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Maslov LN, Naryzhnaya NV, Sirotina M, Mukhomedzyanov AV, Kurbatov BK, Boshchenko AA, Ma H, Zhang Y, Fu F, Pei J, Azev VN, Pereverzev VA. Do reactive oxygen species damage or protect the heart in ischemia and reperfusion? Analysis on experimental and clinical data. J Biomed Res 2023; 37:268-280. [PMID: 37503710 PMCID: PMC10387750 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ischemic and reperfusion (I/R) injury of the heart has been discussed for more than 40 years. It has been demonstrated that reperfusion triggers a multiple increase in free radical generation in the isolated heart. Antioxidants were found to have the ability to mitigate I/R injury of the heart. However, it is unclear whether their cardioprotective effect truly depends on the decrease of ROS levels in myocardial tissues. Since high doses and high concentrations of antioxidants were experimentally used, it is highly likely that the cardioprotective effect of antioxidants depends on their interaction not only with free radicals but also with other molecules. It has been demonstrated that the antioxidant N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine or NDPH oxidase knockout abolished the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. Consequently, there is evidence that ROS protect the heart against the I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid N Maslov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Natalia V Naryzhnaya
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Maria Sirotina
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Mukhomedzyanov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Boris K Kurbatov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Alla A Boshchenko
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Huijie Ma
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Feng Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jianming Pei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Viacheslav N Azev
- The Branch of the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Oblast 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Pereverzev
- Department of Normal Physiology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk 220083, Belarus
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2
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Kim J, Chun J, Ahn M, Jung K, Moon C, Shin T. Blood-retina barrier dysfunction in experimental autoimmune uveitis: the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Anat Cell Biol 2022; 55:20-27. [PMID: 35354673 PMCID: PMC8968224 DOI: 10.5115/acb.21.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), an animal model of human uveitis, is characterized by infiltration of autoimmune T cells in the uvea as well as in the retina of susceptible animals. EAU is induced by the immunization of uveitogenic antigens, including either retinal soluble-antigen or interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding proteins, in Lewis rats. The pathogenesis of EAU in rats involves the proliferation of autoimmune T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, primarily in the uvea and retina, finally inducing visual dysfunction. In this review, we describe recent EAU studies to facilitate the design of a therapeutic strategy through the interruption of uveitogenic factors during the course of EAU, which will be helpful for controlling human uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jiyoon Chun
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Mandell KJ, Clark D, Chu DS, Foster CS, Sheppard J, Brady TC. Randomized Phase 2 Trial of Reproxalap, a Novel Reactive Aldehyde Species Inhibitor, in Patients with Noninfectious Anterior Uveitis: Model for Corticosteroid Replacement. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 36:732-739. [PMID: 32955967 PMCID: PMC7757619 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Topical corticosteroids used to treat ocular inflammation are associated with a high risk of clinically significant toxicities. Therefore, corticosteroid-sparing medications to treat ocular inflammation are needed. Noninfectious anterior uveitis (NAU) is a sight-threatening ocular inflammatory condition typically treated with topical corticosteroids. This corticosteroid-controlled comparator trial examines the safety and efficacy of reproxalap, a novel inhibitor of reactive aldehyde species (RASP), for the treatment of ocular inflammation, by using NAU as a model. Methods: Forty-five patients with mild-to-moderate acute NAU were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to receive reproxalap 0.5% ophthalmic solution (4 times daily for 6 weeks), prednisolone 1% ophthalmic solution (Pred Forte®, 4 times daily taper for 6 weeks), or a combination of reproxalap 0.5% ophthalmic solution (4 times daily for 6 weeks) and prednisolone 1% ophthalmic solution (twice daily taper for 6 weeks). Results: All treatments improved anterior cell count and grade, and no differences were observed in change from baseline between groups. Reproxalap monotherapy and combination therapy were statistically noninferior to prednisolone. The proportion of patients requiring rescue therapy was comparable across treatment groups. No safety issues were identified for reproxalap-treated patients, whereas treatment with prednisolone resulted in an average increase of intraocular pressure of ∼2 mm Hg. Conclusions: Reproxalap may be a safe and effective alternative to topical corticosteroids for patients with NAU and other forms of ocular inflammation. These results represent initial clinical evidence of the importance of RASP in ocular inflammation and the applicability of RASP inhibition to immune modulation in ocular disease. Clinical trial (NCT02406209).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Clark
- Aldeyra Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David S. Chu
- Metropolitan Eye Research and Surgery Institute, Palisades Park, New Jersey, USA
| | - C. Stephen Foster
- Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Todd C. Brady
- Aldeyra Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Pasovic L, Utheim TP, Reppe S, Khan AZ, Jackson CJ, Thiede B, Berg JP, Messelt EB, Eidet JR. Improvement of Storage Medium for Cultured Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Using Factorial Design. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5688. [PMID: 29632395 PMCID: PMC5890280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Storage of human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) can contribute to the advancement of cell-based RPE replacement therapies. The present study aimed to improve the quality of stored hRPE cultures by identifying storage medium additives that, alone or in combination, contribute to enhancing cell viability while preserving morphology and phenotype. hRPE cells were cultured in the presence of the silk protein sericin until pigmentation. Cells were then stored for 10 days in storage medium plus sericin and either one of 46 different additives. Individual effects of each additive on cell viability were assessed using epifluorescence microscopy. Factorial design identified promising additive combinations by extrapolating their individual effects. Supplementing the storage medium with sericin combined with adenosine, L-ascorbic acid and allopurinol resulted in the highest cell viability (98.6 ± 0.5%) after storage for three days, as measured by epifluorescence microscopy. Flow cytometry validated the findings. Proteomics identified 61 upregulated and 65 downregulated proteins in this storage group compared to the unstored control. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of melanosomes after storage in the optimized medium. We conclude that the combination of adenosine, L-ascorbic acid, allopurinol and sericin in minimal essential medium preserves RPE pigmentation while maintaining cell viability during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pasovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - T P Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Reppe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Z Khan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - C J Jackson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J P Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - E B Messelt
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J R Eidet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Kuiper JJW, Rothova A, Schellekens PAW, Ossewaarde-van Norel A, Bloem AC, Mutis T. Detection of choroid- and retina-antigen reactive CD8(+) and CD4(+) T lymphocytes in the vitreous fluid of patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:570-7. [PMID: 24530754 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR), a progressive form of non-infectious uveitis, is the strongest HLA-associated disease described to date, with >95% of the patients displaying HLA-A29. Since indirect evidence indicates the involvement of T cells in the etiopathology of the disease, we now isolated, cultured and analyzed the vitreous fluid-infiltrating T cells from two BSCR patients with respect to their phenotype, cytokine profile, clonal distribution and antigen specificity. Phenotypic analyses revealed the predominant presence of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in vitreous fluid. Further analyses on short term expanded and cloned T cells suggested that eye-infiltrating T cells generally displayed a Th1 like cytokine profile with secretion of high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α. In one patient an oligoclonal CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell infiltration, with a moderate to strongly skewed TCR Vβ usage was suggestive for an antigen driven infiltration/expansion. Indeed, a number of intraocular CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells responded to crude retinal and choroidal lysates. These results, which demonstrate for the first time the existence of eye-antigen-specific T cells in the vitreous fluid of BSCR patients, substantiate the current view on the role of eye-antigen specific T cells in the etiopathology of BSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J W Kuiper
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry & Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Aniki Rothova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 50-60, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A W Schellekens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Ossewaarde-van Norel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andries C Bloem
- Department of Medical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Adibkia K, Omidi Y, Siahi MR, Javadzadeh AR, Barzegar-Jalali M, Barar J, Maleki N, Mohammadi G, Nokhodchi A. Inhibition of Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis by Methylprednisolone Acetate Nanosuspension in Rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007; 23:421-32. [PMID: 17900230 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2007.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, nanoformulations of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) were formulated by using a copolymer of poly(ethylacrylate, methyl-methacrylate and chlorotrimethyl-ammonioethyl methacrylate) to study their impacts on the inhibition of inflammatory symptoms in rabbits with endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU). METHODS A modified quasiemulsion solvent diffusion technique was used for the preparation of the nanoparticles. The drug-release profiles and physicochemical characteristics of the nanoformulations were studied by means of X-ray crystallography, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Particle-size analysis yielded mean diameters of approximately 380, 460, and 580 (nm) for copolymer nanoparticles at the ratios of 1:2.5, 1:5, and 1:10, respectively. Major clinical symptoms of EIU (e.g., morphologic changes, leukocytes numbers, and protein levels within the aqueous humor) were examined. RESULTS Upon the physicochemical characterizations, no crystal changes or chemical interactions were observed for the copolymer nanoparticles. The 1:2.5 ratio of drug polymer resulted in the most controlled release of MPA. The in vivo examinations revealed that the endotoxin-induced inflammation can be inhibited by the copolymer nanosuspension more significantly than by the microsuspension of MPA itself in the rabbits with EIU. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, we suggest that the copolymer nanosuspension may favor the localized, controlled ocular delivery of MPA for the prevention of inflammatory symptoms in ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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7
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Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C. Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:87-114. [PMID: 16507884 PMCID: PMC2233605 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 791] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prototypical xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor allopurinol, has been the cornerstone of the clinical management of gout and conditions associated with hyperuricemia for several decades. More recent data indicate that XO also plays an important role in various forms of ischemic and other types of tissue and vascular injuries, inflammatory diseases, and chronic heart failure. Allopurinol and its active metabolite oxypurinol showed considerable promise in the treatment of these conditions both in experimental animals and in small-scale human clinical trials. Although some of the beneficial effects of these compounds may be unrelated to the inhibition of the XO, the encouraging findings rekindled significant interest in the development of additional, novel series of XO inhibitors for various therapeutic indications. Here we present a critical overview of the effects of XO inhibitors in various pathophysiological conditions and also review the various emerging therapeutic strategies offered by this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Aabuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane MSC 9413, Room 2N-17, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9413, USA.
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8
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Namazi MR. Cannabinoids, loratadine and allopurinol as novel additions to the antipsoriatic ammunition. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005; 19:319-22. [PMID: 15857457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.01184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As the current antipsoriatic medications are commonly associated with deleterious side-effects, a determined search for safer agents, which could be used alone or in combination with current antipsoriatic drugs, would be very imperative. Psoriasis is believed to be characterized by a type 1 cytokine pattern; interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are predominantly expressed in this disorder. Nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, histamine, leukotriene B4, and decreased [corrected] keratinocyte cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cAMP/cGMP) ratio are supposed to play roles in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Based on the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis, this paper introduces three novel, potential treatments for this clinical conundrum: (i) cannabinoids, which exert inhibitory effects on antigen processing and macrophage/T-cell interaction and also on the release of IL-2, TNF-alpha and nitric oxide from immune cells; (ii) loratadine, which is an antihistamine capable of increasing [corrected] the cAMP/cGMP ratio and the production of leukotriene B4; and (iii) allopurinol, which scavenges free radicals, inhibits the production of TNF-alpha, and downregulates the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and P2X7 receptors on monocytes/macrophages, which are involved in antigen presentation and production of the inflammatory response, respectively. Importantly, allopurinol, especially in combination with cyclosporin, has been shown to be effective against experimental autoimmune uveitis, which, like psoriasis, is a cell-mediated autoimmune disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Namazi
- Dermatology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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9
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Namazi MR. Cetirizine and allopurinol as novel weapons against cellular autoimmune disorders. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:349-53. [PMID: 15037212 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Revised: 01/18/2004] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Type 1, or cellular, immune response is characterized by overproduction of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-2 and IL-8 and is the underlying immune mechanism of psoriasis, alopecia areata, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Type 2 immune response is seen in antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. Based on the pharmacokinetic effects of cetirizine and allopurinol, this paper introduces these two safe and inexpensive drugs as novel potential agents against cell-mediated autoimmune disorders. Cetirizine, supposed to inhibit DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B, inhibits the expression of adhesion molecules on immunocytes and endothelial cells and the production of IL-8 and LTB4, two potent chemoattractants, by immune cells. It induces the release of PGE2, a suppressor of antigen presentation and MHC class II expression, from monocyte/macrophages and reduces the number of tryptase positive mast cells in inflammation sites. Tryptase is a chemoattractant, generates kinins from kininogen, activates mast cells, triggers maturation of dendritic cells and stimulates the release of IL-8 from endothelial cells and the production of Th1 lymphokines by mononuclear immunocytes. Allopurinol is a free radical scavenger, suppresses the production of TNF-alpha and downregulates the expression of ICAM-1 and P2X(7) receptors on monocyte/macrophages. ICAM-1 serves as a ligand for LFA-1 (on T lymphocytes), allowing proper antigen presentation. P2X(7) receptors are thought to be involved in IL-1beta release, mitogenic stimulation of T lymphocytes and the probable cytoplasmic communication between macrophages and lymphocytes at inflammation sites. Allopurinol was markedly more effective than prednisolone in treating experimental autoimmune uveitis and in combination with cyclosporine suppressed the inflammatory reaction of this condition more effectively than either agent alone. As allopurinol is a competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase and decreases serum levels of uric acid, which is protective against multiple sclerosis, it should preferably be coadministered with uric acid precursors in the treatment of this condition. Cetirizine and allopurinol may prove of benefit in the treatment of various cellular autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Namazi
- Dermatology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71955-687 Shiraz, Iran.
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10
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Namazi MR. Possible molecular mechanisms to account for the efficacy of allopurinol against experimental autoimmune uveitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:161-2. [PMID: 14975372 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Revised: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Barros PSM, Padovani CF, Silva VV, Queiroz L, Barros SBM. Antioxidant status of dog aqueous humor after extracapsular lens extraction. Braz J Med Biol Res 2003; 36:1491-4. [PMID: 14576904 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2003001100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the antioxidant status of the aqueous humor after extracapsular lens extraction in 14 mongrel dogs weighing about 10 kg. The animals were examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy, applanation tonometry and indirect ophthalmoscopy. One eye was submitted to conventional extracapsular lens extraction and the other was used as control. Samples of aqueous humor were obtained by anterior chamber paracentesis before and at days 1, 2, 3, 7 and 15 after surgery. Total antioxidant status was determined as the capacity of aqueous humor to inhibit free radical generation by 2,2-azobis(2-amidopropane) chlorine. Ascorbic acid concentration was measured by HPLC with UV detection. Protein content was determined with the biuret reagent. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer test. Protein concentration increased from 0.61 to 22 mg/ml 24 h after surgery. These levels were maintained and returned to normal at day 7. Total antioxidant capacity was reduced from 50 to about 30 min until day 3 and at day 7 it was equal to control. Ascorbic acid levels were reduced from 252 to about 110 microM and then returned to control values at day 15. Considering the importance of ascorbic acid concentration in aqueous humor for the maintenance of the antioxidant status of the anterior segment of the eye, the decrease of antioxidant defenses suggests that the surgical procedures promote an oxidative stress condition in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S M Barros
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Grus FH, Augustin AJ, Loeffler K, Lutz J, Pfeiffer N. Immunological effects of allopurinol in the treatment of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) after onset of the disease. Eur J Ophthalmol 2003; 13:185-91. [PMID: 12696638 DOI: 10.1177/112067210301300210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Allopurinol reduces oxidative tissue damage and exerts immunomodulating effects in the treatment of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). However, the mechanism of the immunologic pathway remains unclear. In previous studies, treatment was started at the time of immunization. Therefore, whether allopurinol prevents the onset of the disease (i.e., acts in a protective manner) is not known. METHODS Sixteen male Lewis rats were used: 6 EAU without therapy [control]; 4 EAU with allopurinol treatment starting 7 days after immunization [AL7]; and 6 EAU with allopurinol treatment starting 11 days after immunization [AL11]. Their sera were tested against Western blots of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of retinal proteins. Based on digital image analysis, analysis of discriminance was done. RESULTS There were significant immunomodulating effects in both therapy groups (Wilks' lambda 0.001, P < 0.008) compared to controls. However, the effects were more pronounced in the AL7 group, where peak intensities and the number of peaks were markedly more reduced. CONCLUSIONS Immunomodulating effects of allopurinol can be detected even if the therapy starts after the onset of the disease. Thus allopurinol strongly influences the immunologic mechanism in this model of autoimmune disease. In view of its minimal side effects, the drug could be a promising alternative for the therapy and prophylaxis of uveitis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Grus
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Sekundo W, Augustin AJ. Differences in the composition of inflammatory cell infiltrate in lens-induced uveitis under therapy with allopurinol or steroids. Eur J Ophthalmol 2001; 11:264-8. [PMID: 11681506 DOI: 10.1177/112067210101100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the qualitative changes in the composition of inflammatory cell infiltrate in lens-induced uveitis (LIU) under treatment with allopurinol (Allo), methylprednisolone (Pred) or the two drugs combined (Allo/Pred). METHODS Twenty male Wistar rats were sensitized with lens proteins for eight weeks. Intravenous (IV) therapy was started after anterior capsule disruption in one eye of each animal. Five rats were randomly assigned to each of the four groups: controls, Allo (50 mg/kg bw), Pred (7.5 mg/kg bw) and Allo/Pred (50 mg/7.5 mg per kg bw). Eyes were enucleated 24 hours later and fixed in paraformaldehyde/glutaraldehyde. Sections at three levels were stained with Giemsa and examined using a 0 to 4+ score for each type of inflammatory cell. Granulocytes were seen as neutrophils and eosinophils. Neutrophils were divided into polymorphs and "others", and graded with lymphocytes. RESULTS In all therapy groups there was a significant reduction of polymorphs (p<0.05) in comparison to the control group. There was also a significant reduction in lymphocytes (p<0.05) in the Pred and Allo/Pred groups as compared to the control group and the Allo group. CONCLUSIONS Single-dose IV allopurinol significantly reduced the overall number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in LIU. Unlike methylprednisolone, allopurinol did not have any significant impact on lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sekundo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Marburg, Germany.
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14
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Grus FH, Augustin AJ, Loeffler K, Dick B, Lutz J, Pfeiffer N. Allopurinol has immunomodulating activity following topical and systemic application in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 2001; 11:252-60. [PMID: 11681504 DOI: 10.1177/112067210101100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Allopurinol has beneficial effects in the systemic treatment of lens-induced uveitis and experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). This is believed to be due to a reduction of oxidative tissue damage through its dose-dependent free radical scavenging ability, and to an immunomodulating effect. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the immunological effects on the IgG-antibody repertoire in EAU after topical and systemic allopurinol and steroids. METHODS We assigned 43 male Lewis rats to 6 different groups: healthy rats (BASE, n=3)
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Grus
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Mainz, Germany.
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