1
|
Immune-Deficient Pfp/Rag2 -/- Mice Featured Higher Adipose Tissue Mass and Liver Lipid Accumulation with Growing Age than Wildtype C57BL/6N Mice. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080775. [PMID: 31349725 PMCID: PMC6721582 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for adipose tissue dysfunction, which is associated with inflammatory innate immune mechanisms. Since the adipose tissue/liver axis contributes to hepatosteatosis, we sought to determine age-related adipose tissue dysfunction in the context of the activation of the innate immune system fostering fatty liver phenotypes. Using wildtype and immune-deficient mice, we compared visceral adipose tissue and liver mass as well as hepatic lipid storage in young (ca. 14 weeks) and adult (ca. 30 weeks) mice. Adipocyte size was determined as an indicator of adipocyte function and liver steatosis was quantified by hepatic lipid content. Further, lipid storage was investigated under normal and steatosis-inducing culture conditions in isolated hepatocytes. The physiological age-related increase in body weight was associated with a disproportionate increase in adipose tissue mass in immune-deficient mice, which coincided with higher triglyceride storage in the liver. Lipid storage was similar in isolated hepatocytes from wildtype and immune-deficient mice under normal culture conditions but was significantly higher in immune-deficient than in wildtype hepatocytes under steatosis-inducing culture conditions. Immune-deficient mice also displayed increased inflammatory, adipogenic, and lipogenic markers in serum and adipose tissue. Thus, the age-related increase in body weight coincided with an increase in adipose tissue mass and hepatic steatosis. In association with a (pro-)inflammatory milieu, aging thus promotes hepatosteatosis, especially in immune-deficient mice.
Collapse
|
2
|
Stock P, Bielohuby M, Staege MS, Hsu MJ, Bidlingmaier M, Christ B. Impairment of Host Liver Repopulation by Transplanted Hepatocytes in Aged Rats and the Release by Short-Term Growth Hormone Treatment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:553-569. [PMID: 28088007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation is an alternative to whole liver transplantation. Yet, efficient liver repopulation by transplanted hepatocytes is low in livers of old animals. This restraint might be because of the poor proliferative capacity of aged donor hepatocytes or the regenerative impairment of the recipient livers. The age-dependent liver repopulation by transplanted wild-type hepatocytes was investigated in juvenile and senescent rats deficient in dipeptidyl-peptidase IV. Repopulation was quantified by flow cytometry and histochemical estimation of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV enzyme activity of donor cells in the negative host liver. As a potential pathway involved, expression of cell cycle proteins was assessed. Irrespective of the age of the donor hepatocytes, large cell clusters appeared in juvenile, but only small clusters in senescent host livers. Because juvenile and senescent donor hepatocytes were likewise functional, host-derived factor(s) impaired senescent host liver repopulation. Growth hormone levels were significantly higher in juvenile than in senescent rats, suggesting that growth hormone might promote host liver repopulation. Indeed, short-term treatment with growth hormone augmented senescent host liver repopulation involving the growth hormone-mediated release of the transcriptional blockade of genes associated with cell cycle progression. Short-term growth hormone substitution might improve liver repopulation by transplanted hepatocytes, thus augmenting the therapeutic benefit of clinical hepatocyte transplantation in older patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Stock
- Division of Applied Molecular Hepatology, Clinics and Policlinics of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Bielohuby
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- Department of Pediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mei-Ju Hsu
- Division of Applied Molecular Hepatology, Clinics and Policlinics of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Christ
- Division of Applied Molecular Hepatology, Clinics and Policlinics of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gaskell H, Sharma P, Colley HE, Murdoch C, Williams DP, Webb SD. Characterization of a functional C3A liver spheroid model. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1053-1065. [PMID: 27746894 PMCID: PMC5047049 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More predictive in vitro liver models are a critical requirement for preclinical screening of compounds demonstrating hepatotoxic liability. 3D liver spheroids have been shown to have an enhanced functional lifespan compared to 2D monocultures; however a detailed characterisation of spatiotemporal function and structure of spheroids still needs further attention before widespread use in industry. We have developed and characterized the structure and function of a 3D liver spheroid model formed from C3A hepatoma cells. Spheroids were viable and maintained a compact in vivo-like structure with zonation features for up to 32 days. MRP2 and Pgp transporters had polarised expression on the canalicular membrane of cells in the spheroids and were able to functionally transport CMFDA substrate into these canalicular structures. Spheroids expressed CYP2E1 and were able to synthesise and secrete albumin and urea to a higher degree than monolayer C3A cultures. Penetration of doxorubicin throughout the spheroid core was demonstrated. Spheroids showed increased susceptibility to hepatotoxins when compared to 2D cultures, with acetaminophen having an IC50 of 7.2 mM in spheroids compared to 33.8 mM in monolayer culture. To conclude, we developed an alternative method for creating C3A liver spheroids and demonstrated cellular polarisation and zonation, as well as superior liver-specific functionality and more sensitive toxicological response compared to standard 2D liver models, confirming a more in vivo-like liver model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Gaskell
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Sherrington Building , Ashton Street and University of Liverpool , L69 3GE , UK . ; AstraZeneca , 310 , Cambridge Science Park , Milton Road , Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , CB4 0FZ , UK
| | - Parveen Sharma
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Sherrington Building , Ashton Street and University of Liverpool , L69 3GE , UK .
| | - Helen E Colley
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology , School of Clinical Dentistry , Claremont Crescent and University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S10 2TA , UK
| | - Craig Murdoch
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology , School of Clinical Dentistry , Claremont Crescent and University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S10 2TA , UK
| | - Dominic P Williams
- AstraZeneca , 310 , Cambridge Science Park , Milton Road , Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , CB4 0FZ , UK
| | - Steven D Webb
- Department of Mathematical Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , James Parsons Building , Byrom Street , Liverpool , L3 3AF , UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Christ B, Brückner S, Winkler S. The Therapeutic Promise of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Liver Restoration. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:673-686. [PMID: 26476857 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation aims to provide a functional substitution of liver tissue lost due to trauma or toxins. Chronic liver diseases are associated with inflammation, deterioration of tissue homeostasis, and deprivation of metabolic capacity. Recent advances in liver biology have focused on the pro-regenerative features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We argue that MSCs represent an attractive therapeutic option to treat liver disease. Indeed, their pleiotropic actions include the modulation of immune reactions, the stimulation of cell proliferation, and the attenuation of cell death responses. These characteristics are highly warranted add-ons to their capacity for hepatocyte differentiation. Undoubtedly, the elucidation of the regenerative mechanisms of MSCs in different liver diseases will promote their versatile and disease-specific therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Christ
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sandra Brückner
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Winkler
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Winkler S, Hempel M, Brückner S, Mallek F, Weise A, Liehr T, Tautenhahn HM, Bartels M, Christ B. Mouse white adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells gain pericentral and periportal hepatocyte features after differentiation in vitro, which are preserved in vivo after hepatic transplantation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 215:89-104. [PMID: 26235702 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mesenchymal stem cells may differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, they are considered a novel cell resource for the treatment of various liver diseases. Here, the aim was to demonstrate that mesenchymal stem cells may adopt both perivenous and periportal hepatocyte-specific functions in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from immunodeficient C57BL/6 (B6.129S6-Rag2(tm1Fwa) Prf1(tm1Clrk) ) mice and differentiated into the hepatocytic phenotype by applying a simple protocol. Their physiological and metabolic functions were analysed in vitro and after hepatic transplantation in vivo. RESULTS Mesenchymal stem cells changed their morphology from a fibroblastoid into shapes of osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes and hepatocytes. Typical for mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic marker genes were not expressed. CD90, which is not expressed on mature hepatocytes, decreased significantly after hepatocytic differentiation. Markers indicative for liver development like hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha, or for perivenous hepatocyte specification like cytochrome P450 subtype 3a11, and CD26 were significantly elevated. Periportal hepatocyte-specific markers like carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1, the entry enzyme of the urea cycle, were up-regulated. Consequently, cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and urea synthesis increased significantly to values comparable to cultured primary hepatocytes. Both perivenous and periportal qualities were preserved after hepatic transplantation and integration into the host parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS Adult mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells featuring both periportal and perivenous functions. Hence, they are promising candidates for the treatment of region-specific liver cell damage and may support organ regeneration in acute and chronic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Winkler
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - M. Hempel
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - S. Brückner
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - F. Mallek
- Jena University Hospital; Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - A. Weise
- Jena University Hospital; Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - T. Liehr
- Jena University Hospital; Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - H.-M. Tautenhahn
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM); University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - M. Bartels
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - B. Christ
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM); University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen YH, Chen HL, Chien CS, Wu SH, Ho YT, Yu CH, Chang MH. Contribution of Mature Hepatocytes to Biliary Regeneration in Rats with Acute and Chronic Biliary Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134327. [PMID: 26308208 PMCID: PMC4550468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether hepatocytes can convert into biliary epithelial cells (BECs) during biliary injury is much debated. To test this concept, we traced the fate of genetically labeled [dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV)-positive] hepatocytes in hepatocyte transplantation model following acute hepato-biliary injury induced by 4,4’-methylene-dianiline (DAPM) and D-galactosamine (DAPM+D-gal) and in DPPIV-chimeric liver model subjected to acute (DAPM+D-gal) or chronic biliary injury caused by DAPM and bile duct ligation (DAPM+BDL). In both models before biliary injury, BECs are uniformly DPPIV-deficient and proliferation of DPPIV-deficient hepatocytes is restricted by retrorsine. We found that mature hepatocytes underwent a stepwise conversion into BECs after biliary injury. In the hepatocyte transplantation model, DPPIV-positive hepatocytes entrapped periportally proliferated, and formed two-layered plates along portal veins. Within the two-layered plates, the hepatocytes gradually lost their hepatocytic identity, proceeded through an intermediate state, acquired a biliary phenotype, and subsequently formed bile ducts along the hilum-to-periphery axis. In DPPIV-chimeric liver model, periportal hepatocytes expressing hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF-1β) were exclusively DPPIV-positive and were in continuity to DPPIV-positives bile ducts. Inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation by additional doses of retrorsine in DPPIV-chimeric livers prevented the appearance of DPPIV-positive BECs after biliary injury. Moreover, enriched DPPIV-positive BEC/hepatic oval cell transplantation produced DPPIV-positive BECs or bile ducts in unexpectedly low frequency and in mid-lobular regions. These results together suggest that mature hepatocytes but not contaminating BECs/hepatic oval cells are the sources of periportal DPPIV-positive BECs. We conclude that mature hepatocytes contribute to biliary regeneration in the environment of acute and chronic biliary injury through a ductal plate configuration without the need of exogenously genetic or epigenetic manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Buddhist Tzu-Chi University College of Medicine, Hualien, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sung Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tian Ho
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Buddhist Tzu-Chi University College of Medicine, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MHC); (CHY)
| | - Mei-Hwei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MHC); (CHY)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stock P, Brückner S, Winkler S, Dollinger MM, Christ B. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatocytes improve the mouse liver after acute acetaminophen intoxication by preventing progress of injury. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7004-28. [PMID: 24758938 PMCID: PMC4013675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15047004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow (hMSC) have the potential to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and continue to maintain important hepatocyte functions in vivo after transplantation into host mouse livers. Here, hMSC were differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro (hMSC-HC) and transplanted into livers of immunodeficient Pfp/Rag2⁻/⁻ mice treated with a sublethal dose of acetaminophen (APAP) to induce acute liver injury. APAP induced a time- and dose-dependent damage of perivenous areas of the liver lobule. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased to similar levels irrespective of hMSC-HC transplantation. Yet, hMSC-HC resided in the damaged perivenous areas of the liver lobules short-term preventing apoptosis and thus progress of organ destruction. Disturbance of metabolic protein expression was lower in the livers receiving hMSC-HC. Seven weeks after APAP treatment, hepatic injury had completely recovered in groups both with and without hMSC-HC. Clusters of transplanted cells appeared predominantly in the periportal portion of the liver lobule and secreted human albumin featuring a prominent quality of differentiated hepatocytes. Thus, hMSC-HC attenuated the inflammatory response and supported liver regeneration after acute injury induced by acetaminophen. They hence may serve as a novel source of hepatocyte-like cells suitable for cell therapy of acute liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Stock
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sandra Brückner
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sandra Winkler
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Matthias M Dollinger
- Clinics for Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Bruno Christ
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen YH, Chang MH, Chien CS, Wu SH, Yu CH, Chen HL. Contribution of mature hepatocytes to small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells in retrorsine-exposed rats with chimeric livers. Hepatology 2013; 57:1215-24. [PMID: 23080021 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The potential lineage relationship between hepatic oval cells, small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells (SHPCs), and hepatocytes in liver regeneration is debated. To test whether mature hepatocytes can give rise to SHPCs, rats with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) chimeric livers, which harbored endogenous DPPIV-deficient hepatocytes and transplanted DPPIV-positive hepatocytes, were subjected to retrorsine treatment followed by partial hepatectomy (PH). DPPIV-positive hepatocytes comprised about half of the DPPIV chimeric liver mass. Tissues from DPPIV chimeric livers after retrorsine/PH treatment showed large numbers of SHPC clusters. None of the SHPC clusters were stained positive for DPPIV in any analyzed samples. Furthermore, serial sections stained for gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT, a marker of fetal hepatoblasts) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase, a marker of mature hepatocytes) showed inverse expression of the two enzymes and a staining pattern consistent with a lineage that begins with GGT(+)/G6Pase(-) to GGT(-)/G6Pase(+) within a single SHPC cluster. Using double immunofluorescence staining for markers specific for hepatic oval cells and hepatocytes in serial sections, oval cell proliferations with CK-19(+)/laminin(+) and OV-6(+)/C/EBP-α(-) were shown to extend from periportal areas into the SPHC clusters, differentiating into hepatic lineage by progressive loss of CK-19/laminin expression and appearance of C/EBP-α expression towards the cluster side. Cells in the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM(+)) SHPC clusters showed membranous EpCAM(+)/HNF-4α(+) (hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α) staining and were contiguous to the surrounding cytoplasmic EpCAM(+)/HNF-4α(-) ductular oval cells. Extensive elimination of oval cell response by repeated administration of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (DAPM) to retrorsine-exposed rats impaired the emergence of SHPC clusters. CONCLUSION These findings highly suggest the hepatic oval cells but not mature hepatocytes as the origin of SHPC clusters in retrorsine-exposed rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Christ B, Stock P. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatocytes for functional liver replacement. Front Immunol 2012; 3:168. [PMID: 22737154 PMCID: PMC3381218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells represent an alternate cell source to substitute for primary hepatocytes in hepatocyte transplantation because of their multiple differentiation potential and nearly unlimited availability. They may differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and maintain specific hepatocyte functions also after transplantation into the regenerating livers of mice or rats both under injury and non-injury conditions. Depending on the underlying liver disease their mode of action is either to replace the diseased liver tissue or to support liver regeneration through their anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic as well as their pro-proliferative action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Christ
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Goto Y, Ohashi K, Utoh R, Yamamoto M, Okano T. Hepatocyte transplantation through the hepatic vein: a new route of cell transplantation to the liver. Cell Transplant 2010; 20:1259-70. [PMID: 21176398 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x547417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of hepatocyte transplantation into the liver varies with the method of administration. This study investigated whether retrograde infusion via the hepatic vein provides a sufficient number of donor cells for the liver. Donor hepatocytes were isolated from dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV(+)) rats and transplanted into DPPIV(-) rat livers either by antegrade portal vein infusion or retrograde hepatic vein infusion. Hepatocyte engraftment ratios and localization were evaluated by histological DPPIV enzymatic staining at 1 week and 8 weeks after the transplantation. No significant differences in engraftment efficiency were observed at either 1 week or 8 weeks after transplantation by either route. However, the localization of the transplanted hepatocytes differed with the administration route. Portal vein infusion resulted in predominantly periportal engraftment, whereas hepatic vein infusion led to pericentral zone engraftment. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the transplanted hepatocytes engrafted in the pericentral zone after retrograde infusion displayed intense CYP2E1 staining similar to the surrounding native hepatocytes. CYP2E1 staining was further enhanced by administration of isosafrole, an inducing agent for various cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP2E1. This study demonstrates a novel approach of transplanting hepatocytes into the liver through retrograde hepatic vein infusion as the means to target cell implantation to the pericentral zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Goto
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Phenotype and growth behavior of residual β-catenin-positive hepatocytes in livers of β-catenin-deficient mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 134:469-81. [PMID: 20886225 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a crucial determinant of hepatic zonal gene expression, liver development, regeneration, and tumorigenesis. Transgenic mice with hepatocyte-specific knockout of Ctnnb1 (encoding β-catenin) have proven their usefulness in elucidating these processes. We now found that a small number of hepatocytes escape the Cre-mediated gene knockout in that mouse model. The remaining β-catenin-positive hepatocytes showed approximately 25% higher cell volumes compared to the β-catenin-negative cells and exhibited a marker protein expression profile similar to that of normal perivenous hepatocytes or hepatoma cells with mutationally activated β-catenin. Surprisingly, the expression pattern was observed independent of the cell's position within the liver lobule, suggesting a malfunction of physiological periportal repression of perivenously expressed genes in β-catenin-deficient liver. Clusters of β-catenin-expressing hepatocytes lacked expression of the gap junction proteins Connexin 26 and 32. Nonetheless, β-catenin-positive hepatocytes had no striking proliferative advantage, but started to grow out on treatment with phenobarbital, a tumor-promoting agent known to facilitate the formation of mouse liver adenoma with activating mutations of Ctnnb1. Progressive re-population of Ctnnb1 knockout livers with wild-type hepatocytes was seen in aged mice with a pre-cirrhotic phenotype. In these large clusters of β-catenin-expressing hepatocytes, perivenous-specific gene expression was re-established. In summary, our data demonstrate that the zone-specificity of a hepatocyte's gene expression profile is dependent on the presence of β-catenin, and that β-catenin provides a proliferative advantage to hepatocytes when promoted with phenobarbital, or in a pre-cirrhotic environment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Celecoxib activates Stat5 and restores or increases the expression of growth hormone-regulated genes in hepatocarcinogenesis. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21:411-22. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328336e907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
13
|
Anzalone R, Iacono ML, Corrao S, Magno F, Loria T, Cappello F, Zummo G, Farina F, La Rocca G. New Emerging Potentials for Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immunological Features and Hepatocyte-Like Differentiative Capacity. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:423-38. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Anzalone
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Melania Lo Iacono
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Corrao
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Magno
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Loria
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zummo
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Felicia Farina
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Giampiero La Rocca
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The generation of hepatocytes from mesenchymal stem cells and engraftment into murine liver. Nat Protoc 2010. [PMID: 20224562 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Donor organ shortage is still the major obstacle for the clinical application of hepatocyte transplantation in the treatment of liver diseases. However, generation of hepatocyte-like cells from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has become a real alternative to the isolation of primary hepatocytes. MSCs are extracted from the tissue by collagenase digestion and enriched by their capacity to grow on plastic surfaces. Enriched cells display distinct mesenchymal surface markers and are capable of multiple lineage differentiation. In the presence of specific growth conditions, the cells adopt functional features of differentiated hepatocytes. After orthotopic transplantation, differentiated human stem cells engraft in the host liver parenchyma of immunocompromised mice. This protocol describes the in vitro differentiation of stem cells from human bone marrow and their transplantation into livers of immunodeficient mice. The cell culture procedures take about 4-5 weeks, and cells engrafted in the mouse liver may be detected 2-3 months after transplantation.
Collapse
|
15
|
The generation of hepatocytes from mesenchymal stem cells and engraftment into murine liver. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:617-27. [PMID: 20224562 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Donor organ shortage is still the major obstacle for the clinical application of hepatocyte transplantation in the treatment of liver diseases. However, generation of hepatocyte-like cells from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has become a real alternative to the isolation of primary hepatocytes. MSCs are extracted from the tissue by collagenase digestion and enriched by their capacity to grow on plastic surfaces. Enriched cells display distinct mesenchymal surface markers and are capable of multiple lineage differentiation. In the presence of specific growth conditions, the cells adopt functional features of differentiated hepatocytes. After orthotopic transplantation, differentiated human stem cells engraft in the host liver parenchyma of immunocompromised mice. This protocol describes the in vitro differentiation of stem cells from human bone marrow and their transplantation into livers of immunodeficient mice. The cell culture procedures take about 4-5 weeks, and cells engrafted in the mouse liver may be detected 2-3 months after transplantation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Striking LD50 variation associated with fluctuations of CYP2E1-positive cells in hepatic lobule during chronic CCl4 exposure in mice. Virchows Arch 2010; 456:423-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
More than 30 years after the first hepatocyte transplant to treat the Gunn rat, the animal model for Crigler-Najjar syndrome, there are still a number of impediments to hepatocyte transplantation. Numerous animal models are still used in work aimed at improving hepatocyte engraftment and/or long-term function. Although other cell sources, particularly hepatic and extrahepatic stem cells, are being explored, adult hepatocytes remain the cells of choice for the treatment of liver diseases by cell therapy. In recent years, diverse approaches have been developed in various animal models to enhance hepatocyte transduction and amplification in vitro and cell engraftment and functionality in vivo. They have led to significant progress in hepatocyte transplantation for the treatment of patients with metabolic diseases and for bridging patients with acute injury until their own livers regenerate. This review presents and considers the results of this work with a special emphasis on procedures that might be clinically applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Weber
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 804, Université Paris-Sud, Bicêtre Hospital, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The progress in discerning the structure and function of cells and tissues in health and disease has been achieved to a large extent by the continued development of new reagents for histochemistry, the improvement of existing techniques and new imaging techniques. This review will highlight some advancements made in these fields.
Collapse
|