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Shapiro IM, Risbud MV, Landis WJ. Toward understanding the cellular control of vertebrate mineralization: The potential role of mitochondria. Bone 2024; 185:117112. [PMID: 38697384 PMCID: PMC11251007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
This review examines the possible role of mitochondria in maintaining calcium and phosphate ion homeostasis and participating in the mineralization of bone, cartilage and other vertebrate hard tissues. The paper builds on the known structural features of mitochondria and the documented observations in these tissues that the organelles contain calcium phosphate granules. Such deposits in mitochondria putatively form to buffer excessively high cytosolic calcium ion concentrations and prevent metabolic deficits and even cell death. While mitochondria protect cytosolic enzyme systems through this buffering capacity, the accumulation of calcium ions by mitochondria promotes the activity of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA/Krebs) cycle, increases oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis, and leads to changes in intramitochondrial pH. These pH alterations influence ion solubility and possibly the transitions and composition in the mineral phase structure of the granules. Based on these considerations, mitochondria are proposed to support the mineralization process by providing a mobile store of calcium and phosphate ions, in smaller cluster or larger granule form, while maintaining critical cellular activities. The rise in the mitochondrial calcium level also increases the generation of citrate and other TCA cycle intermediates that contribute to cell function and the development of extracellular mineral. This paper suggests that another key role of the mitochondrion, along with the effects just noted, is to supply phosphate ions, derived from the breakdown of ATP, to endolysosomes and autophagic vesicles originating in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi and at the plasma membrane. These many separate but interdependent mitochondrial functions emphasize the critical importance of this organelle in the cellular control of vertebrate mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - William J Landis
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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2
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Zhang Y, Ma S, Nie J, Liu Z, Chen F, Li A, Pei D. Journey of Mineral Precursors in Bone Mineralization: Evolution and Inspiration for Biomimetic Design. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2207951. [PMID: 37621037 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Bone mineralization is a ubiquitous process among vertebrates that involves a dynamic physical/chemical interplay between the organic and inorganic components of bone tissues. It is now well documented that carbonated apatite, an inorganic component of bone, is proceeded through transient amorphous mineral precursors that transforms into the crystalline mineral phase. Here, the evolution on mineral precursors from their sources to the terminus in the bone mineralization process is reviewed. How organisms tightly control each step of mineralization to drive the formation, stabilization, and phase transformation of amorphous mineral precursors in the right place, at the right time, and rate are highlighted. The paradigm shifts in biomineralization and biomaterial design strategies are intertwined, which promotes breakthroughs in biomineralization-inspired material. The design principles and implementation methods of mineral precursor-based biomaterials in bone graft materials such as implant coatings, bone cements, hydrogels, and nanoparticles are detailed in the present manuscript. The biologically controlled mineralization mechanisms will hold promise for overcoming the barriers to the application of biomineralization-inspired biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shaoyang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiaming Nie
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhongbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Faming Chen
- School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Dandan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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3
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Tang C, Wei Y, Gu L, Zhang Q, Li M, Yuan G, He Y, Huang L, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Biomineral Precursor Formation Is Initiated by Transporting Calcium and Phosphorus Clusters from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to Mitochondria. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902536. [PMID: 32328413 PMCID: PMC7175271 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mineral granules in the mitochondria of bone-forming cells are thought to be the origin of biomineral precursors, which are transported to extracellular matrices to initiate cell-mediated biomineralization. However, no evidence has revealed how mitochondrial granules form. This study indicates that mitochondrial granules are initiated by transporting calcium and phosphorus clusters from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mitochondria based on detailed observations of the continuous process of mouse parietal bone development as well as in vitro biomineralization in bone-forming cells. Nanosized biomineral precursors (≈30 nm in diameter), which originate from mitochondrial granules, initiate intrafibrillar mineralization of collagen as early as embryonic day 14.5. Both in vivo and in vitro studies further reveal that formation of mitochondrial granules is induced by the ER. Elevated levels of intracellular calcium or phosphate ions, which can be induced by treatment with ionomycin and black phosphorus, respectively, accelerate formation of the calcium and phosphorus clusters on ER membranes and ultimately promote biomineralization. These findings provide a novel insight into biomineralization and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhu Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan University237 Luoyu RoadWuhan430079China
- Medical Research InstituteSchool of MedicineWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan University237 Luoyu RoadWuhan430079China
- Medical Research InstituteSchool of MedicineWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials SciencesCollege of Resources and Environmental ScienceSouth‐Central University for NationalitiesWuhan430074China
| | - Guohua Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan University237 Luoyu RoadWuhan430079China
- Medical Research InstituteSchool of MedicineWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Yuan He
- Medical Research Center for Structural BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Li Huang
- Medical Research Center for Structural BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic NanomaterialsDepartment of OrthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of Stomatology22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian DistrictBeijing100081China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan University237 Luoyu RoadWuhan430079China
- Medical Research InstituteSchool of MedicineWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
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4
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Wolf SG, Mutsafi Y, Dadosh T, Ilani T, Lansky Z, Horowitz B, Rubin S, Elbaum M, Fass D. 3D visualization of mitochondrial solid-phase calcium stores in whole cells. eLife 2017; 6:29929. [PMID: 29106371 PMCID: PMC5703638 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The entry of calcium into mitochondria is central to metabolism, inter-organelle communication, and cell life/death decisions. Long-sought transporters involved in mitochondrial calcium influx and efflux have recently been identified. To obtain a unified picture of mitochondrial calcium utilization, a parallel advance in understanding the forms and quantities of mitochondrial calcium stores is needed. We present here the direct 3D visualization of mitochondrial calcium in intact mammalian cells using cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography (CSTET). Amorphous solid granules containing calcium and phosphorus were pervasive in the mitochondrial matrices of a variety of mammalian cell types. Analysis based on quantitative electron scattering revealed that these repositories are equivalent to molar concentrations of dissolved ions. These results demonstrate conclusively that calcium buffering in the mitochondrial matrix in live cells occurs by phase separation, and that solid-phase stores provide a major ion reservoir that can be mobilized for bioenergetics and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Grayer Wolf
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Mutsafi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Dadosh
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Ilani
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zipora Lansky
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ben Horowitz
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarah Rubin
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Elbaum
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Deborah Fass
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Concise Review: In Vitro Formation of Bone-Like Nodules Sheds Light on the Application of Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1587-1593. [PMID: 27458265 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
: Harnessing the differentiation of stem cells into bone-forming cells represents an intriguing avenue for the creation of functional skeletal tissues. Therefore, a profound understanding of bone development and morphogenesis sheds light on the regenerative application of stem cells in orthopedics and dentistry. In this concise review, we summarize the studies deciphering the mechanisms that govern osteoblast differentiation in the context of in vitro formation of bone-like nodules, including morphologic and molecular events as well as cellular contributions to mineral nucleation, occurring during osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. This article also highlights the limitations of current translational applications of stem cells and opportunities to use the bone-like nodule model for bone regenerative therapies. SIGNIFICANCE Harnessing the differentiation of stem cells into bone-forming cells represents an intriguing avenue for the creation of functional skeletal tissues. Therefore, a profound understanding of bone development and morphogenesis sheds light on the regenerative application of stem cells in orthopedics and dentistry. In this concise review, studies deciphering the mechanisms that govern osteoblast commitment and differentiation are summarized. This article highlights the limitations of current translational applications of stem cells and the opportunities to use the bone-like nodule model for bone regenerative therapies.
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6
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Shimizu M, Kobayashi Y, Mizoguchi T, Nakamura H, Kawahara I, Narita N, Usui Y, Aoki K, Hara K, Haniu H, Ogihara N, Ishigaki N, Nakamura K, Kato H, Kawakubo M, Dohi Y, Taruta S, Kim YA, Endo M, Ozawa H, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Saito N. Carbon nanotubes induce bone calcification by bidirectional interaction with osteoblasts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:2176-85. [PMID: 22447724 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) promote calcification during hydroxyapatite (HA) formation by osteoblasts. Primary cultured osteoblasts are incubated with MWCNTs or carbon black. After culture for 3 weeks, the degree of calcification is very high in the 50 μg mL(-1) MWCNT group. Transmission electron microscopy shows needle-like crystals around the MWCNTs, and diffraction patterns reveal that the peak of the crystals almost coincides with the known peak of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
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7
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Mahamid J, Sharir A, Gur D, Zelzer E, Addadi L, Weiner S. Bone mineralization proceeds through intracellular calcium phosphate loaded vesicles: a cryo-electron microscopy study. J Struct Biol 2011; 174:527-35. [PMID: 21440636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone is the most widespread mineralized tissue in vertebrates and its formation is orchestrated by specialized cells - the osteoblasts. Crystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite, an inorganic calcium phosphate mineral, constitutes a substantial fraction of mature bone tissue. Yet key aspects of the mineral formation mechanism, transport pathways and deposition in the extracellular matrix remain unidentified. Using cryo-electron microscopy on native frozen-hydrated tissues we show that during mineralization of developing mouse calvaria and long bones, bone-lining cells concentrate membrane-bound mineral granules within intracellular vesicles. Elemental analysis and electron diffraction show that the intracellular mineral granules consist of disordered calcium phosphate, a highly metastable phase and a potential precursor of carbonated hydroxyapatite. The intracellular mineral contains considerably less calcium than expected for synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate, suggesting the presence of a cellular mechanism by which phosphate entities are first formed and thereafter gradually sequester calcium within the vesicles. We thus demonstrate that in vivo osteoblasts actively produce disordered mineral packets within intracellular vesicles for mineralization of the extracellular developing bone tissue. The use of a highly disordered precursor mineral phase that later crystallizes within an extracellular matrix is a strategy employed in the formation of fish fin bones and by various invertebrate phyla. This therefore appears to be a widespread strategy used by many animal phyla, including vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mahamid
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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8
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Iron sources used by the nonpathogenic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus sakei as revealed by electron energy loss spectroscopy and secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 76:560-5. [PMID: 19933352 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02205-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus sakei is a lactic acid bacterium naturally found on meat. Although it is generally acknowledged that lactic acid bacteria are rare species in the microbial world which do not have iron requirements, the genome sequence of L. sakei 23K has revealed quite complete genetic equipment dedicated to transport and use of this metal. Here, we aimed to investigate which iron sources could be used by this species as well as their role in the bacterium's physiology. Therefore, we developed a microscopy approach based on electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis and nano-scale secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in order to analyze the iron content of L. sakei cells. This revealed that L. sakei can use iron sources found in its natural ecosystem, myoglobin, hemoglobin, hematin, and transferrin, to ensure long-term survival during stationary phase. This study reveals that analytical image methods (EELS and SIMS) are powerful complementary tools for investigation of metal utilization by bacteria.
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9
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Kawahara I, Koide M, Tadokoro O, Udagawa N, Nakamura H, Takahashi N, Ozawa H. The relationship between calcium accumulation in osteoclast mitochondrial granules and bone resorption. Bone 2009; 45:980-6. [PMID: 19631304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the process of bone resorption, calcium is considered to be transported within vesicles in osteoclasts and eventually released. We studied the ultramicromorphology of calcium (Ca) transport in osteoclasts by preparing samples of osteoclasts collected from rat femurs in which calcium was maximally preserved and subjected them to high-pressure quick-freezing and freeze-substitution. We then examined the localization of calcium by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS). The structures of cell membranes were preserved, suggesting the suitability of this high-pressure quick-freezing and freeze-substitution technique. Osteoclast mitochondria adjacent to the ruffled border were rich in mitochondrial granules and contained a large amount of Ca. In contrast, mitochondria in the basolateral region contained few granules. Moreover, by an osteoclast-culturing experiment, differences in the morphology of mitochondrial granules were noted between culturing on a dentin slice and that on a gold plate, i.e., few mitochondrial granules were noted in osteoclasts cultured on a non-dentin plate. These findings suggest an association between the morphology of mitochondrial granules in osteoclasts and bone resorption as well as a new transport route for Ca resorbed by osteoclasts. We propose that Ca accumulates in mitochondria granules to prevent increased Ca concentration in cytoplasm of osteoclasts during bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawahara
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780, Gohbara, Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
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10
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Valerio P, Pereira MM, Goes AM, Leite MF. Effects of extracellular calcium concentration on the glutamate release by bioactive glass (BG60S) preincubated osteoblasts. Biomed Mater 2009; 4:045011. [PMID: 19636109 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/4/4/045011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate released by osteoblasts sharing similarities with its role in neuronal transmission is a very new scientific concept which actually changed the understanding of bone physiology. Since glutamate release is a calcium (Ca(2+))-dependent process and considering that we have previously demonstrated that the dissolution of bioactive glass with 60% of silicon (BG60S) can alter osteoblast Ca(2+)-signaling machinery, we investigated whether BG60S induces glutamate secretion in osteoblasts and whether it requires an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). Here we showed that the extracellular Ca(2+) increase due to BG60S dissolution leads to an intracellular Ca(2+) increase in the osteoblast, through the activation of an inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (InsP(3)R) and a ryanodine receptor (RyR). Additionally, we also demonstrated that glutamate released by osteoblasts can be profoundly altered by BG60S. The modulation of osteoblast glutamate released by the extracellular Ca(2+) concentration opens a new window in the field of tissue engineering, since many biomaterials used for bone repair are able to increase the extracellular Ca(2+) concentration due to their dissolution products.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Valerio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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11
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Boxer SG, Kraft ML, Weber PK. Advances in imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry for biological samples. Annu Rev Biophys 2009; 38:53-74. [PMID: 19086820 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.050708.133634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry combines the power of mass spectrometry to identify complex molecules based on mass with sample imaging. Recent advances in secondary ion mass spectrometry have improved sensitivity and spatial resolution, so that these methods have the potential to bridge between high-resolution structures obtained by X-ray crystallography and cyro-electron microscopy and ultrastructure visualized by conventional light microscopy. Following background information on the method and instrumentation, we address the key issue of sample preparation. Because mass spectrometry is performed in high vacuum, it is essential to preserve the lateral organization of the sample while removing bulk water, and this has been a major barrier for applications to biological systems. Recent applications of imaging mass spectrometry to cell biology, microbial communities, and biosynthetic pathways are summarized briefly, and studies of biological membrane organization are described in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Boxer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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12
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Marshall AT, Clode PL, Russell R, Prince K, Stern R. Electron and ion microprobe analysis of calcium distribution and transport in coral tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 210:2453-63. [PMID: 17601949 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.003343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is shown by x-ray microanalysis that a gradient of total intracellular Ca concentration exists from the outer oral ectoderm to the inner skeletogenic calicoblastic ectoderm in the coral Galaxea fascicularis. This suggests an increase in intracellular Ca stores in relation to calcification. Furthermore, Ca concentration in the fluid-filled space of the extrathecal coelenteron is approximately twice as high as in the surrounding seawater and higher than in the mucus-containing seawater layer on the exterior of the oral ectoderm. This is indicative of active Ca2+ transport across the oral epithelium. Polyps were incubated in artificial seawater in which all (40)Ca was replaced by (44)Ca. Imaging Ca2+ transport across the epithelia by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) using (44)Ca as a tracer showed that Ca2+ rapidly entered the cells of the oral epithelium and that (44)Ca reached higher concentrations in the mesogloea and extrathecal coelenteron than in the external seawater layer. Very little Ca2+ was exchanged in the mucocytes, cnidocytes or zooxanthellae. These observations again suggest that Ca2+ transport is active and transcellular and also indicate a hitherto unsuspected role in Ca2+ transport for the mesogloea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Marshall
- Analytical Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Technology and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VI 3086, Australia.
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13
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Rohde M, Mayer H. Exocytotic process as a novel model for mineralization by osteoblasts in vitro and in vivo determined by electron microscopic analysis. Calcif Tissue Int 2007; 80:323-36. [PMID: 17406769 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-007-9013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The process of biomineralization has been examined during osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow stroma cells (BMSCs) from embryonic chick in culture and in periosteum itself by a number of different techniques including transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In cell culture of BMSCs at days 20-25, crystals were accumulated extracellularly in the collagen matrix, resulting in large plate-like crystallites and noncollagen associated on the culture disk surface. In contrast, up to days 10-18, mainly intracellular mineralization was visible by numerous needle-like crystal structures in the cell cytoplasm and in vacuoles. After 20-30 days, the crystal content of these vacuoles is released, most probably by membrane fusion to the outside of the cells. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), electron spectroscopic imaging, and electron energy loss spectroscopy demonstrated that Ca, O, and P are located in the intra- and extracellular needle-like crystals. From EDX spectra a Ca/P ratio of 1.3 was estimated for the intracellular structures and a Ca/P ratio of 1.5, for the extracellular material (for comparison, the Ca/P ratio in tibiae is 1.6). X-ray diffraction and quantitative infrared spectral analyses also demonstrated an increase of crystalline bone apatite along the mineralization process. In addition to the finding in vitro, the presence of intracellular needle-like crystals in vacuoles could be demonstrated in vivo in osteoblastic cells of the periosteum in tibia of day 11. The results are in favor of a novel model for mineralization by osteoblasts, in which amorphous Ca/P material is directly secreted via an exocytotic process from vacuoles of the osteoblast, deposited extracellularly, propagated into the collagen fibril matrix, and matured to hydroxyapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rohde
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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14
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Duewelhenke N, Krut O, Eysel P. Influence on mitochondria and cytotoxicity of different antibiotics administered in high concentrations on primary human osteoblasts and cell lines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:54-63. [PMID: 17088489 PMCID: PMC1797653 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00729-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis, osteitis, spondylodiscitis, septic arthritis, and prosthetic joint infections still represent the worst complications of orthopedic surgery and traumatology. Successful treatment requires, besides surgical débridement, long-term systemic and high-concentration local antibiotic therapy, with possible local antibiotic concentrations of 100 microg/ml and more. In this study, we investigated the effect of 20 different antibiotics on primary human osteoblasts (PHO), the osteosarcoma cell line MG63, and the epithelial cell line HeLa. High concentrations of fluoroquinolones, macrolides, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, rifampin, tetracycline, and linezolid during 48 h of incubation inhibited proliferation and metabolic activity, whereas aminoglycosides and inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis did not. Twenty percent inhibitory concentrations for proliferation of PHO were determined as 20 to 40 microg/ml for macrolides, clindamycin, and rifampin, 60 to 80 microg/ml for chloramphenicol, tetracylin, and fluoroquinolones, and 240 microg/ml for linezolid. The proliferation of the cell lines was always less inhibited. We established the measurement of extracellular lactate concentration as an indicator of glycolysis using inhibitors of the respiratory chain (antimycin A, rotenone, and sodium azide) and glycolysis (iodoacetic acid) as reference compounds, whereas inhibition of the respiratory chain increased and inhibition of glycolysis decreased lactate production. The measurement of extracellular lactate concentration revealed that fluoroquinolones, macrolides, clindamycin, rifampin, tetracycline, and especially chloramphenicol and linezolid impaired mitochondrial energetics in high concentrations. This explains partly the observed inhibition of metabolic activity and proliferation in our experiments. Because of differences in the energy metabolism, PHO provided a more sensitive model for orthopedic antibiotic usage than stable cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Duewelhenke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 24, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Navratil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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16
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Taatjes DJ, Roth J. Recent progress in histochemistry and cell biology: the state of the art 2005. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 124:547-74. [PMID: 16283358 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the field of histochemistry, a multidisciplinary area including the detection, localization and functional characterization of molecules in single cells and complex tissues, often drives the attainment of new knowledge in the broadly defined discipline of cell biology. These two disciplines, histochemistry and cell biology, have been joined in this journal to facilitate the flow of information with celerity from technical advancement in histochemical procedures, to their utilization in experimental models. This review summarizes advancements in these fields during the past year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Microscopy Imaging Center, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Asan E, Drenckhahn D. News and views in Histochemistry and Cell Biology. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 122:593-621. [PMID: 15614519 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-004-0735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in histochemical methodology and ingenious applications of novel and improved methods continue to confirm the standing of morphological means and approaches in research efforts, and contribute significantly to increasing our knowledge about structures and functions in all areas of the life sciences from cell biology to pathology. Reports published during recent months documenting this progress are summarized in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Asan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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