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Kupis M, Wawrzyniak ZM, Szaflik JP, Zaleska-Żmijewska A. Retinal Photoreceptors and Microvascular Changes in the Assessment of Diabetic Retinopathy Progression: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2513. [PMID: 37568876 PMCID: PMC10417253 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing global incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic retinopathy (DR) has become one of the leading causes of blindness in developed countries. DR leads to changes in retinal neurons and microcirculation. Rtx1TM (Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France) is a retinal camera that allows histological visualisations of cones and retinal microcirculation throughout the DM duration. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyse the cones and retinal microvascular changes in 50 diabetic individuals and 18 healthy volunteers. The patients participated in the initial visit and two follow-up appointments, one and two years after the study, beginning with Rtx1TM image acquisition, visual acuity assessment, macular OCT scans and blood measurements. RESULTS The study revealed significant differences in the cone density, mosaic arrangement and vascular morphology between healthy and diabetic patients. The final measurements showed decreased photoreceptor and microvascular parameters in the DR group compared with the control group. Furthermore, in the 2-year follow-up, both groups' Rtx1TM-acquired morphological changes were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Rtx1TM technology was successfully used as a non-invasive method of photoreceptors and retinal vasculature assessment over time in patients with diabetic retinopathy. The study revealed a trend toward more vascular morphological changes occurring over time in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kupis
- Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew M. Wawrzyniak
- Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek P. Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zaleska-Żmijewska
- Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Ichio A, Sugimoto M, Koike Y, Toiyama Y, Kondo M. Effects of Topical or Intravitreal Application of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on Density of Intestinal Blood Vessels of Mice. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040809. [PMID: 37109767 PMCID: PMC10143914 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has become the first-line treatment for diabetic macular edema. However, it is still not clear whether anti-VEGF agents act on systemic blood vessels. The aim of this study is to determine whether a direct topical application or intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF will change the intestinal blood vessels of mice. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice were laparotomied under deep anesthesia, and the blood vessels on the surface of the intestines were exposed, examined, and photographed through a dissecting microscope. Vascular changes were evaluated before and at 1, 5, and 15 min after the topical application of 50 µL of the different anti-VEGF agents onto the surface of the intestine (group S) or after the intravitreal injection (group V). The vascular density (VD) was determined for five mice in each group before and after 40 μg/μL of aflibercept (Af), or 25 μg/μL of bevacizumab (Be), or 10 μg/μL of ranibizumab (Ra) were applied. Endothelin-1 (ET1), a potent vasoconstrictor, was used as a positive control, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used as a control. Results: For group S, no significant changes were observed after PBS (baseline, 1, 5, and 15 min: 46.3, 44.5, 44.8, and 43.2%), Be (46.1, 46.7, 46.7, and 46.3%), Ra (44.7, 45.0, 44.7, and 45.6%), and Af (46.5, 46.2, 45.9, and 46.1%, repeated ANOVA) were applied topically. Significant decreases in the VD were observed after ET1 (46.7, 28.1, 32.1, and 34.0%, p < 0.05) was topically applied. For group V, no significant differences were observed for all anti-VEGF agents. Conclusions: The topical application or intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents do not cause a change in the VD of the intestinal vessels, which may be related to its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masahiko Sugimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yuhki Koike
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yuji Toiyama
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
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Bakri SJ, Malhotra M, Stoilov I. Course of Diabetic Retinopathy in Untreated Fellow Eyes in RIDE and RISE: A Post Hoc Analysis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2022; 53:202-207. [PMID: 35417296 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20220311-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To characterize diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression without therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS This post hoc analysis of the phase 3 RIDE and RISE trials examined the association between baseline DR severity on rates of ≥ 2-step DR progression and improvement in untreated fellow eyes (n = 530) and ranibizumab-treated study eyes (n = 369). Kaplan-Meier analyses estimated progression to proliferative DR (PDR) over 2 years in eyes with nonproliferative DR (NPDR) at baseline. RESULTS At month 24, 28.8% of untreated fellow eyes with moderately severe to severe NPDR at baseline experienced ≥ 2-step DR progression, versus 10.3% of eyes with absent to moderate NPDR and 0 eyes with mild- to high-risk proliferative DR. Of the untreated fellow eyes with moderately severe to severe NPDR, 18.9% achieved ≥ 2-step DR improvement, compared with 88.4% of ranibizumab-treated eyes. CONCLUSION Without treatment, patients with moderately severe to severe NPDR are at risk of rapid disease progression and vision loss. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2022;53(4):202-207.].
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Association of changes of retinal vessels diameter with ocular blood flow in eyes with diabetic retinopathy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4653. [PMID: 33633255 PMCID: PMC7907275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated morphological changes of retinal arteries to determine their association with the blood flow and systemic variables in type 2 diabetes patients. The patients included 47 non-diabetic retinopathy eyes, 36 mild or moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (M-NPDR) eyes, 22 severe NPDR (S-NPDR) eyes, 32 PDR eyes, and 24 normal eyes as controls. The mean wall to lumen ratio (WLR) measured by adaptive optics camera was significantly higher in the PDR groups than in all of the other groups (all P < 0.001). However, the external diameter of the retinal vessels was not significantly different among the groups. The mean blur rate (MBR)-vessel determined by laser speckle flowgraphy was significantly lower in the PDR group than in the other groups (P < 0.001). The WLR was correlated with MBR-vessel (r = − 0.337, P < 0.001), duration of disease (r = 0.191, P = 0.042), stage of DM (r = 0.643, P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.166, P < 0.037), and presence of systemic hypertension (r = 0.443, P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that MBR-vessel (β = − 0.389, P < 0.001), presence of systemic hypertension (β = 0.334, P = 0.001), and LDL (β = 0.199, P = 0.045) were independent factors significantly associated with the WLR. The increased retinal vessel wall thickness led to a narrowing of lumen diameter and a decrease in the blood flow in the PDR group.
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Toto L, Evangelista F, Viggiano P, Erroi E, D'Onofrio G, Libertini D, Porreca A, D'Aloisio R, Mariacristina P, Di Antonio L, Di Nicola M, Mastropasqua R. Changes in Ocular Blood Flow after Ranibizumab Intravitreal Injection for Diabetic Macular Edema Measured Using Laser Speckle Flowgraphy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9496242. [PMID: 32104710 PMCID: PMC7035512 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9496242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) treatment on the blood flow of the optic nerve head (ONH) and of retinal vessels of the peripapillary region of eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) assessed using laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG). METHODS Forty eyes of 30 patients treated with IVR for DME were included in this prospective clinical study. Mean blur rate (MBR) and relative flow volume (RFV) of the ONH and of a superior retinal artery and an inferior retinal vein of the peripapillary region were measured using LSFG at baseline, 2 weeks (T1), and 1 month (T2) after IVR injection. In addition, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) were measured in all cases. RESULTS The BCVA improved and CRT decreased significantly during the follow-up period (p < 0.010). MBR-related parameters of the ONH such as MBR of all area (MA), MBR of vascular area (MV), and MBR of tissue area (MT) decreased significantly at 2 weeks after IVR compared to baseline values (MA, p < 0.010). MBR-related parameters of the ONH such as MBR of all area (MA), MBR of vascular area (MV), and MBR of tissue area (MT) decreased significantly at 2 weeks after IVR compared to baseline values (MA, p < 0.010). MBR-related parameters of the ONH such as MBR of all area (MA), MBR of vascular area (MV), and MBR of tissue area (MT) decreased significantly at 2 weeks after IVR compared to baseline values (MA, p < 0.010). MBR-related parameters of the ONH such as MBR of all area (MA), MBR of vascular area (MV), and MBR of tissue area (MT) decreased significantly at 2 weeks after IVR compared to baseline values (MA, p < 0.010). MBR-related parameters of the ONH such as MBR of all area (MA), MBR of vascular area (MV), and MBR of tissue area (MT) decreased significantly at 2 weeks after IVR compared to baseline values (MA, p < 0.010). MBR-related parameters of the ONH such as MBR of all area (MA), MBR of vascular area (MV), and MBR of tissue area (MT) decreased significantly at 2 weeks after IVR compared to baseline values (MA, p < 0.010). MBR-related parameters of the ONH such as MBR of all area (MA), MBR of vascular area (MV), and MBR of tissue area (MT) decreased significantly at 2 weeks after IVR compared to baseline values (MA, p < 0.010). MBR-related parameters of the ONH such as MBR of all area (MA), MBR of vascular area (MV), and MBR of tissue area (MT) decreased significantly at 2 weeks after IVR compared to baseline values (MA, p < 0.010). MBR-related parameters of the ONH such as MBR of all area (MA), MBR of vascular area (MV), and MBR of tissue area (MT) decreased significantly at 2 weeks after IVR compared to baseline values (MA. CONCLUSION IVR injection leads to a reduction of ocular blood flow both in the ONH and in the retinal peripapillary vessels associated with peripapillary vessel constriction. The reduction of CRT and related improvement of vision may be related to the changes in ocular blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Toto
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Federica Evangelista
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Pasquale Viggiano
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Erroi
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Giada D'Onofrio
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Daniele Libertini
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Annamaria Porreca
- Department of Economic Studies, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Rossella D'Aloisio
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | | | - Luca Di Antonio
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Biostatistics, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Via dei Vestini 31, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Mastropasqua
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Mursch‐Edlmayr AS, Luft N, Podkowinski D, Ring M, Schmetterer L, Bolz M. Short-term effect on the ocular circulation induced by unilateral intravitreal injection of aflibercept in age-related maculopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:e927-e932. [PMID: 30916896 PMCID: PMC6767431 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Intravitreal injection of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) is the standard treatment for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). As VEGF is a physiological key player for regulating retinal vascular tone, questions have been raised whether the application of anti‐VEGF could induce alterations in ocular perfusion. Methods The study included 20 eyes from 20 Caucasian patients with unilateral neovascular AMD and 20 fellow eyes. All eyes were treated with standard intravitreal injection of aflibercept (IVA). Measurements of blood flow at the optic nerve head (ONH) and the choroid were performed with laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG). The intraocular pressure (IOP), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) were analysed. Measurements were performed at baseline and repeated immediately after the injection and 30 and 45 min later. Results Mean time between injection of aflibercept and first follow‐up was 8:56 ± 4:25 min. The injection led to significant rise in IOP. In the injected eyes, mean blur rate (MBR, i.e. a relative measure of perfusion and the main outcome parameter of LSFG) within the major vessels of the ONH as well as at the entire ONH region decreased significantly (p < 0.001). No change in MBR was observed in the fellow eye. Choroidal blood flow was maintained stable in both eyes. Conclusion Intravitreal injection of aflibercept (IVA) led to a short‐term reduction in perfusion only in the treated eye. This was independent from IOP, indicating a direct pharmacological effect. No changes in choroidal perfusion were observed during the first 45 min after the injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolaus Luft
- University Eye Hospital Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich Germany
| | - Dominika Podkowinski
- Department for Ophthalmology Kepler University Hospital Johannes Kepler University Linz Austria
| | - Michael Ring
- Department for Ophthalmology Kepler University Hospital Johannes Kepler University Linz Austria
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program Duke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Matthias Bolz
- Department for Ophthalmology Kepler University Hospital Johannes Kepler University Linz Austria
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Expression of vascular infarction-related molecules after anti-vascular endothelium growth factor treatment for diabetic macular edema. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12373. [PMID: 31451777 PMCID: PMC6710265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether an intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) affects the vascular infarction-related molecules (VIRMs). Nineteen eyes with DME were treated with 0.5 mg of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR), and 22 eyes with DME were treated with 2 mg of intravitreal aflibercept (IVA). Blood was collected before, 1 week and 1 month after the injections. Aqueous humor was collected before and 1 month after the injections. The concentration of the VIRMs (cardiac myoglobin, cardiac troponin, intercellular adhesion molecule, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, matrix metalloproteinase-8, placental growth factor [PlGF], tenascin-C, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, thrombospondin-2, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and VEGF) were determined by the multiplex assay. After the single injection of both types of anti-VEGF agents, the concentration of aqueous VEGF decreased significantly (P < 0.01). The plasma VEGF was reduced significantly at 1 week after the IVA (93.7 ± 17.6 to 39.5 ± 11.6 pg/ml; P < 0.01) but no significant change was seen after IVR (120.2 ± 11.3 to 137.4 ± 17.7 pg/ml). No significant changes were detected for the other VIRMs in the plasma and aqueous. A single intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF for DME does not significantly affect the concentration of several VIRMs.
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Mursch-Edlmayr AS, Luft N, Podkowinski D, Ring M, Schmetterer L, Bolz M. Effects of three intravitreal injections of aflibercept on the ocular circulation in eyes with age-related maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 104:53-57. [PMID: 30979731 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-313919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate changes in ocular perfusion following three consecutive intravitreal injections with aflibercept for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS The study included 20 eyes from 20 Caucasian patients with unilateral nAMD and 20 fellow eyes. All nAMD eyes were treated with standard intravitreal injection of aflibercept (IVA; 2 mg). Measurements of ocular perfusion at the optic nerve head (ONH) and the choroid were performed with laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG). Measurements were conducted at baseline, 1 week after the first injection, at the time point of the second and third injection as well as 1 month after the third injection. RESULTS In treated eyes, mean blur rate (the main output parameter of LSFG) in the ONH microvasculature and in the choroid was significantly reduced 1 week after the first IVA treatment. The effect persisted throughout the entire follow-up period (p<0.001). No change in ocular perfusion was observed in fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS IVA for treatment of nAMD leads to a reduction in perfusion of the ONH and the choroid in the treated eye with no apparent effect on the fellow eye.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolaus Luft
- Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Ring
- Ophthalmology, Center for Medical Research, Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Ocular Imaging, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthias Bolz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
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Dong YR, Huang SW, Cui JZ, Yoshitomi T. Effects of brinzolamide on rabbit ocular blood flow in vivo and ex vivo. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:719-725. [PMID: 29862168 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.05.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate if significant improvement of optic disc blood flow (ODBF) occurs after instillation of brinzolamide onto rabbit eyes. METHODS Testing of bilateral intraocular pressure (IOP) and left ODBF in 10 male rabbits took place every 3h over a 24h period. Brinzolamide (1% ophthalmic solution, two drops at 9:00 and 21:00) was administered to the left eye. ODBF, assessed using laser speckle flowgraphy, was determined as the mean blur rate (MBR). Furthermore, the effect of brinzolamide on isolated rabbit ciliary arteries using isometric tension recording system was performed. RESULTS After brinzolamide instillation, IOP was significantly decreased in the left eye. MBR-vessel was greater at 18:00 and 21:00 (P<0.05) than in the controls. MBR-tissue and MBR-average were greater at 18:00 (P<0.05) than in the controls. For isolated arteries pre-contracted with a high-K solution, brinzolamide induced concentration-dependent relaxation, reaching 46.1%±9% (n=21) at 1 mmol/L. In Ca2+-free solutions, incubation with brinzolamide suppressed 1 µmol/L histamine-induced contractions (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Brinzolamide decreases IOP and increases ocular blood flow. The direct vasodilatory effect of brizolamide is mediated by suppression of Ca2+ release from intracellular calcium stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Shi-Wei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ji-Zhe Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Takeshi Yoshitomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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