment of ocular surface disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Anitua
- BTI—Biotechnology Institute, 01007 Vitoria, Spain; (F.M.); (A.P.); (R.P.)
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Francisco Muruzabal
- BTI—Biotechnology Institute, 01007 Vitoria, Spain; (F.M.); (A.P.); (R.P.)
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Ander Pino
- BTI—Biotechnology Institute, 01007 Vitoria, Spain; (F.M.); (A.P.); (R.P.)
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Roberto Prado
- BTI—Biotechnology Institute, 01007 Vitoria, Spain; (F.M.); (A.P.); (R.P.)
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (F.E.)
| | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (F.E.)
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain;
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Hernandez E, Taisne C, Lussignol M, Esclatine A, Labetoulle M. Commercially Available Eye Drops Containing Trehalose Protect Against Dry Conditions via Autophagy Induction. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 37:386-393. [PMID: 34227851 PMCID: PMC8558061 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Evaluation of marketed eye drops with or without trehalose, a nonreducing natural osmoprotector disaccharide, in autophagy modulation and its role in cell survival during desiccation. Materials and Methods: Eye drops containing either sodium hyaluronate (SH) (Hyabak®, Thea, France) or a combination of SH with trehalose (Thealose Duo®, Thea, France) were compared with control conditions to evaluate the ability to modulate autophagy in human epithelial cells in vitro. Autophagy was monitored using LC3, a marker of the autophagic machinery, by fluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analysis. Control and autophagy-deficient cells treated with eye drops were exposed to desiccation to mimic dry eyes and cell survival was evaluated by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Trehalose, a known autophagy inducer was used as a positive control. Results: Artificial tears containing SH with and without trehalose induce a complete autophagic flux, as indicated by an increase in the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, and the accumulation of the lipidated form of LC3 associated with complete autophagy. In addition, there was a synergistic effect of SH for autophagy induction when combined with trehalose, compared with each of the components alone. Survival of cells treated with both eye drops and exposed to desiccation was decreased in autophagy-deficient cells, demonstrating the essential role of autophagy on eye drop protection. Conclusions: Autophagic flux is induced by SH-containing eye drops, and this phenomenon is enhanced in combination with trehalose. We also demonstrated that autophagy induction is involved in the osmoprotective effects of both trehalose and SH-containing eye drops, to maintain epithelial cell homeostasis in dry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hernandez
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Clémence Taisne
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marion Lussignol
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, APHP, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Center for Immunology of Viral infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Infrastructure (http://www.idmitcenter.fr), CEA, Université Paris Sud, Inserm U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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Micewicz ED, Damoiseaux RD, Deng G, Gomez A, Iwamoto KS, Jung ME, Nguyen C, Norris AJ, Ratikan JA, Ruchala P, Sayre JW, Schaue D, Whitelegge JP, McBride WH. Classes of Drugs that Mitigate Radiation Syndromes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666776. [PMID: 34084139 PMCID: PMC8167044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported several vignettes on types and classes of drugs able to mitigate acute and, in at least one case, late radiation syndromes in mice. Most of these had emerged from high throughput screening (HTS) of bioactive and chemical drug libraries using ionizing radiation-induced lymphocytic apoptosis as a readout. Here we report the full analysis of the HTS screen of libraries with 85,000 small molecule chemicals that identified 220 "hits." Most of these hits could be allocated by maximal common substructure analysis to one of 11 clusters each containing at least three active compounds. Further screening validated 23 compounds as being most active; 15 of these were cherry-picked based on drug availability and tested for their ability to mitigate acute hematopoietic radiation syndrome (H-ARS) in mice. Of these, five bore a 4-nitrophenylsulfonamide motif while 4 had a quinoline scaffold. All but two of the 15 significantly (p < 0.05) mitigated H-ARS in mice. We had previously reported that the lead 4-(nitrophenylsulfonyl)-4-phenylpiperazine compound (NPSP512), was active in mitigating multiple acute and late radiation syndromes in mice of more than one sex and strain. Unfortunately, the formulation of this drug had to be changed for regulatory reasons and we report here on the synthesis and testing of active analogs of NPSP512 (QS1 and 52A1) that have increased solubility in water and in vivo bioavailability while retaining mitigator activity against H-ARS (p < 0.0001) and other radiation syndromes. The lead quinoline 057 was also active in multiple murine models of radiation damage. Taken together, HTS of a total of 150,000 bioactive or chemical substances, combined with maximal common substructure analysis has resulted in the discovery of diverse groups of compounds that can mitigate H-ARS and at least some of which can mitigate multiple radiation syndromes when given starting 24 h after exposure. We discuss what is known about how these agents might work, and the importance of formulation and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D. Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Robert D. Damoiseaux
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adrian Gomez
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keisuke S. Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael E. Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Josephine A. Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James W. Sayre
- Department of Biostatistics and Radiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To explore the role and significance of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a proteolytic enzyme, in various ocular surface diseases of inflammatory, infectious, and traumatic etiology (2), to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for its overexpression in ocular surface disease states, and (3) to discuss possible targets of therapeutic intervention. METHODS A literature review was conducted of primary sources from 1995 onward using search results populated from the US National Library of Medicine search database. RESULTS MMP-9 overexpression has been found in in vitro and in vivo models of dry eye disease (DED), corneal ulceration, microbial keratitis, corneal neovascularization, ultraviolet light-induced radiation, and a host of additional surface pathologies. MMP-9 is involved in an intricate signal transduction cascade that includes induction by many proinflammatory molecules including interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), platelet-activating factor, activator protein 1 (AP-1), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B). MMP-9 expression is blunted by a diverse array of molecular factors, such as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, cyclosporine A (CyA), PES_103, epigalloccatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), N-acetylcysteine (NaC), ascorbate, tetracyclines, and corticosteroids. Inhibition of MMP-9 frequently led to improvement of ocular surface disease. CONCLUSIONS Novel insights into the mechanistic action of MMP-9 provide potential for new therapeutic modulations of ocular surface diseases mediated by its overexpression.
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Trehalose for Ocular Surface Health. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050809. [PMID: 32466265 PMCID: PMC7277924 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a natural disaccharide synthesized in various life forms, but not found in vertebrates. An increasing body of evidence demonstrates exceptional bioprotective characteristics of trehalose. This review discusses the scientific findings on potential functions of trehalose in oxidative stress, protein clearance, and inflammation, with an emphasis on animal models and clinical trials in ophthalmology. The main objective is to help understand the beneficial effects of trehalose in clinical trials and practice, especially in patients suffering from ocular surface disease. The discussion is supplemented with an overview of patents for the use of trehalose in dry eye and with prospects for the 2020s.
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The Healing of Oxidative Injuries with Trehalose in UVB-Irradiated Rabbit Corneas. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1857086. [PMID: 31641422 PMCID: PMC6770344 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1857086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our previous research revealed that trehalose, a nonreducing disaccharide of glucose and an important stress responsive factor, proved to have anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and particularly antioxidant properties in UVB-irradiated corneas. Trehalose reduced oxidative stress in corneas induced by UVB irradiation, by means of a decrease in the antioxidant/prooxidant imbalance in the corneal epithelium. In this study, we demonstrate that trehalose of 3% or 6% concentration in eye drops directly decreases oxidative stress in UVB-irradiated corneas, by removing the excessive amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Trehalose drops applied on corneas during UVB irradiation once daily for four days resulted in a reduction or even absence of the oxidative stress, DNA damage, and peroxynitrite formation (detected by nitrotyrosine residues), seen in buffer-treated corneas. Furthermore, trehalose treatment applied curatively after repeated irradiation for the subsequent fourteen days led to the renewal of corneal transparency and significant suppression or even absence of neovascularization. This was in contrast to buffer-treated irradiated corneas, where the intracorneal inflammation was developed and the untransparent corneas were vascularized. In conclusion, the treatment of UVB-irradiated corneas with trehalose eye drops removed the excessive amount of ROS in the corneal epithelium, leading to the suppression of oxidative stress and favorable corneal healing. The 6% trehalose showed a higher intensive antioxidant effect.
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Gross J, Willimsky E, Wegener AR, Kronschläger M, Schönfeld CL, Holz FG, Meyer LM. Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure of One Eye Stimulates Sympathizing Expression of Neurokinin-1 Receptor but Not Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in the Partner Eye. Ophthalmic Res 2019; 63:59-71. [PMID: 31408874 DOI: 10.1159/000501320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of unilateral ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure on the unexposed, partner eye in vivo. To characterize the immunological cross-talk between the eyes and verify a sympathizing reaction of the partner eye via a neurokinin-dependent signaling pathway of substance P and its neurokinin-1 receptor (NKR-1) and/or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). METHODS C57BL/6 mice were unilaterally exposed in vivo to UVR-B to a 5-fold cataract threshold equivalent dose of 14.5 kJ/m2 with a UV irradiation Bio-Spectra system. The unexposed contralateral eye was completely shielded during irradiation. After 3 and 7 days post exposure, eyes were stained with fluorescence-coupled antibody for substance P NKR-1. The same was performed in control animals receiving only anesthesia but no UVR-B exposure. NKR-1 and MCP-1 levels in ocular tissue lysates were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS UVR-B induces NKR-1 upregulation after 3 and 7 days in the exposed and in the unexposed, contralateral mouse eye. NKR-1 protein level was upregulated in the exposed and contralateral iris/ciliary body complex, choroidea and in the contralateral retina as well as in the exposed cornea. MCP-1 levels were elevated in the exposed cornea, iris/ciliary body complex, and aqueous humor but not in contralateral ocular tissues. CONCLUSIONS UVR-B exposure triggers NKR-1 upregulation not only in the exposed but also in the unexposed, partner eye in various ocular tissues. Following UVR-B exposure, MCP-1 protein levels are upregulated in the exposed eye, but the contralateral side remains unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,
| | - Eva Willimsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Carl-Ludwig Schönfeld
- Herzog Carl Theodor Eye Clinic, Munich, Germany.,Department of Ophthalomology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Linda M Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Herzog Carl Theodor Eye Clinic, Munich, Germany
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11
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Clinically Relevant Solution for the Hypothermic Storage and Transportation of Human Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5909524. [PMID: 30805009 PMCID: PMC6360551 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5909524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide use of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in clinical trials requires a full-scale safety and identity evaluation of the cellular product and subsequent transportation between research/medical centres. This necessitates the prolonged hypothermic storage of cells prior to application. The development of new, nontoxic, and efficient media, providing high viability and well-preserved therapeutic properties of MSCs during hypothermic storage, is highly relevant for a successful clinical outcome. In this study, a simple and effective trehalose-based solution was developed for the hypothermic storage of human bone marrow MSC suspensions for further clinical applications. Human bone marrow MSCs were stored at 4°C for 24, 48, and 72 hrs in the developed buffered trehalose solution and compared to several research and clinical grade media: Plasma-Lyte® 148, HypoThermosol® FRS, and Ringer's solution. After the storage, the preservation of viability, identity, and therapeutically associated properties of MSCs were assessed. The hypothermic storage of MSCs in the new buffered trehalose solution provided significantly higher MSC recovery rates and ability of cells for attachment and further proliferation, compared to Plasma-Lyte® 148 and Ringer's solution, and was comparable to research-grade HypoThermosol® FRS. There were no differences in the immunophenotype, osteogenic, and adipogenic differentiation and the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs after 72 hrs of cold storage in these solutions. The obtained results together with the confirmed therapeutic properties of trehalose previously described provide sufficient evidence that the developed trehalose medium can be applied as a low-cost and efficient solution for the hypothermic storage of MSC suspensions, with a high potential for translation into clinical practice.
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12
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Zernii EY, Gancharova OS, Tiulina VV, Zamyatnin AA, Philippov PP, Baksheeva VE, Senin II. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SKQ1 protects cornea from oxidative damage induced by ultraviolet irradiation and mechanical injury. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18:336. [PMID: 30587174 PMCID: PMC6307206 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cornea protects the eye against natural and anthropogenic ultraviolet (UV) damage and mechanical injury. Corneal incisions produced by UV lasers in ophthalmic surgeries are often complicated by oxidative stress and inflammation, which delay wound healing and result in vision deterioration. This study trialed a novel approach to prevention and treatment of iatrogenic corneal injuries using SkQ1, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant approved for therapy of polyethiological dry eye disease. Methods Rabbit models of UV-induced and mechanical corneal damage were employed. The animals were premedicated or treated with conjunctival instillations of 7.5 μM SkQ1. Corneal damage was assessed by fluorescein staining and histological analysis. Oxidative stress in cornea was monitored by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) using thiobarbituric acid assay. Total antioxidant activity (AOA) was determined using hemoglobin/H2O2/luminol assay. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured using colorimetric assays. Results In both models corneas exhibited fluorescein-stained lesions, histologically manifesting as basal membrane denudation, apoptosis of keratocytes, and stromal edema, which were accompanied by oxidative stress as indicated by increase in lipid peroxidation and decline in AOA. The UV-induced lesions were more severe and long healing as corneal endothelium was involved and GPx and SOD were downregulated. The treatment inhibited loss of keratocytes and other cells, facilitated re-epithelialization and stromal remodeling, and reduced inflammatory infiltrations and edema thereby accelerating corneal healing approximately 2-fold. Meanwhile the premedication almost completely prevented development of UV-induced lesions. Both therapies reduced oxidative stress, but only premedication inhibited downregulation of the innate antioxidant activity of the cornea. Conclusions SkQ1 efficiently prevents UV-induced corneal damage and enhances corneal wound healing after UV and mechanical impacts common to ocular surgery. Its therapeutic action can be attributed to suppression of mitochondrial oxidative stress, which in the first case embraces all corneal cells including epitheliocytes, while in the second case affects residual endothelial cells and stromal keratocytes actively working in wound healing. We suggest SkQ1 premedication to be used in ocular surgery for preventing iatrogenic complications in the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni Yu Zernii
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia. .,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Olga S Gancharova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Veronika V Tiulina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel P Philippov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Viktoriia E Baksheeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Ivan I Senin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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13
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Doughty MJ. Methods of Assessment of the Corneas of the Eyes Laboratory Rabbits Exposed to Solar Ultraviolet‐B Radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:467-479. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Fariselli C, Giannaccare G, Fresina M, Versura P. Trehalose/hyaluronate eyedrop effects on ocular surface inflammatory markers and mucin expression in dry eye patients. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12:1293-1300. [PMID: 30050282 PMCID: PMC6056167 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s174290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To assess the ocular surface parameters, inflammatory marker level in tears, and mucin expression in conjunctival epithelium before and after treatment with trehalose/hyaluronate tear substitute in dry eye (DE) patients. Patients and methods Fifteen DE patients were evaluated in an open-label, pilot study at enrollment, after 2 days of washout (baseline) and after 1 and 2 months (endpoint) of treatment with a trehalose/hyaluronate tear substitute (one drop/eye/three times daily). Data for symptoms of discomfort (Ocular Surface Disease Index and Visual Analogue Scale pain score), tear film (Schirmer test I, tear film breakup time), ocular surface damage (corneal National Eye Institute) and conjunctival van Bijsterveld scores, impression cytology scored by Nelson’s grade and goblet cells (GCs) number/mm2 analysis, and MUC4 immunostaining, and inflammation (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels) were measured. Results Significant changes at endpoint as compared to baseline were found for Ocular Surface Disease Index score (respectively, mean±SD, 22.2±2.9 vs 38.7±12.7), Visual Analogue Scale score (3.4±1.3 vs 6.6±1.4), tear film breakup time (8.6±1.28 vs 6.17±1.9 seconds), corneal staining (National Eye Institute grade 1.23±0.64 vs 3.37±0.49), conjunctival staining (1.73±1.14 vs 4.17±0.91), impression cytology (Nelson grade 1.10±0.20 vs 1.63±0.54), and GC density (139.9±22.0 vs 107.8±16.2 GC/mm2). IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 tear levels showed a significant decrease at endpoint as compared to baseline (respectively, pg/mL tears: 12.3±6.9, 26.6±25.2, 743.5±477.7 vs 33.6±17.3, 112.0±24.3, 1,139.2±671.7). Conclusions A decrease in ocular discomfort symptoms, surface damage, and tear cytokine levels was shown after 2 months’ treatment with trehalose/hyaluronate tear substitute in DE patients, along with a significant GC density recovery. These results may be associated with the synergic action of both trehalose and hyaluronic acid in targeting different entries of the DE vicious loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fariselli
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna and St Orsola-Malpighi Teaching Hospital, Bologna, Italy,
| | - Giuseppe Giannaccare
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna and St Orsola-Malpighi Teaching Hospital, Bologna, Italy,
| | - Michela Fresina
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna and St Orsola-Malpighi Teaching Hospital, Bologna, Italy,
| | - Piera Versura
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna and St Orsola-Malpighi Teaching Hospital, Bologna, Italy,
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15
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Ivanov IV, Mappes T, Schaupp P, Lappe C, Wahl S. Ultraviolet radiation oxidative stress affects eye health. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700377. [PMID: 29603665 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the eye, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is not known to contribute to visual perception but to mainly damage multiple structures. UVR carries higher energy than visible light and high dose exposure to UVR causes direct cellular damage, which has an important role in the development of cancer. This review provides an overview on the most recent knowledge on the role of UVR in oxidative stress (OS) in relation to noncancer ocular pathologies: various corneal pathologies, cataract, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Possible OS signaling streams and mechanisms in the aging eye are discussed. Excessive exposure to UVR through live may seriously contribute to increase in OS of various eye tissues and thus lead to the advancement of serious ocular pathologies. Children are especially vulnerable to UVR because of their larger pupils and more transparent ocular media: up to 80% of a person's lifetime exposure to UVR is reached before the age of 18. Therefore, efficient everyday protection of the sensitive tissues of the eye by wearing of sunglasses, clear UVR-blocking spectacles or contact lenses should be considered from early age on. Many initiatives are taken worldwide to inform and raise the population's awareness about these possible UVR hazards to the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliya V Ivanov
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Timo Mappes
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | | | | | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
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16
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Gao Z, Wang H, Zhang B, Wu X, Zhang Y, Ge P, Chi G, Liang J. Trehalose inhibits H 2O 2-induced autophagic death in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells via mitigation of ROS-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress and AMPK activation. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1014-1024. [PMID: 30013443 PMCID: PMC6036158 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.25656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process to maintain intracellular homeostasis via removal of cytoplasmic macromolecules and damaged cellular organelles through lysosome-mediated degradation. Trehalose is often regarded as an autophagy inducer, but we reported previously that it could prevent ischemic insults-induced autophagic death in neurons. Thus, we further investigated in this study whether trehalose could protect human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced lethal autophagy. We found pretreatment with trehalose not only prevented H2O2-induced death in SH-SY5Y cells, but also reversed H2O2-induced upregulation of LC3II, Beclin1 and ATG5 and downregulation of p62. Then, we proved that either autophagy inhibitor 3MA or genetic knockdown of ATG5 prevented H2O2-triggered death in SH-SY5Y cells. These indicated that trehalose could inhibit H2O2-induced autophagic death in SH-SY5Y cells. Further, we found that trehalose inhibited H2O2-induced AMPK activation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Moreover, inhibition of AMPK activation with compound C or alleviation of ER stress with chemical chaperone 4-PBA obviously attenuated H2O2-induced changes in autophagy-related proteins. Notably, we found that trehalose inhibited H2O2-induced increase of intracellular ROS and reduction in the activities of CAT and SOD. Consistently, our data revealed as well that mitigation of intracellular ROS levels with antioxidant NAC markedly attenuated H2O2-induced AMPK activation and ER stress. Therefore, we demonstrated in this study that trehalose prevented H2O2-induced autophagic death in SH-SY5Y cells via mitigation of ROS-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress and AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Helei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Pengfei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Research center of neuroscience, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Guangfan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jianmin Liang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Research center of neuroscience, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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17
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Delic NC, Lyons JG, Di Girolamo N, Halliday GM. Damaging Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Cornea. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:920-929. [PMID: 27935054 DOI: 10.1111/php.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cornea sits at the anterior aspect of the eye and, like the skin, is highly exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The cornea blocks a significant proportion of UVB from reaching the posterior structures of the eye. However, UVA can penetrate the full thickness of the cornea, even reaching the anterior portion of the lens. Epidemiological data indicate that UVR is a contributing factor for a multitude of diseases of the cornea including pterygium, photokeratitis, climatic droplet keratopathy and ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN), although the pathogenic mechanisms of each require further elucidation. UVR is a well-known genotoxic agent, and its effects have been well characterized in organs such as the skin. However, we are only beginning to identify its effects on the cornea, such as the UVR signature C → T and CC → TT transversions identified by sequencing and increased proliferative and shedding rates in response to UVR exposure. Alarmingly, a single low-dose exposure of UVR to the cornea is sufficient to elicit genetic, molecular and cellular changes, supporting the consideration of using protective measures, such as wearing sunglasses when outdoors. The aim of this review was to describe the adverse effects of UVR on the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Delic
- Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - J Guy Lyons
- Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Cancer Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nick Di Girolamo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary M Halliday
- Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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18
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Novel anti-inflammatory liposomal formulation for the pre-ocular tear film: In vitro and ex vivo functionality studies in corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2017; 154:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Paulino BN, Pessôa MG, Mano MCR, Molina G, Neri-Numa IA, Pastore GM. Current status in biotechnological production and applications of glycolipid biosurfactants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10265-10293. [PMID: 27844141 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biosurfactants are natural compounds with surface activity and emulsifying properties produced by several types of microorganisms and have been considered an interesting alternative to synthetic surfactants. Glycolipids are promising biosurfactants, due to low toxicity, biodegradability, and chemical stability in different conditions and also because they have many biological activities, allowing wide applications in different fields. In this review, we addressed general information about families of glycolipids, rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids, and trehalose lipids, describing their chemical and surface characteristics, recent studies using alternative substrates, and new strategies to improve of production, beyond their specificities. We focus in providing recent developments and trends in biotechnological process and medical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nicolau Paulino
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil.
| | - Marina Gabriel Pessôa
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Mario Cezar Rodrigues Mano
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Molina
- Institute of Science and Technology, Food Engineering, UFVJM, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Iramaia Angélica Neri-Numa
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Maria Pastore
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
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Ardan T, Němcová L, Bohuslavová B, Klezlová A, Popelka Š, Studenovská H, Hrnčiarová E, Čejková J, Motlík J. Reduced Levels of Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in UVB-Irradiated Corneal Epithelium. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 92:720-7. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taras Ardan
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Liběchov Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Němcová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Liběchov Czech Republic
| | - Božena Bohuslavová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Liběchov Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Klezlová
- Faculty Hospital Královské Vinohrady; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Popelka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Hana Studenovská
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Hrnčiarová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Liběchov Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Čejková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Motlík
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Liběchov Czech Republic
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Daull P, Feraille L, Elena PP, Garrigue JS. Comparison of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Artificial Tears in a Rat Model of Corneal Scraping. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:109-18. [PMID: 26751507 PMCID: PMC4779975 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Artificial tears (ATs) are used routinely to alleviate the symptoms of mild to moderate dry eye. Preservative-free cationic emulsions (eg, Cationorm(®)) are an innovative approach for the management of signs and symptoms of dry eye. The aim of the present exploratory experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of this cetalkonium chloride (CKC)-containing cationic emulsion on debrided cornea and to characterize its effects on scraping-induced inflammation. METHODS Four ATs were assessed in a rat model of corneal scraping. The upper part of the corneal epithelium was scraped before a 5-day treatment, followed by clinical evaluations and fluorescein staining to evaluate cornea recovery. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the ATs was assessed in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) revealed a trend toward better corneal clinical signs (lower IVCM scores) for the animals treated with the unpreserved ATs. Benzalkonium chloride treatment decreased goblet cell count by 37.5%. While the soft-preserved Systane Balance(®) and Optive(®) and the preservative-free Vismed(®) had no effect on the goblet cell count, Cationorm increased this count by almost 40%. Interestingly, inflammatory cell infiltration in the stroma was at its lowest following treatment with the preservative-free Cationorm. Cationorm is also the only AT decreasing IL6- and IL8-stimulated secretion by 59% and 74%, respectively. CONCLUSION By restoring an adequately hydrated ocular surface environment, the different ATs promote corneal epithelium healing. These data position Cationorm as a promising AT for the management of signs and symptoms of dry eye in patients with mild to moderate dry eye disease presenting chronic subclinical levels of ocular inflammation.
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22
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Oxidative stress to the cornea, changes in corneal optical properties, and advances in treatment of corneal oxidative injuries. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:591530. [PMID: 25861412 PMCID: PMC4377462 DOI: 10.1155/2015/591530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in many ocular diseases and injuries. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favour of oxidants (oxidative stress) leads to the damage and may be highly involved in ocular aging processes. The anterior eye segment and mainly the cornea are directly exposed to noxae of external environment, such as air pollution, radiation, cigarette smoke, vapors or gases from household cleaning products, chemical burns from splashes of industrial chemicals, and danger from potential oxidative damage evoked by them. Oxidative stress may initiate or develop ocular injury resulting in decreased visual acuity or even vision loss. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases with particular attention to oxidative stress in the cornea and changes in corneal optical properties are discussed. Advances in the treatment of corneal oxidative injuries or diseases are shown.
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Abstract
Anhydrobiosis (Life Without Water) has been known for millennia, but the underlying mechanisms have not been understood until recent decades, and we have achieved only a partial understanding. One of the chief sites of damage from dehydration is membranes, and we and others have provided evidence that this damage may be obviated by the production of certain sugars, particularly trehalose. The sugar stabilizes membranes by preventing fusion and fluidizing the dry bilayers. The mechanism by which this is accomplished has been controversial, and I review that controversy here. In the past decade evidence is accumulating for a role of stress proteins in addition to or as a substitute for trehalose. Genomic studies on anhydrobiotes are yielding rapid progress. Also in the past decade, numerous uses for trehalose in treating human diseases have been proposed, some of which are in clinical testing. I conclude that the mechanisms underlying anhydrobiosis are more complex than we thought 20 years ago, but progress is being made towards elucidating those mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Crowe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
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Protective effects of trehalose on the corneal epithelial cells. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:717835. [PMID: 25045743 PMCID: PMC4090450 DOI: 10.1155/2014/717835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of the trehalose on the corneal epithelium undergoing alcohol delamination. METHODS Twelve patients undergoing laser subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) were consecutively included in the study. The right eyes were pretreated with 3% trehalose eye drops, whilst left eyes were used as control. Epithelial specimens were processed for cells vitality assessment, apoptosis, and light and transmission electron microscopy; a morphometric analysis was performed in both groups. RESULTS In both trehalose-untreated eyes (TUE) and trehalose-treated eyes (TTE), the percentage of vital cells was similar and no apoptotic cells were observed. In TUE, the corneal epithelium showed superficial cells with reduced microfolds, wing cells with vesicles and dilated intercellular spaces, and dark basal cells with vesicles and wide clefts. In TTE, superficial and wing cells were better preserved, and basal cells were generally clear with intracytoplasmatic vesicles. The morphometric analysis showed statistically significant differences between the two groups: the TTE epithelial height was higher, the basal cells showed larger area and clearer cytoplasm. The distribution of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes was significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Trehalose administration better preserved morphological and morphometric features of alcohol-treated corneal epithelium, when compared to controls.
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Saccà SC, Izzotti A. Focus on molecular events in the anterior chamber leading to glaucoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2197-218. [PMID: 24142347 PMCID: PMC11113507 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma is a multifactorial disease that affects the retinal ganglion cells, but currently its therapy is to lower the eye pressure. This indicates a definite involvement of the trabecular meshwork, key region in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. This is the first target of glaucoma, and its functional complexity is a real challenge to search. Its functions are those to allow the outflow of aqueous humor and not the reflux. This article describes the morphological and functional changes that happen in anterior chamber. The "primus movens" is oxidative stress that affects trabecular meshwork, particularly its endothelial cells. In these develops a real mitochondriopaty. This leads to functional impotence, the trabecular meshwork altering both motility and cytoarchitecture. Its cells die by apoptosis, losing barrier functions and altering the aqueous humor outflow. All the morphological alterations occur that can be observed under a microscope. Intraocular pressure rises and the malfunctioning trabecular meshwork endotelial cells express proteins that completely alter the aqueous humor. This is a liquid whose functional proteomics complies with the conditions of the trabecular meshwork. Indeed, in glaucoma, it is possible detect the presence of proteins which testify to what occurs in the anterior chamber. There are six classes of proteins which confirm the vascular endothelium nature of the anterior chamber and are the result of the morphofunctional trabecular meshwork decay. It is possible that, all or in part, these proteins can be used as a signal to the posterior pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Claudio Saccà
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Head and Neck Pathologies, St Martino Hospital, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy,
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Miric DJ, Kisic BB, Zoric LD, Mitic RV, Miric BM, Dragojevic IM. Xanthine oxidase and lens oxidative stress markers in diabetic and senile cataract patients. J Diabetes Complications 2013; 27:171-6. [PMID: 23142692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XOD) is a prooxidant enzyme possibly implicated in diabetic lens injury and genesis of senile cataract (SC). We evaluated the impact of diabetes on XOD activity and its relationships with lens oxidative stress markers in patients operated on for SC. Serum and lens XOD activities, lens malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in 62 non-diabetic and 29 diabetic patients operated on for SC. Lens XOD, SOD, GPx and GSH levels were gradually declining, while MDA and serum XOD were increasing with patient's age. Lens XOD activity was positively correlated with conjugated dienes concentration (rho=0.316; p=0.003) while being inversely correlated with age (rho=-0.371; p<0.001), indicating that low ocular expression of XOD could be related to lower intensity of oxidative stress and delayed occurrence of SC. When samples were adjusted for confounding factors, serum XOD (p<0.001), lens XOD (p=0.003) and conjugated dienes (p=0.002) were significantly higher in diabetic than in non-diabetic group. Lens SOD and GPx were moderately increased while MDA and GSH were unchanged in diabetic, compared with non-diabetic SC group. Blood HbA1C concentration was positively correlated with lens XOD (rho=0.346; p<0.001) as well as serum XOD activity (rho=0.485; p<0.001). These results suggest that poor glycemic control may upregulate systemic and ocular XOD activities contributing to lens oxidative stress and possibly to earlier onset of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana J Miric
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia.
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Saccà SC, Roszkowska AM, Izzotti A. Environmental light and endogenous antioxidants as the main determinants of non-cancer ocular diseases. Mutat Res 2013; 752:153-171. [PMID: 23337404 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The human eye is constantly exposed to sunlight and artificial lighting. Exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as UV light, visible light, ionizing radiation, chemotherapeutics, and environmental toxins contribute to oxidative damage in ocular tissues. Long-term exposure to these insults places the aging eye at considerable risk for pathological consequences of oxidative stress. Furthermore, in eye tissues, mitochondria are an important endogenous source of ROS. Over time, all ocular structures, from the tear film to the retina, undergo oxidative stress, and therefore, the antioxidant defenses of each tissue assume the role of a safeguard against degenerative ocular pathologies. The ocular surface and cornea protect the other ocular tissues and are significantly exposed to oxidative stress of environmental origin. Overwhelming of antioxidant defenses in these tissues clinically manifests as pathologies including pterygium, corneal dystrophies, and endothelial Fuch's dystrophy. The crystalline lens is highly susceptible to oxidative damage in aging because its cells and their intracellular proteins are not turned over or replaced, thus providing the basis for cataractogenesis. The trabecular meshwork, which is the anterior chamber tissue devoted to aqueous humor drainage, has a particular susceptibility to mitochondrial oxidative injury that affects its endothelium and leads to an intraocular pressure increase that marks the beginning of glaucoma. Photo-oxidative stress can cause acute or chronic retinal damage. The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration involves oxidative stress and death of the retinal pigment epithelium followed by death of the overlying photoreceptors. Accordingly, converging evidence indicates that mutagenic mechanisms of environmental and endogenous sources play a fundamental pathogenic role in degenerative eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Saccà
- Department of Head/Neck Pathologies, St Martino Hospital, Ophthalmology unit, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Roszkowska
- Department of Specialized Surgery, University Hospital, Ophthalmology Unit, Messina, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, I-16132, Genoa, Italy.
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Endo Y, Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Azuma T, Irie K, Kasuyama K, Morita M. Preventive effects of trehalose on osteoclast differentiation in rat periodontitis model. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 40:33-40. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Endo
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Takaaki Tomofuji
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Daisuke Ekuni
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Tetsuji Azuma
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Koichiro Irie
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Kenta Kasuyama
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Manabu Morita
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
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Ardan T, Čejková J. Immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the rabbit corneal epithelium upon UVA and UVB irradiation. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:540-6. [PMID: 22075213 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes involved in tissue remodeling and wound healing. These enzymes degrade and also synthesize components of the extracellular matrix. Overexpression of MMPs results in excessive extracellular matrix degradation and tissue destruction. In the cornea, destructive processes may lead to scarring and loss of vision. In this study MMPs (types 1, 2, 7, 8, 9 and 14) were examined immunohistochemically in the normal rabbit corneal epithelium and in epithelium irradiated in vivo with similar doses of UVB or UVA radiation (UVB rays 312 nm, UVA rays 365 nm, daily dose 1.01 J/cm(2) for four days). Results show that MMPs studied revealed low expression in the normal corneal epithelium, whereas after repeated UVB irradiation the expression of MMPs was significantly increased in the corneal epithelium, in ascending order: MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-1, and MMP-7 with MMP-8. In contrast, compared to normal corneas, repeated UVA radiation did not significantly change the expression of MMPs in the irradiated corneal epithelium. MMP-14 was expressed at very low levels in all studied corneas, whereas no significant changes were detected upon UV exposure. In conclusion, UV radiation of shorter wavelength (UVB) induced an increase in expression of all MMPs except MMP-14. It is suggested that overexpression of MMPs in the corneal epithelium contributes to the damaging effect of UVB radiation to the cornea.
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