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Mubeen S, Raza I, Ujjan B, Wasim B, Khan L, Naeem N, Enam SA, Hanif F. Iloperidone and Temozolomide Synergistically Inhibit Growth, Migration and Enhance Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1134. [PMID: 38927341 PMCID: PMC11200733 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal astrocytic glioma with poor prognosis and treatment resistance. Repurposing potential FDA-approved drugs like anti-psychotics can address the concerns in a timely and cost-effective manner. Epidemiological studies have shown that patients with schizophrenic using anti-psychotics have a low incidence of GBM. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of atypical anti-psychotic Iloperidone (ILO) alone and in combination with Temozolomide (TMZ) against GBM. The study assessed the growth inhibitory effect of ILO, TMZ, and their combination (ILO + TMZ) on U-87MG and T-98G cell lines using an MTT assay. The drug interaction coefficient (CDI) was determined, and doses with synergistic effects were used for subsequent experiments, including migratory, invasion, and TUNEL assays. The expressions of DRD2, β-catenin, Dvl2, Twist, and Slug were assessed by RTq-PCR, whereas the β-catenin protein expression was also determined by immunocytochemistry. ILO (p < 0.05) and TMZ (p < 0.01) significantly inhibited the growth of U-87MG cells at all tested doses. The combination of 60 µM of both drugs showed synergistic activity with CDI < 1. The inhibition of migration and apoptosis was more pronounced in the case of combination treatment (p < 0.001). Inhibition of the invading cells was also found to be significant in ILO- and combination-treated groups (p < 0.001). ILO and combination treatment also significantly downregulated the expression of DRD2, while TMZ upregulated the expression (p < 0.001). The expressions of β-catenin (p < 0.001), Dvl2 (p < 0.001), Twist (p < 0.001), and Slug (p < 0.001) were also significantly downregulated in all treatment groups as compared to the vehicle control. The data suggest that ILO possesses strong growth inhibitory activity, possibly due to its effect on DRD2 and β-catenin expression and has the potential to be repurposed against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mubeen
- Department of Anatomy, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 75330, Pakistan;
| | - Iffat Raza
- Department of Anatomy, Karachi Institute of Medical Sciences, Karachi 75080, Pakistan;
| | - Badaruddin Ujjan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dow University Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan;
| | - Bushra Wasim
- Department of Anatomy, Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi 75600, Pakistan;
| | - Lubna Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 75330, Pakistan;
| | - Nadia Naeem
- Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology & Biomedical Sciences, Karachi 75330, Pakistan;
| | - Syed Ather Enam
- Center of Oncological Research in Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi 74800, Pakistan;
| | - Farina Hanif
- Department of Biochemistry, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 75330, Pakistan;
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Hussen BM, Abdullah ST, Abdullah SR, Younis YM, Hidayat HJ, Rasul MF, Mohamadtahr S. Exosomal non-coding RNAs: Blueprint in colorectal cancer metastasis and therapeutic targets. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:615-632. [PMID: 37767111 PMCID: PMC10520679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the world's third-most prevalent cancer, and metastatic CRC considerably increases cancer-related fatalities globally. A number of complex mechanisms that are strictly controlled at the molecular level are involved in metastasis, which is the primary reason for death in people with CRC. Recently, it has become clear that exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles released by non-tumorous and tumorigenic cells, play a critical role as communication mediators among tumor microenvironment (TME). To facilitate communication between the TME and cancer cells, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a crucial role and are recognized as potent regulators of gene expression and cellular processes, such as metastasis and drug resistance. NcRNAs are now recognized as potent regulators of gene expression and many hallmarks of cancer, including metastasis. Exosomal ncRNAs, like miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs, have been demonstrated to influence a number of cellular mechanisms that contribute to CRC metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms that link exosomal ncRNAs with CRC metastasis are not well understood. This review highlights the essential roles that exosomal ncRNAs play in the progression of CRC metastatic disease and explores the therapeutic choices that are open to patients who have CRC metastases. However, exosomal ncRNA treatment strategy development is still in its early phases; consequently, additional investigation is required to improve delivery methods and find novel therapeutic targets as well as confirm the effectiveness and safety of these therapies in preclinical and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, 44001, Iraq
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Sara Tharwat Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Snur Rasool Abdullah
- Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Yousif Mohammed Younis
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Hazha Jamal Hidayat
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Fatih Rasul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Sayran Mohamadtahr
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
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3
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El-Ashmawy NE, Khedr EG, Khedr NF, El-Adawy SA. Emerging therapeutic strategy for mitigating cancer progression through inhibition of sirtuin-1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 251:154907. [PMID: 37925819 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
With 8.8 million deaths worldwide, cancer is the major reason for the high rate of fatalities. Malignancy's commencement, progression, development, metastasis, and therapy resistance have all been correlated with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway. EMT promotes the cancer cells' metastatic spread and starts the development of treatment resistance. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is a histone deacetylase that is important for signaling, cell persistence, and apoptosis. It does this by deacetylating important cell signaling molecules and proteins that are associated with apoptosis. The function of SIRT1 in EMT and cancer progression, as well as the emerging therapeutic strategy of treating cancer through the inhibition of SIRT1 and EMT will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla E El-Ashmawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31527, Egypt
| | - Eman G Khedr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31527, Egypt
| | - Naglaa F Khedr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31527, Egypt
| | - Samar A El-Adawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31527, Egypt.
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4
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Pohl L, Schiessl IM. Endothelial cell plasticity in kidney fibrosis and disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14038. [PMID: 37661749 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Renal endothelial cells demonstrate an impressive remodeling potential during angiogenic sprouting, vessel repair or while transitioning into mesenchymal cells. These different processes may play important roles in both renal disease progression or regeneration while underlying signaling pathways of different endothelial cell plasticity routes partly overlap. Angiogenesis contributes to wound healing after kidney injury and pharmaceutical modulation of angiogenesis may home a great therapeutic potential. Yet, it is not clear whether any differentiated endothelial cell can proliferate or whether regenerative processes are largely controlled by resident or circulating endothelial progenitor cells. In the glomerular compartment for example, a distinct endothelial progenitor cell population may remodel the glomerular endothelium after injury. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in the kidney is vastly documented and often associated with endothelial dysfunction, fibrosis, and kidney disease progression. Especially the role of EndoMT in renal fibrosis is controversial. Studies on EndoMT in vivo determined possible conclusions on the pathophysiological role of EndoMT in the kidney, but whether endothelial cells really contribute to kidney fibrosis and if not what other cellular and functional outcomes derive from EndoMT in kidney disease is unclear. Sequencing data, however, suggest no participation of endothelial cells in extracellular matrix deposition. Thus, more in-depth classification of cellular markers and the fate of EndoMT cells in the kidney is needed. In this review, we describe different signaling pathways of endothelial plasticity, outline methodological approaches and evidence for functional and structural implications of angiogenesis and EndoMT in the kidney, and eventually discuss controversial aspects in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Pohl
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Araldi RP, Delvalle DA, da Costa VR, Alievi AL, Teixeira MR, Dias Pinto JR, Kerkis I. Exosomes as a Nano-Carrier for Chemotherapeutics: A New Era of Oncology. Cells 2023; 12:2144. [PMID: 37681875 PMCID: PMC10486723 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the considerable advancements in oncology, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Drug resistance mechanisms acquired by cancer cells and inefficient drug delivery limit the therapeutic efficacy of available chemotherapeutics drugs. However, studies have demonstrated that nano-drug carriers (NDCs) can overcome these limitations. In this sense, exosomes emerge as potential candidates for NDCs. This is because exosomes have better organotropism, homing capacity, cellular uptake, and cargo release ability than synthetic NDCs. In addition, exosomes can serve as NDCs for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, this review aimed to summarize the latest advances in cell-free therapy, describing how the exosomes can contribute to each step of the carcinogenesis process and discussing how these nanosized vesicles could be explored as nano-drug carriers for chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Genetics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.A.D.); (V.R.d.C.); (A.L.A.); (M.R.T.)
- Structural and Functional Biology Post-Graduation Program, Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo Federal University (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
- BioDecision Analytics Ltd.a., São Paulo 13271-650, SP, Brazil;
| | - Denis Adrián Delvalle
- Genetics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.A.D.); (V.R.d.C.); (A.L.A.); (M.R.T.)
- Structural and Functional Biology Post-Graduation Program, Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo Federal University (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rodrigues da Costa
- Genetics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.A.D.); (V.R.d.C.); (A.L.A.); (M.R.T.)
- Structural and Functional Biology Post-Graduation Program, Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo Federal University (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Lucas Alievi
- Genetics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.A.D.); (V.R.d.C.); (A.L.A.); (M.R.T.)
- Endocrinology and Metabology Post-Graduation Program, Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo Federal University (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Michelli Ramires Teixeira
- Genetics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.A.D.); (V.R.d.C.); (A.L.A.); (M.R.T.)
- Endocrinology and Metabology Post-Graduation Program, Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo Federal University (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Irina Kerkis
- Genetics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.A.D.); (V.R.d.C.); (A.L.A.); (M.R.T.)
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Azadi S, Torkashvand E, Mohammadi E, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M. Analysis of EMT induction in a non-invasive breast cancer cell line by mesenchymal stem cell supernatant: Study of 2D and 3D microfluidic based aggregate formation and migration ability, and cytoskeleton remodeling. Life Sci 2023; 320:121545. [PMID: 36871932 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The process of Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a phenotypic invasive shift and the factors affecting it, are under extensive research. Application of supernatants of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs) on non-invasive cancer cells is a well known method of in vitro induction of EMT like process. While previous researches have focused on the effects of hADMSCs supernatant on the biochemical signaling pathways of the cells through expression of different proteins and genes, we investigated pro-carcinogic alterations of physico-mechanical cues in terms of changes in cell motility and aggregated formation in 3D microenvironments, and cytoskeletal actin-myosin content and fiber arrangement. MAIN METHODS MCF-7 cancer cells were treated by the supernatant from 48 hour-starved hADMSCs, and their vimentin/E-cadherin expressions were evaluated. The invasive potential of treated and non-treated cells was measured and compared through aggregate formation and migration capability. Furthermore, alterations in cell and nucleus morphologies were studied, and F-actin and myosin-II alterations in terms of content and arrangement were investigated. KEY FINDINGS Results indicated that application of hADMSCs supernatant enhanced vimentin expression as the biomarker of EMT, and induced pro-carcinogenic effects on non-invasive cancer cells through increased invasive potential by higher cell motility and reduced aggregate formation, rearrangement of actin structure and generation of more stress fibers, together with increased myosin II that lead to enhanced cell motility and traction force. SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicated that in vitro induction of EMT through mesenchymal supernatant influenced biophysical features of cancer cells through cytoskeletal remodeling that emphasizes the interconnection of chemical and physical signaling pathways during cancer progress and invasion. Results give a better insight to EMT as a biological process and the synergy between biochemical and biophysical parameters that contribute to this process, and eventually assist in improving cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Azadi
- Cell Engineering and Biomicrofluidic Systems Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Torkashvand
- Cell Engineering and Biomicrofluidic Systems Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mohammadi
- Cell Engineering and Biomicrofluidic Systems Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tafazzoli-Shadpour
- Cell Engineering and Biomicrofluidic Systems Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Gilloteaux DJ, Jamison JM, Summers JL, Taper HS. Xenografts on nude mouse diaphragm of human DU145 prostate carcinoma cells: mesothelium removal by outgrowths and angiogenesis. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:413-438. [PMID: 36165802 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2022.2115596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells, androgen-independent malignant cells, implanted in the athymic nu/nu male mouse, developed numerous tumors on peritoneal and retro-peritoneal organs whose growth aspects and vascular supply have yet to be investigated with fine structure techniques. A series of necropsies from moribund implanted mice diaphragms were examined with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. DU145 xenografts installations, far away from the implanted site, were described as the smallest installation to large diaphragm outgrowths in moribund mice. Carcinomas did not show extracellular matrix and, reaching more than 0.15 mm in thickness, they revealed new structures in these outgrowths. Voids to be gland-like structures with mediocre secretion and, unexpectedly, intercellular spaces connected with fascicles of elongated DU145 cells that merged with a vascular supply originated from either the tumor cells and/or some perimysium vessels. In the largest carcinomas, most important vascular invasions coincidently accompanied the mouse lethality, similarly to human cancers. This androgen-independent model would be useful to study tumor outgrowth's changes related to testing anticancer strategy, including anti-angiogenic therapies involving toxicity, simultaneously with those of other vital organs with combined biomolecular and fine structure techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dr Jacques Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St Georges' University International School of Medicine, KB Taylor Global Scholar's Program, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8JG.,Unit of Research in Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium, 5000.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Ohio Medical University (NEOMed/Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, USA, 44272
| | - James M Jamison
- Department of Urology, Ohio Medical University (NEOMed/Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, USA, 44272.,St Thomas Hospital, The Apatone Development Center, Summa Research Foundation, Akron, OH, USA, 44310
| | - Jack L Summers
- Department of Urology, Ohio Medical University (NEOMed/Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, USA, 44272.,St Thomas Hospital, The Apatone Development Center, Summa Research Foundation, Akron, OH, USA, 44310
| | - Henryk S Taper
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Toxicologique et Cancérologique, School of Pharmacy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium, 1200
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Are the genetic variants/haplotypes of the CDH1 gene contribute to skin tags and internal malignancies in skin tag subjects? A pilot study. Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2022.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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The Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles in the Progression of Colorectal Cancer and Its Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031379. [PMID: 35163305 PMCID: PMC8835972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and a longstanding critical challenge for public health. Screening has been suggested to effectively reduce both the incidence and mortality of CRC. However, the drawback of the current screening modalities, both stool-based tests and colonoscopies, is limited screening adherence, which reduces the effectiveness of CRC screening. Blood tests are more acceptable than stool tests or colonoscopy as a first-line screening approach. Therefore, identifying blood biomarkers for detecting CRC and its precancerous neoplasms is urgently needed to fulfill the unmet clinical need. Currently, many kinds of blood contents, such as circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor nucleic acids, and extracellular vesicles, have been investigated as biomarkers for CRC detection. Among these, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been demonstrated to detect CRC effectively in recent reports. sEVs enable intercellular shuttling—for instance, trafficking between recipient cancer cells and stromal cells—which can affect tumor initiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, immune regulation; metastasis, the cancer-specific molecules, such as proteins, microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, loaded into cancer-derived sEVs may serve as biomarkers for the detection of cancers, including CRC. Indeed, accumulating evidence has shown that nucleic acids and proteins contained in CRC-derived sEVs are effective as blood biomarkers for CRC detection. However, investigations of the performance of sEVs for diagnosing CRC in clinical trials remains limited. Thus, the effectiveness of sEV biomarkers for diagnosing CRC needs further validation in clinical trials.
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Font A, Ruiz de Porras V, Valderrama BP, Ramirez JL, Nonell L, Virizuela JA, Anido U, González-del-Alba A, Lainez N, Llorente MDM, Jiménez N, Mellado B, García-Donas J, Bellmunt J. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Mediates Resistance to Maintenance Therapy with Vinflunine in Advanced Urothelial Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246235. [PMID: 34944855 PMCID: PMC8699401 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Platinum-based chemotherapy is the first-line treatment for advanced urothelial cell carcinoma (aUCC). After first-line treatment, we previously showed that maintenance therapy with vinflunine improves progression-free survival. However, some patients are resistant to vinflunine and the specific mechanisms of resistance in aUCC are unclear. We analyzed the genomic landscape and the biological processes potentially related to vinflunine activity and found that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a pivotal role as a resistance mechanism. In experiments with cell lines, curcumin reversed EMT and sensitized cells to vinflunine. We suggest that EMT mediates resistance to vinflunine and that the reversion of this process could enhance the effect of vinflunine in aUCC patients. Abstract In the phase II MAJA trial, maintenance therapy with vinflunine resulted in longer progression-free survival compared to best supportive care in advanced urothelial cell carcinoma (aUCC) patients who did not progress after first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. However, despite an initial benefit observed in some patients, unequivocal resistance appears which underlying mechanisms are presently unknown. We have performed gene expression and functional enrichment analyses to shed light on the discovery of these underlying resistance mechanisms. Differential gene expression profile of eight patients with poor outcome and nine with good outcome to vinflunine administered in the MAJA trial were analyzed. RNA was isolated from tumor tissue and gene expression was assessed by microarray. Differential expression was determined with linear models for microarray data. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used for the functional classification of the genes. In vitro functional studies were performed using UCC cell lines. Hierarchical clustering showed a differential gene expression pattern between patients with good and poor outcome to vinflunine treatment. GSEA identified epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as the top negatively enriched hallmark in patients with good outcome. In vitro analyses showed that the polyphenol curcumin downregulated EMT markers and sensitized UCC cells to vinflunine. We conclude that EMT mediates resistance to vinflunine and suggest that the reversion of this process could enhance the effect of vinflunine in aUCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Font
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Vicenç Ruiz de Porras
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Begoña P. Valderrama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Jose Luis Ramirez
- Department of Haematology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Lara Nonell
- MARGenomics, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - José Antonio Virizuela
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain;
| | - Urbano Anido
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Aránzazu González-del-Alba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Nuria Lainez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Maria del Mar Llorente
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital General Universitario de Elda, 03600 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Natalia Jiménez
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Begoña Mellado
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jesus García-Donas
- Division of Medical Oncology, HM Hospitales-Centro Integral Oncológico Hospital de Madrid Clara Campal, 28050 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.G.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Correspondence: (J.G.D.); (J.B.)
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Opitz FV, Haeberle L, Daum A, Esposito I. Tumor Microenvironment in Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246188. [PMID: 34944807 PMCID: PMC8699458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a very aggressive neoplasm with a poor survival rate. This is mainly due to late detection, which substantially limits therapy options. A better understanding of the early phases of pancreatic carcinogenesis is fundamental for improving patient prognosis in the future. In this article, we focused on the tumor microenvironment (TME), which provides the biological niche for the development of PDAC from its most common precursor lesions, PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias). Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive tumors with a poor prognosis. A characteristic of PDAC is the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that facilitates bypassing of the immune surveillance. The TME consists of a desmoplastic stroma, largely composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immunosuppressive immune cells, immunoregulatory soluble factors, neural network cells, and endothelial cells with complex interactions. PDAC develops from various precursor lesions such as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN), mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN), and possibly, atypical flat lesions (AFL). In this review, we focus on the composition of the TME in PanINs to reveal detailed insights into the complex restructuring of the TME at early time points in PDAC progression and to explore ways of modifying the TME to slow or even halt tumor progression.
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Xing J, Jia Z, Xu Y, Chen M, Yang Z, Chen Y, Han Y. KLF9 (Kruppel Like Factor 9) induced PFKFB3 (6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2, 6-Biphosphatase 3) downregulation inhibits the proliferation, metastasis and aerobic glycolysis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7563-7576. [PMID: 34612136 PMCID: PMC8806463 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1980644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most common skin cancer in humans with increasing incidence. In this paper, we focused on the effects of krueppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) on the progression of CSCC cells by binding to PFKFB3. mRNA and protein expressions of KLF9 and PFKFB3 in human HaCaT and CSCC cells were, respectively, examined by RT-qPCR analysis and Western blot. The viability, proliferation, invasion and migration of A431 cells after transfection were analyzed with MTT, clone formation, transwell and wound healing assays. The levels of glucose, lactic acid and ATP in transfected A431 cells were detected by their commercial kits. Ki-67 expression in transfected A431 cells was determined using immunofluorescence analysis and in tumor tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The levels of migration, EMT and aerobic glycolysis-related proteins were tested with Western blot. The combination of KLF9 and PFKFB3 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and ChIP. As a result, PFKFB3 expression was elevated in CSCC cells compared with HaCaT. Knockdown of PFKFB3 restrained the proliferation, metastasis, and aerobic glycolysis of CSCC cells. In addition, KLF9 could bind to PFKFB3. Downregulation of KLF9 crippled the inhibitory effect of knockdown of PFKFB3 on the proliferation, metastasis, and aerobic glycolysis of CSCC cells. In conclusion, PFKFB3 was transcriptionally regulated by KLF9, and PFKFB3 silencing inhibits the proliferation, metastasis, and aerobic glycolysis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Xing
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese Pla General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziqi Jia
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yichi Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese Pla General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Muzi Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese Pla General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese Pla General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Youbai Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese Pla General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese Pla General Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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da Costa VR, Araldi RP, Vigerelli H, D’Ámelio F, Mendes TB, Gonzaga V, Policíquio B, Colozza-Gama GA, Valverde CW, Kerkis I. Exosomes in the Tumor Microenvironment: From Biology to Clinical Applications. Cells 2021; 10:2617. [PMID: 34685596 PMCID: PMC8533895 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most important health problems and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the advances in oncology, cancer heterogeneity remains challenging to therapeutics. This is because the exosome-mediated crosstalk between cancer and non-cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to the acquisition of all hallmarks of cancer and leads to the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which exhibit resistance to a range of anticancer drugs. Thus, this review aims to summarize the role of TME-derived exosomes in cancer biology and explore the clinical potential of mesenchymal stem-cell-derived exosomes as a cancer treatment, discussing future prospects of cell-free therapy for cancer treatment and challenges to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Rodrigues da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Hugo Vigerelli
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Fernanda D’Ámelio
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Thais Biude Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Vivian Gonzaga
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Bruna Policíquio
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Gabriel Avelar Colozza-Gama
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | | | - Irina Kerkis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
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14
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Liu C, Zhou X, Pan Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Pyruvate carboxylase promotes thyroid cancer aggressiveness through fatty acid synthesis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:722. [PMID: 34158007 PMCID: PMC8220755 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is an important anaplerotic enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in cancer cells. Although PC overexpression has been observed in thyroid cancer (TC), the mechanisms involved in the carcinogenic effects of PC are still unclear. Methods Bioinformatics analysis and clinical specimens were used to analyze the relationship of PC expression with clinicopathological variables in TC. Fatty acid synthesis was monitored by LC/MS, Nile red staining, and triglyceride analysis. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was evaluated by the Seahorse XF Mito Cell Stress Test. The correlation of PC with FASN and SREBP1c was assessed by qRT-PCR and IHC in 38 human TC tissues. Western blotting was used to evaluate the protein expression of PC, FASN, and SREBP1c and members of the AKT/mTOR and EMT pathways in TC cell lines. Wound-healing, CCK-8, and Transwell assays and a nude mouse xenograft model were used to verify the regulatory effects of PC and SREBP1c on thyroid tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Results We demonstrated that PC increased fatty acid synthesis, which then promoted TC progression and metastasis. Analysis of GEO data showed that the overexpression of PC in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) was associated with PTC invasion and the fatty acid synthesis pathway. Analysis of clinical tissue specimens from PTC patients revealed that PC was more highly expressed in specimens from PTC patients with lymph node metastasis than in those from patients without metastasis. Multiple genes in the fatty acid synthesis signaling pathway, including FASN and SREBP1c, were downregulated in PC-knockdown TC cells compared to control cells. Lipid levels were also decreased in the PC-knockdown TC cells. Moreover, the ability of cells to grow, invade, and metastasize was also suppressed upon PC knockdown, suggesting that PC-mediated lipogenesis activation increases the aggressiveness of TC cells. In addition, PC was found to activate the AKT/mTOR pathway, thus improving FASN-mediated de novo lipogenesis in TC cells by upregulating SREBP1c expression. Studies in a nude mouse xenograft model showed that PC knockdown decreased tumor weight, but this effect was attenuated by forced expression of SREBP1c. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that PC is strongly involved in the tumor aggressiveness of TC via its stimulation of fatty acid synthesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08499-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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15
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Bhattacharya S. Glioblastoma Multiforme and its Cell Interruption. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716999201007125709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal type of brain cancer or primary glial neoplasm, mostly
targeting aged populations. The average survival is only 15 months from the date of occurrence. It
is often observed that, the invasive nature of the tumour is the main reason for poor prognosis and
strong recurrence of GBM in patients even after prescribed treatments. Despite all types of therapies,
it is necessary to understand the various molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways to
identify targets for GBM treatment. This compilation is specifically designed to discuss Wnt signalling
and Hedgehog-GLI1 pathways, which have positive and negative regulation against GBM.
The recent research finding associated with different signalling pathways for GBM has also been
discussed within this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road (NH-95), Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
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16
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Iruzubieta P, Castiella T, Monleón E, Berga C, Muñoz G, Junquera C. Primary cilia presence and implications in bladder cancer progression and invasiveness. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 155:547-560. [PMID: 33495938 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-01965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer worldwide. It is divided into muscle and non-muscle invading bladder cancer. Primary cilia have been related to several cancer hallmarks such as proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or tumoral progression mainly through signaling pathways as Hedgehog (Hh). In the present study, we used immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques in human tissues of healthy bladder, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) to study and clarify the activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and Hedgehog signaling pathway and the presence of primary cilia. Thus, we found a clear correlation between EMT and Hedgehog activation and bladder cancer stage and progression. Moreover, we identified the presence of primary cilia in these tissues. Interestingly, we found that in NMIBC, some ciliated cells cross the basement membrane and localized in lamina propria, near blood vessels. These results show a correlation between EMT beginning from urothelial basal cells and primary cilia assembly and suggest a potential implication of this structure in tumoral migration and invasiveness (likely in a Hh-dependent way). Hence, primary cilia may play a fundamental role in urothelial bladder cancer progression and suppose a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Iruzubieta
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Tomás Castiella
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Monleón
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Berga
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guillermo Muñoz
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Concepción Junquera
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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Li M, Qi L, Xu JB, Zhong LY, Chan S, Chen SN, Shao XR, Zheng LY, Dong ZX, Fang TL, Mai ZY, Li J, Zheng Y, Zhang XD. Methylation of the Promoter Region of the Tight Junction Protein-1 by DNMT1 Induces EMT-like Features in Multiple Myeloma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 19:197-207. [PMID: 33251332 PMCID: PMC7666313 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular alterations that initiate the development of multiple myeloma (MM) are not fully understood. Our results revealed that TJP1 was downregulated in MM and positively related to the overall survival of MM patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and patient samples. In parallel, cell adhesion capacity representing MM metastasis was decreased in MM patients compared with healthy samples, together with the significantly activated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcriptional-like patterns of MM cells. Further analyses demonstrated that TJP1 negatively regulated EMT and consequently positively regulated cell adhesion in MM from TCGA database and MM1s cells. Furthermore, the methylation level of each CpG site on the TJP1 promoter was negatively correlated with TJP1 expression levels. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot assays demonstrated that methylase DNMT1 regulated the methylation of TJP1. Finally, treatment with a combination of the MM clinical medicine bortezomib, methylation inhibitor, or TJP1 overexpression significantly suppressed the viability and progression of tumor cells of MM orthotopic models. In summary, our results indicate that DNMT1 promotes the methylation of TJP1 promoter, thereby decreasing its expression and regulating the development of EMT-inhibited MM cell adhesion. Therefore, methylation of TJP1 is a potential therapeutic agent to prevent the progression of MM disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Corresponding author: Lin Qi, Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Jing-Bo Xu
- Department of Hematology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Li-Ye Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Szehoi Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Shu-Na Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xin-Rong Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Li-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhao-Xia Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Tian-Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Mai
- Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yongjiang Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Corresponding author: Yongjiang Zheng, Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Xing-Ding Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Corresponding author: Xing-Ding Zhang, Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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18
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Rajabi F, Liu-Bordes WY, Pinskaya M, Dominika F, Kratassiouk G, Pinna G, Nanni S, Farsetti A, Gespach C, Londoño-Vallejo A, Groisman I. CPEB1 orchestrates a fine-tuning of miR-145-5p tumor-suppressive activity on TWIST1 translation in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4155-4168. [PMID: 33227047 PMCID: PMC7665230 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TWIST1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, and one of the master Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) regulators. We show that tumor suppressor miR-145-5p controls TWIST1 expression in an immortalized prostate epithelial cell line and in a tumorigenic prostate cancer-derived cell line. Indeed, shRNA-mediated miR-145-5p silencing enhanced TWIST1 expression and induced EMT-associated malignant properties in these cells. However, we discovered that the translational inhibitory effect of miR-145-5p on TWIST1 is lost in 22Rv1, another prostate cancer cell line that intrinsically expresses high levels of the CPEB1 cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein. This translational regulator typically reduces TWIST1 translation efficiency by shortening the TWIST1 mRNA polyA tail. However, our results indicate that the presence of CPEB1 also interferes with the binding of miR-145-5p to the TWIST1 mRNA 3′UTR. Mechanistically, CPEB1 binding to its first cognate site either directly hampers the access to the miR-145-5p response element or redirects the cleavage/polyadenylation machinery to an intermediate polyadenylation site, resulting in the elimination of the miR-145-5p binding site. Taken together, our data support the notion that the tumor suppressive activity of miR-145-5p on TWIST1 translation, consequently on EMT, self-renewal, and migration, depends on the CPEB1 expression status of the cancer cell. A preliminary prospective study using clinical samples suggests that reconsidering the relative status of miR-145-5p/TWIST1 and CPEB1 in the tumors of prostate cancer patients may bear prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rajabi
- Telomeres and Cancer Laboratory, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université PSL, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Win-Yan Liu-Bordes
- Telomeres and Cancer Laboratory, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université PSL, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marina Pinskaya
- Non-Coding RNA, Epigenetic and Genome Fluidity, Sorbonne Université, Université PSL, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Foretek Dominika
- Non-Coding RNA, Epigenetic and Genome Fluidity, Sorbonne Université, Université PSL, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gueorgui Kratassiouk
- Plateforme ARN Interférence, Service de Biologie Intégrative et de Génétique Moléculaire (SBIGeM), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume Pinna
- Plateforme ARN Interférence, Service de Biologie Intégrative et de Génétique Moléculaire (SBIGeM), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Simona Nanni
- Istituto di Patologia Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Farsetti
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Gespach
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U938, Team TGFβ Signaling in Cellular Plasticity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Arturo Londoño-Vallejo
- Telomeres and Cancer Laboratory, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université PSL, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Irina Groisman
- Telomeres and Cancer Laboratory, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université PSL, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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19
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Wang X, Chang Y, Gao M, Zhang F. Wogonoside Attenuates Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Reducing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/Invasion and Cancer Stem-Like Cell Property. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10097-10109. [PMID: 33116592 PMCID: PMC7553668 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s251806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common second basal cell carcinoma in our population. Wogonoside, the main in vivo metabolite of wogonin, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis and anti-cancer activities. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of wogonoside therapy on cSCC has not been clarified. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of wogonoside on cell proliferation, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem-like cell (CSC) properties of SCL-1 and SCC12 cell lines, and the effects on tumor formation in vivo. In vitro, cells were treated with 0, 25, 50 and 100 μM wogonoside for 48 h. In vivo, SCL-1 cells were subcutaneously injected into the right thigh of mice to form xenograft tumors. Animals were randomly divided into two groups (n=10): the control group and the 80 mg/kg wogonoside group. Results The results showed that wogonoside attenuated proliferation, invasion and EMT of SCL-1 and SCC12 cell lines, and enhanced the rate of apoptosis. Meanwhile, wogonoside efficiently abolished the CSC traits of cSCC; the expression of CSC markers (ALDH1, SOX-2, Oct4 and CD44) and the percentage of CD133+ cells were remarkably downregulated. In addition, we found that wogonoside repressed the activation of both PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. In vivo, wogonoside significantly inhibited tumor formation. Conclusion The results indicated that wogonoside could attenuate cSCC by reducing EMT, invasion and CSC properties. The efficacy of intervention may be related to inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. These novel findings could furnish new ideas on the potential therapeutic application of wogonoside in cSCC cancellation and cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471000, People's Republic of China
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20
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Zheng B, Qu J, Ohuchida K, Feng H, Chong SJF, Yan Z, Piao Y, Liu P, Sheng N, Eguchi D, Ohtsuka T, Mizumoto K, Liu Z, Pervaiz S, Gong P, Nakamura M. LAMA4 upregulation is associated with high liver metastasis potential and poor survival outcome of Pancreatic Cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:10274-10289. [PMID: 32929348 PMCID: PMC7481422 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Pancreatic cancer is one of the most difficult cancers to manage and its poor prognosis stems from the lack of a reliable early disease biomarker coupled with its highly metastatic potential. Liver metastasis accounts for the high mortality rate in pancreatic cancer. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanism(s) underlying the acquisition of the metastatic potential in pancreatic cancer is highly desirable. Methods: Microarray analysis in wild-type and highly liver metastatic human pancreatic cancer cell lines was performed to identify gene expression signatures that underlie the metastatic process. We validated our findings in patient samples, nude mice, cell lines and database analysis. Results: We identified a metastasis-related gene, laminin subunit alpha 4 (LAMA4), that was upregulated in highly liver metastatic human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Downregulation of LAMA4 reduced the liver metastatic ability of pancreatic cancer cells in vivo. Furthermore, LAMA4 expression was positively correlated with tumor severity and in silico analyses revealed that LAMA4 was associated with altered tumor microenvironment. In particular, our in vitro and in vivo results showed that LAMA4 expression was highly correlated with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) level which may contribute to pancreatic cancer metastasis. We further found that LAMA4 had a positive effect on the recruitment and activity of CAFs. Conclusions: These data provide evidence for LAMA4 as a possible biomarker of disease progression and poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Our findings indicate that LAMA4 may contribute to pancreatic cancer metastasis via recruitment or activation of CAFs.
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Abstract
A model is introduced here that for the first time describes carcinogenesis in the context of and interacting with associated inflammatory processes. Central to the model are the control of cytokine production by the innate immune system and its disturbance by additional uncontrolled cytokine sources. The model aims to answer the following questions: Why don't tumors form more often? What drives tumor recurrence after an R0 surgery even in UICC I cases, and what causes tumor progression? Which are the host-tumor-host interactions that ultimately lead to lethal outcome in the disease? The model describes the innate immune system under normal conditions as in a dynamic equilibrium, which is shifted toward pro-inflammation when a tumor forms. That in turn causes tumor-associated symptoms, metastasis, and tumor relapse. The recurrence of the tumor from R0/N0/M0-conditions results from the activation of a memory function of the innate immune system, which is conditioned during the initial tumor growth and survives the tumor removal. If activated, this memory function reestablishes, often irreversibly, the shift of the innate immune system away from dynamic equilibrium toward a pro-inflammatory state characterized by nonspecific symptoms originating from the tumor and by activation of dissemination of tumor cells. Once disseminated, these cells can proliferate and form new metastatic structures. Although elements of the memory function are unclear, some properties can be derived from the relapse behavior of tumors. A therapeutic path to influence the innate immune system could be an element in oncologic therapy: Reducing the deviation from the dynamic equilibrium would diminish the clinical effects of such a disturbance and decouple the presence of tumor cells from the influence they have on the organism, and thus build a resilience to tumor growth. The model presented here could also influence sepsis and SIRS therapy and possibly other diseases for which the innate immune system is disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Löser
- Institut LOESER, Wettiner Straße 6, D 04105 Leipzig, Germany.
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22
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Yang F, Chen X, Li X, Chen J, Tang Y, Cai Y, Wang Y, Chen Z, Li L, Li R, Deng Z. Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 1089 Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Metastasis in Gastric Cancer by Regulating miRNA-27a-3p/Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Axis. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:5587-5596. [PMID: 32753971 PMCID: PMC7358073 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s254064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To explore the expression and biological function of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1089 (LINC01089) in gastric cancer (GC) progression and its underlying mechanism. Methods LINC01089 and microRNA-27a-3p (miR-27a-3p) expressions were detected with the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell assay. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins were also measured by Western blot. The relationship between LINC01089 and miR-27a-3p was revealed by a bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results LINC01089 was significantly down-regulated in GC tissues, as well as GC cell lines. GC patients with lower LINC01089 expression were more likely to have poor outcomes. Overexpression of LINC01089 significantly suppressed GC cells growth, migration and invasion and forbade the EMT process. LINC01089 was directly targeted at miR-27a-3p. The transfection of miR-27a-3p mimics reversed the inhibitory effects on proliferative and metastatic abilities of GC cells with LINC01089 overexpression. Conclusion LINC01089 inhibits cell proliferation and metastasis in GC by targeting miR-27a-3p/EMT axis, which should be considered as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyao Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchang Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiping Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, People's Republic of China
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23
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Lu H, Hu J, Li J, Lu W, Deng X, Wang X. miR-328-3p overexpression attenuates the malignant proliferation and invasion of liver cancer via targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum Metallo Protease 1 to inhibit AKT phosphorylation. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:754. [PMID: 32647679 PMCID: PMC7333113 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized as minimally invasive prognostic markers for distinct types of cancer. This study evaluates the mitigation role of miR-328-3p on liver cancer in vitro and in vivo. Methods Liver cancer cell line Huh-7 and HepG2 were used for in vitro experiments. Compared with the control group, miR-328-3p overexpression inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and promoted apoptosis of Huh-7 cells. miR-328-3p and endoplasmic reticulum metalloprotease 1 (ERMP1) had an excellent targeting relationship. Compared with the pcDNA-ERMP1 transfection group, the ratios of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-mTOR/mTOR in miR-328-3p mimic and pcDNA-ERMP1 co-transfection group were significantly decreased. Animal models were set up using four-week-old immunodeficient BABL/c female nude mice. Huh-7 cells transfected with lentivirus holding miR-328-3p or empty vector were injected into the right dorsal side of BABL/c nude mice, respectively. Tumor volume was measured every five days. After one month, animals were sacrificed, xenograft tumors were dissected and weighed for RT-PCR and immunohistochemical assays. Results Compared with control group, miR-328-3p overexpression significantly inhibited tumor weight (0.46±0.07 vs. 0.11±0.05 g, P<0.05) and tumor volume (1876±321 vs. 543±168 mm3, P<0.05) after thirty days. miR-328-3p overexpression significantly downregulated the percentage of Ki67 positive cells, N-cadherin positive cells and vimentin positive cells. Conclusions These findings suggested that miR-328-3p could be a new treatment or a novel marker for liver cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Anesthesia Operation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiali Hu
- Department of Pain, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Weifeng Lu
- Anesthesia Operation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofan Deng
- Organ Transplant Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
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24
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Shanmugasundaram KB, Yeo B, Möller A, Wuethrich A, Lin LL, Trau M. Tracking Drug-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer by a Microfluidic Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Immunoassay. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905614. [PMID: 32141228 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a primary mechanism for cancer metastasis. Detecting the activation of EMT can potentially convey signs of metastasis to guide treatment management and improve patient survival. One of the classic signatures of EMT is characterized by dynamic changes in cellular expression levels of E-cadherin and N-cadherin, whose soluble active fragments have recently been reported to be biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Herein, a microfluidic immunoassay (termed "SERS immunoassay") based on sensitive and simultaneous detection of soluble E-cadherin (sE-cadherin) and soluble N-cadherin (sN-cadherin) for EMT monitoring in patients' plasma is presented. The SERS immunoassay integrates in situ nanomixing and surface-enhanced Raman scattering readout to enable accurate detection of sE-cadherin and sN-cadherin from as low as 10 cells mL-1 . This assay enables tracking of a concurrent decrease in sE-cadherin and increase in sN-cadherin in breast cancer cells undergoing drug-induced mesenchymal transformation. The clinical potential of the SERS immunoassay is further demonstrated by successful detection of sE-cadherin and sN-cadherin in metastatic stage IV breast cancer patient plasma samples. The SERS immunoassay can potentially sense the activation of EMT to provide early indications of cancer invasions or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jing Wang
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Karthik Balaji Shanmugasundaram
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Belinda Yeo
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lynlee L Lin
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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25
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Hoerscher A, Horné F, Dietze R, Berkes E, Oehmke F, Tinneberg HR, Meinhold-Heerlein I, Konrad L. Localization of claudin-2 and claudin-3 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium is highly similar. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 301:1003-1011. [PMID: 32140805 PMCID: PMC8222039 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Claudins as the major components of tight junctions are important in maintaining cell-cell integrity and thus function as a barrier. Dysregulation of the claudins is often associated with loss of the epithelial phenotype, a process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which most often results in gain of migrative and invasive properties. However, the role of claudins in the endometrium or endometriosis has only rarely been examined. METHODS In this study, we investigated localization of claudin-2 and claudin-3 in the eutopic and ectopic endometrium with immunohistochemistry. A detailed quantification with HSCORE was performed for claudin-2 and claudin-3 in endometrium without endometriosis and in cases with endometriosis compared to the three endometriotic entities: peritoneal, ovarian, and deep-infiltrating endometriosis. RESULTS We found a preferential localization of both claudins in the glandular and the luminal epithelial cells in the endometrium with and without endometriosis. Quantification of localization of both claudins showed no differences in eutopic endometrium of control cases compared to cases with endometriosis. Furthermore, both claudins are localized highly similar in the ectopic compared to the eutopic endometrium, which is in clear contrast to previously published data for claudin-3. CONCLUSION From our results, we conclude that localization of claudin-2 and claudin-3 is highly stable in eutopic and ectopic endometrium without any loss of the epithelial phenotype and thus do not contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Hoerscher
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Justus Liebig University, University of Giessen, Feulgenstr. 10-12, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Horné
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Justus Liebig University, University of Giessen, Feulgenstr. 10-12, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Raimund Dietze
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Justus Liebig University, University of Giessen, Feulgenstr. 10-12, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eniko Berkes
- Department of Gynecology, UKE Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Oehmke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Justus Liebig University, University of Giessen, Feulgenstr. 10-12, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Justus Liebig University, University of Giessen, Feulgenstr. 10-12, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lutz Konrad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Justus Liebig University, University of Giessen, Feulgenstr. 10-12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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26
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Zhong M, Zhu M, Liu Y, Lin Y, Wang L, Ye Y, Chen H, Yang Y, Zhuang G, Huang J. TNFAIP8 promotes the migration of clear cell renal cell carcinoma by regulating the EMT. J Cancer 2020; 11:3061-3071. [PMID: 32226521 PMCID: PMC7086265 DOI: 10.7150/jca.40191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is characterized by high metastatic potential, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to play a key role in multiple cancer progression, migration and metastasis and is the leading cause of poor prognosis. Currently, tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8/TIPE) is a newly discovered tumorigenesis factor, and TNFAIP8 and the EMT influence the migration of renal cancer cells. Methods: In this study, we first analyzed the relationship between TNFAIP8 and ccRCC using bioinformatics, followed by immunohistochemistry to evaluate the relationship between the two in clinical samples. Subsequently, reverse transcription PCR and western blotting confirmed the expression of TNFAIP8 in ccRCC cells. Furthermore, we measured the migration and invasion abilities by using wound healing and transwell assays after overexpression or knockdown of TNFAIP8 in cells. In addition, we verified whether TNFAIP8 affects the EMT process in ccRCC by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence experiments. Results: Through database analysis, we found that TNFAIP8 was highly expressed in ccRCC patients and was positively correlated with tumor stage and grade, indicating that TNFAIP8 is associated with the development of advanced ccRCC and poor prognosis. We subsequently confirmed that TNFAIP8 was abnormally overexpressed in clinical samples and ccRCC cell lines and that TNFAIP8 promoted ccRCC cell migration and invasion in vitro. Finally, we found that TNFAIP8 regulated EMT-related molecule expression and regulated the EMT process. Conclusion: High expression of TNFAIP8 reinforces migration and regulates the EMT in ccRCC, conferring the metastatic potential of ccRCC and suggesting that TNFAIP8 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of advanced ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Zhong
- Xiang'an Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Maoshu Zhu
- Xiang'an Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Xiang'an Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lianghai Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuhan Ye
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huiyu Chen
- Xiang'an Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Xiang'an Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Guohong Zhuang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Organ Transplantation Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiyi Huang
- Xiang'an Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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The life cycle of cancer-associated fibroblasts within the tumour stroma and its importance in disease outcome. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:931-942. [PMID: 31992854 PMCID: PMC7109057 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) determines vital aspects of tumour development, such as tumour growth, metastases and response to therapy. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are abundant and extremely influential in this process and interact with cellular and matrix TME constituents such as endothelial and immune cells and collagens, fibronectin and elastin, respectively. However, CAFs are also the recipients of signals—both chemical and physical—that are generated by the TME, and their phenotype effectively evolves alongside the tumour mass during tumour progression. Amid a rising clinical interest in CAFs as a crucial force for disease progression, this review aims to contextualise the CAF phenotype using the chronological framework of the CAF life cycle within the evolving tumour stroma, ranging from quiescent fibroblasts to highly proliferative and secretory CAFs. The emergence, properties and clinical implications of CAF activation are discussed, as well as research strategies used to characterise CAFs and current clinical efforts to alter CAF function as a therapeutic strategy.
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28
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Gels for Live Analysis of Compartmentalized Environments (GLAnCE): A tissue model to probe tumour phenotypes at tumour-stroma interfaces. Biomaterials 2020; 228:119572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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MiR-205 Dysregulations in Breast Cancer: The Complexity and Opportunities. Noncoding RNA 2019; 5:ncrna5040053. [PMID: 31752366 PMCID: PMC6958506 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding small RNAs that downregulate target gene expression by imperfect base-pairing with the 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of target gene mRNAs. MiRNAs play important roles in regulating cancer cell proliferation, stemness maintenance, tumorigenesis, cancer metastasis, and cancer therapeutic resistance. While studies have shown that dysregulation of miRNA-205-5p (miR-205) expression is controversial in different types of human cancers, it is generally observed that miR-205-5p expression level is downregulated in breast cancer and that miR-205-5p exhibits a tumor suppressive function in breast cancer. This review focuses on the role of miR-205-5p dysregulation in different subtypes of breast cancer, with discussions on the effects of miR-205-5p on breast cancer cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, stemness and therapy-resistance, as well as genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that regulate miR-205-5p expression in breast cancer. In addition, the potential diagnostic and therapeutic value of miR-205-5p in breast cancer is also discussed. A comprehensive list of validated miR-205-5p direct targets is presented. It is concluded that miR-205-5p is an important tumor suppressive miRNA capable of inhibiting the growth and metastasis of human breast cancer, especially triple negative breast cancer. MiR-205-5p might be both a potential diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for metastatic breast cancer.
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30
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Phenotypic Plasticity of Fibroblasts during Mammary Carcinoma Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184438. [PMID: 31505876 PMCID: PMC6769951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment contribute to all stages of tumorigenesis and are usually considered to be tumor-promoting cells. CAFs show a remarkable degree of heterogeneity, which is attributed to developmental origin or to local environmental niches, resulting in distinct CAF subsets within individual tumors. While CAF heterogeneity is frequently investigated in late-stage tumors, data on longitudinal CAF development in tumors are lacking. To this end, we used the transgenic polyoma middle T oncogene-induced mouse mammary carcinoma model and performed whole transcriptome analysis in FACS-sorted fibroblasts from early- and late-stage tumors. We observed a shift in fibroblast populations over time towards a subset previously shown to negatively correlate with patient survival, which was confirmed by multispectral immunofluorescence analysis. Moreover, we identified a transcriptomic signature distinguishing CAFs from early- and late-stage tumors. Importantly, the signature of early-stage CAFs correlated well with tumor stage and survival in human mammary carcinoma patients. A random forest analysis suggested predictive value of the complete set of differentially expressed genes between early- and late-stage CAFs on bulk tumor patient samples, supporting the clinical relevance of our findings. In conclusion, our data show transcriptome alterations in CAFs during tumorigenesis in the mammary gland, which suggest that CAFs are educated by the tumor over time to promote tumor development. Moreover, we show that murine CAF gene signatures can harbor predictive value for human cancer.
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31
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Moradi K, Barneh F, Irian S, Amini M, Moradpoor R, Amanzadeh A, Choopani S, Rahimi H, Ghodselahi T, Boujar MM, Salimi M. Two Novel Tri-Aryl Derivatives Attenuate the Invasion-Promoting Effects of Stromal Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Breast Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:1002-1011. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190212123912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:The concept of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) to promote carcinoma progression has been recognized as a venue for research on novel anticancer drugs. Triaryl template-based structures are one of the pivotal structural features found in a number of compounds with a wide variety of biological properties including anti-breast cancer. Among the various factors triggering EMT program, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), NF-κB as well as the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) have been widely investigated.Objective:Here, we aim to investigate the effect of two novel compounds A and B possessing triaryl structures, which interact with both COX-2 and TGF-β active sites and suppress NF-κB activation, on EMT in a co-culture system with breast cancer and stromal cells.Methods:MDA-MB-231 and bone-marrow mesenchymal stem (BM-MS) cells were co-cultured in a trans-well plate. Migration, matrigel-based invasion and colony formation in soft agar assays along with Real- time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to examine the effect of compounds A and B on the invasive properties of MDA-MB-231 cells after 72 hours of co-culturing with BM-MSCs. In addition, TGF-beta interaction was investigated by Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR).Results:BM-MSCs enhanced migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth of the co-cultured MDAMB- 231 cells. A reduction in E-cadherin level concomitant with an increase in vimentin and N-cadherin levels following the co-culture implied EMT as the underlying process. Compounds A and B inhibited invasion and anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells co-cultured with BM-MSCs at 10µM. The observed inhibitory effects along with an increase in E-cadherin and a reduction in vimentin and ZEB2 levels suggest that the anti-invasive properties of compounds A and B might proceed through the blockade of stromal cell-induced EMT, mediated by their interaction with TGF-beta.Conclusion:These findings introduce compounds A and B as novel promising agents, which prevent EMT in invasive breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Moradi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Barneh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Irian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Moradpoor
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Amanzadeh
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Choopani
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Massoud M. Boujar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Salimi
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Elisha Y, Sagi Y, Klein G, Straussman R, Geiger B. Cooperativity between stromal cytokines drives the invasive migration of human breast cancer cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180231. [PMID: 31431170 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-talk between cancer cells and the stromal microenvironment plays a key role in regulating cancer invasion. Here, we employed an ex vivo invasion model system for exploring the regulation of breast cancer cells infiltration into a variety of stromal fibroblast monolayers. Our results revealed considerable variability in the stromal induction of invasiveness, with some lines promoting and others blocking invasion. It was shown that conditioned medium (CM), derived from invasion-promoting fibroblasts, can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like process in the cancer cells, and trigger their infiltration into a monolayer of invasion-blocking fibroblasts. To identify the specific invasion-promoting molecules, we analysed the cytokines in stimulatory CM, screened a library of purified cytokines for invasion-promoting activity and tested the effect of specific inhibitors of selected cytokine receptors on the CM-induced invasion. Taken together, these experiments indicated that the invasiveness of BT-474 is induced by the combined action of IL1 and IL6 and that IL1 can induce IL6 secretion by invasion-blocking fibroblasts, thereby triggering cancer cell invasion into the stroma. This unexpected observation suggests that stromal regulation of cancer invasion may involve not only cross-talk between stromal and cancer cells, but also cooperation between different stromal subpopulations. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Forces in cancer: interdisciplinary approaches in tumour mechanobiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Elisha
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Sagi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Georg Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ravid Straussman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Wound fluids collected postoperatively from patients with breast cancer induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition but intraoperative radiotherapy impairs this effect by activating the radiation-induced bystander effect. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7891. [PMID: 31133667 PMCID: PMC6536501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound fluids (WF) are believed to play a role in the local recurrences by inducing an inflammatory process in scar tissue area. Given that most local relapse in primary breast cancer patients occur within the scar tissue area, researchers have investigated whether localized radiotherapy, such as intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT), could be more effective than postoperative RT in inhibiting local tumor recurrence. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program plays a critical role in promoting metastasis in epithelium-derived carcinoma. Given this background the main aim of the present study was to determine the mechanisms by which IORT decreases the tumorigenic potential of WF. We assumed that postoperative fluids from patients would activate the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) in treated cells, thus altering the tumor microenvironment. To confirm this hypothesis, WF collected from patients after breast conserving surgery (BCS) alone, after BCS followed by IORT treatment or WF from BCS patients together with RIBE medium were incubated with MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Changes in the CSC phenotype, in EMT program and potential to migrate were performed to determine the possible role of WF on the migration of breast cancer cells. Our findings show that wound fluids stimulate the CSC phenotype and EMT program in breast cancer cell lines. This effect was partially abrogated when the cells were incubated in wound fluids collected from patients after breast-conserving surgery followed by IORT. Additionally, we confirmed the role of radiation-induced bystander effect in altering the properties of the WF to induce the CSC phenotype and EMT program.
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Elwakeel E, Brüne B, Weigert A. PGE 2 in fibrosis and cancer: Insights into fibroblast activation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 143:106339. [PMID: 31100473 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the essential cellular architects of connective tissue and as such are crucial cells in contributing to organ homeostasis. While fulfilling important repair functions during tissue regeneration upon wounding, chronic fibroblast activation provokes pathological organ fibrosis and promotes neoplastic disease progression. Identifying targets that may serve to therapeutically terminate fibroblast activation is therefore desirable. Among the mediators that may be relevant in this context is the prostanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that is produced during inflammatory settings, where pathological fibrosis occurs. Here, we summarize current, in part controversial, concepts on the impact of PGE2 on fibroblast activation in fibrotic diseases including cancer, and discuss these findings in the context of the evolving concept of fibroblast heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Elwakeel
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Zhang L, Song Y, Ling Z, Li Y, Ren X, Yang J, Wang Z, Xia J, Zhang W, Cheng B. R-spondin 2-LGR4 system regulates growth, migration and invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem-like properties of tongue squamous cell carcinoma via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:275-288. [PMID: 31097406 PMCID: PMC6603804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background R-spondins (Rspo) and leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptors (LGR) play important roles in development, stem cells survival, and tumorigenicity by activating Wnt signaling pathway. Whether R-spondins-LGR signaling affects the progression of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remain unknown. This study aims to uncover the role of R-spodin2/LGR4 in tongue SCC (TSCC). Methods The expression of Rspo2 in TSCC specimens and its correlation with TSCC clinical outcome were evaluated. Levels of Rspo2 or LGR4 were altered by pharmacological and genetic approaches, and the effects on TSCC progression were assessed. Findings Aberrantly high levels of Rspo2 were detected in TSCC specimens. Its levels were closely related with lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and survival rate in patients with tongue SCC. Exogenous Rspo2 or overexpression of Rspo2 promoted growth, migration and invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem-like properties in SCC both in vivo and in vitro. Silence of Rspo2 abolished these phenotypes. LGR4 was functionally upregulated by Rspo2 in TSCC. Overexpression of Rspo2 increased, whereas Rspo2 silencing decreased the expression of LGR4, leading to subsequent phosphorylation of LRP6 and nuclear translocation of β-catenin in TSCC cell lines. This nuclear translocation of β-catenin was associated with a significant alteration in TCF-1, a downstream nuclear transcription factor of β-catenin, as well as its target genes: CD44, CyclinD1 and c-Myc. Interpretation Rspo2-LGR4 system regulates growth, migration and invasion, EMT and stem-like properties of TSCC via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Rspo2 and LGR4 are aberrantly expressed in TSCC. Rspo2-LGR4 up-regulates growth, migration and invasion, EMT and stem-like properties of TSCC. Rspo2-LGR4 regulates TSCC progression via Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Song
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zihang Ling
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xianyue Ren
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Juan Xia
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Bin Cheng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Zhou D, Tang W, Zhang Y, An HX. JAM3 functions as a novel tumor suppressor and is inactivated by DNA methylation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:2457-2470. [PMID: 30988641 PMCID: PMC6441464 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s189937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose JAM3, an adhesion and transmigration regulatory element, is abundantly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. However, its expression and function in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unknown. In this study, we explored its epigenetic mechanism and biological role in CRC. Patients and methods Bioinformatics analysis was used to analyze the expression and methylation level of JAM3 in CRC. Methylation and expression status of JAM3 were then validated by quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) and quantitative PCR in tissues, plasma samples, and cell lines. Flow cytometry, Western blot, transwell, siRNA, colony formation, and transfection were used to evaluate the biological function of JAM3. Results We initially found that JAM3 was frequently methylated and downregulated in CRC based on bioinformatics tools. qMSP validation showed that the methylation levels of JAM3 were increased in 75% (18/24) of CRC tissues, 61% (11/18) plasma samples, and all four CRC cell lines and were significantly associated with tumor stage in CRC tissues. Moreover, JAM3 was downregulated in primary CRC tissues, plasma samples, and CRC cell lines as compared with that in nonmalignant controls, although its expression could be recovered after demethylation treatment. Restoration of JAM3 repressed CRC cell viability, colony formation, and migration. In addition, siRNA-mediated depletion of JAM3 in NCM460 cells improved the clonogenicity and migration capability, whereas it suppressed cell apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. These functional effects were accompanied with alterations of several epithelial cell markers, including E-cadherin, vimentin, phosphor-β-catenin (ser552), and TJP1, which were responsible for epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Conclusion The findings indicated that JAM3 may be a novel tumor suppressor gene with epigenetic reduction in CRC and can be used as a potential noninvasive biomarker for CRC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China, ; .,Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China, .,Department of Translational Medicine, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, China,
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China, ; .,Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China, .,Department of Translational Medicine, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, China,
| | - Han-Xiang An
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China, ;
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Tampakis A, Tampaki EC, Nonni A, Droeser R, Posabella A, Tsourouflis G, Kontzoglou K, Patsouris E, von Flüe M, Kouraklis G. Nectin-1 Expression in Colorectal Cancer: Is There a Group of Patients with High Risk for Early Disease Recurrence? Oncology 2019; 96:318-325. [PMID: 30917374 DOI: 10.1159/000499569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite improvements in therapy of colorectal cancer, some patients will present occurrence of recurrence either locally or distantly. Tumor metastasis constitutes the major cause of cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. Nectin-1 belongs to the family of immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules that contribute to the formation of cell-cell adhesions and regulate a series of cellular activities including cell polarization, differentiation, movement, proliferation, and survival. Expression of Nectin-1 in malignant tumors has been associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to assess Nectin-1 expression patterns in colorectal cancer and to investigate its clinical significance. METHODS Nectin-1 expression was assessed via immunohistochemistry in surgical specimens of a cohort comprised of 111 patients with primary resectable colorectal cancer. Results were correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and survival data. Progression-free survival was defined as the primary outcome of the present study. RESULTS Nectin-1 was strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of colorectal cancer cells. High Nectin-1 expression was associated with advanced stage of disease (p = 0.012) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.007). Progression-free survival of patients exhibiting high expression of Nectin-1 in the first 36 months after surgery was significantly worse compared to patients with low expression of Nectin-1 (55.7%, 95% CI = 47-70, vs. 82.1%, 95% CI = 69-93, p = 0.014) and independent of other clinicopathological characteristics (HR = 0.389, 95% CI = 0.156-0.972, p = 0.043). CONCLUSION Nectin-1 expression in colorectal cancer is associated with a significantly worse 3-year progression-free survival identifying therefore a group of patients with high risk for early disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Tampakis
- Clarunis University Center of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland, .,2nd Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece,
| | - Ekaterini Christina Tampaki
- 2nd Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Afroditi Nonni
- 1st Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Raoul Droeser
- Clarunis University Center of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Posabella
- Clarunis University Center of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerasimos Tsourouflis
- 2nd Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kontzoglou
- 2nd Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Patsouris
- 1st Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Markus von Flüe
- Clarunis University Center of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Kouraklis
- 2nd Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Murakami T, Hiroshima Y, Matsuyama R, Homma Y, Hoffman RM, Endo I. Role of the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2019; 3:130-137. [PMID: 30923782 PMCID: PMC6422798 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a highly recalcitrant disease despite the development of systemic chemotherapies. New treatment options are thus urgently required. Dense stromal formation, so-called "desmoplastic stroma," plays controversial roles in terms of pancreatic cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. Cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells comprise the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is considered an immune-quiescent disease, but activation of immunological response in pancreatic cancer may contribute to favorable outcomes. Herein, we review the role of the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer, with a focus on immunological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Yukihiko Hiroshima
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Yuki Homma
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc.San DiegoCalifornia
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
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Horné F, Dietze R, Berkes E, Oehmke F, Tinneberg HR, Meinhold-Heerlein I, Konrad L. Impaired Localization of Claudin-11 in Endometriotic Epithelial Cells Compared to Endometrial Cells. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:1181-1192. [PMID: 30514158 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118811643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are the major components of tight junctions and are often deregulated in human cancer, permitting escape of cancer cells along with the acquisition of invasive properties. Similarly, endometrial cells also show invasive capabilities; however, the role of tight junctions in endometriosis has only rarely been examined. In this study, we analyzed the protein expression and localization of claudin-7 and claudin-11 in human eutopic and ectopic endometrium and endometrial cell lines. We identified claudin-7 primarily at the basolateral junctions of the glandular epithelial cells in eutopic endometrium as well as in the ectopic lesions in nearly all glands and cysts. Quantification of claudin-7 localization by HSCORE showed a slight increase in peritoneal and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) compared to eutopic endometrium. In contrast, claudin-11 was localized mainly in the apicolateral junctions in nearly all glandular epithelial cells of the eutopic endometrium. Interestingly, we observed a deregulation of claudin-11 localization to a basal or basolateral localization in ovarian (P < .001), peritoneal (P < .01), and DIE (P < .05) and a moderately decreased abundance in ovarian endometriosis. In endometrial cell lines, claudin-7 was only present in epithelial Ishikawa cells, and silencing by small-interfering RNA increased cell invasiveness. In contrast, claudin-11 could be demonstrated in Ishikawa and endometriotic 12Z and 49Z cells. Silencing of claudin-11 decreased invasiveness of 12Z slightly but significantly in 49Z. We suggest that although claudin-7 and claudin-11 can be found in nearly all eutopic and ectopic epithelial cells, the impaired localization of claudin-11 in ectopic endometrium might contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Horné
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Raimund Dietze
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eniko Berkes
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Oehmke
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Lutz Konrad
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Ke B, Guo XF, Li N, Wu LL, Li B, Zhang RP, Liang H. Clinical significance of Stathmin1 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in curatively resected gastric cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2018; 10:214-222. [PMID: 30680197 PMCID: PMC6327211 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, it was demonstrated that the Stathmin1 (STMN1) is overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC) and that its high expression level is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has also been shown to be critically involved in GC invasion and metastasis. Certain studies have indicated that STMN1 may serve an important role in the EMT process. However, the association between STMN1 expression and EMT-associated markers, as well as clinicopathological characteristics of patients with GC, remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of STMN1 and EMT-associated markers in GC. The expression of STMN1 and the EMT-associated proteins E-cadherin (E-Cad) and vimentin (VIM) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in GC and adjacent non-tumorous tissues. Associations between the expression of these markers and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. The association between STMN1 expression and EMT-associated markers was investigated in the GC cell lines BGC-803 and SGC-7901. The results revealed that STMN1 was expressed in 63.5% of the 167 GC tissues, which was significantly higher than the percentage observed in the adjacent non-tumorous tissues (P=0.003). The STMN1 expression was demonstrated to be positively associated with the VIM levels (P=0.001) and negatively associated with the E-Cad levels (P=0.022) in GC tissues. The STMN1 expression was associated with Lauren's Classification, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis and pathological Tumor-Node-Metastasis (pTNM) stage (P<0.05). In the univariate analyses, the high E-Cad expression was a positive prognostic indicator for overall survival, whereas the high STMN1 and VIM expression was a negative indicator. COX multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the pTNM stage [hazard ratio (HR) 1.912, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.282–2.851, P=0.001] and E-Cad expression (HR 0.403, 95% CI: 0.249–0.650, P=0.000) were independent prognostic factors. It was also revealed that the expression level of E-Cad decreased, while the expression level of VIM increased by depleting STMN1 levels in GC cells. The present results suggest that the aberrant expression of STMN1 may promote tumor progression through EMT in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ke
- Department of Gastric Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fan Guo
- Department of Gastric Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Gastric Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Liang Wu
- Department of Gastric Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Gastric Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Peng Zhang
- Department of Gastric Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Gastric Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
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Epithelial dysplasia in pterygium postoperative granuloma. Exp Eye Res 2018; 175:199-206. [PMID: 30125539 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pterygium postoperative granuloma (PPG) is one of the common complications of pterygium surgery. In order to provide the structural features of PPG, and to further explore its pathogenetic mechanism, we analyzed clinical and pathological characteristics of 12 PPG cases. New blood vessels were observed under a slit lamp in PPG and peripheral conjunctival tissues. In vivo confocal imaging showed that there was extensive neovascularization in the stroma, accompanied by infiltration of dendritic cells and inflammatory cells. Dense fibrous structures were observed in some PPG tissues. H&E staining results confirmed neovascularization and inflammatory cells in PPG tissues. In addition, H&E staining exhibited epithelioid tissue covering some PPG tissues. The immunofluorescence results demonstrated that the PPG epithelium was negative for K19, K10 and Muc5AC. Compared with the normal conjunctiva and pterygium, the expression of collagen IV in PPG basement membrane decreased, the expression of pan-cytokeratin (PCK), claudin 4 and E-cadherin in PPG epithelium was significantly lower, while the expression of vimentin, α-SMA and Snail was significantly increased. Therefore, our results suggest that the expression of epithelial keratin markers and goblet cell specific mucin marker is downregulated in the PPG tissues, and it likely is associated with the occurrence of EMT in granulomatous tissues.
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Sha M, Jeong S, Qiu BJ, Tong Y, Xia L, Xu N, Zhang JJ, Xia Q. Isolation of cancer-associated fibroblasts and its promotion to the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2018; 7:4665-4677. [PMID: 30062820 PMCID: PMC6144256 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a highly fatal tumor characterized by an abundant stromal environment. Cancer‐associated fibroblasts play key roles in tumor growth and invasiveness and have been regarded as a potential therapeutic target. This study was designed to isolate human primary cancer‐associated fibroblasts of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma to study tumor‐stroma interactions and to analyze the clinical relevance of alpha‐smooth muscle actin ‐positive cancer‐associated fibroblasts in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The isolated cancer‐associated fibroblasts were positive for alpha‐smooth actin, fibroblast‐specific protein‐1, fibroblast activation protein, and PDGFR‐β. In addition, cancer‐associated fibroblasts were found to increase proliferation, migration, and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro and promote tumor growth of mice in vivo. Moreover, alpha‐smooth muscle actin‐positive expression of cancer‐associated fibroblasts predicted unfavorable prognosis in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and showed correlation with presence of lymph node metastasis. This study may provide a useful tool to investigate further effect of cancer‐associated fibroblasts on the molecular mechanism of cholangiocarcinoma cells as well as contribution of cancer‐associated fibroblasts in lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sha
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Seogsong Jeong
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bi-Jun Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tong
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Ruiz-López L, Blancas I, Garrido JM, Mut-Salud N, Moya-Jódar M, Osuna A, Rodríguez-Serrano F. The role of exosomes on colorectal cancer: A review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:792-799. [PMID: 29156509 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular microvesicles released from cells, which are involved in many biological and pathological processes, mainly because of their role in intercellular communication. Exosomes derived from colorectal cancer (CRC) cells are related to oncogenesis, tumor cell survival, chemo-resistance, and metastasis. The role of the exosomes in these processes involves the transfer of proteins, RNAs, or mutant versions of proto-oncogenes to the target cells. In recent years, great efforts have been made to identify useful biomarkers in CRC exosomes for diagnosis, prediction of prognosis, and treatment response. This review focuses on recent studies on CRC exosomes, considering isolation, cargo, biomarkers, and the effects of exosomes on the development and progression of CRC, including resistance to antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ruiz-López
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Blancas
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Department of Oncology, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Garrido
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Nuria Mut-Salud
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Moya-Jódar
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Molecular Biochemistry and Parasitology Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Serrano
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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44
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Song Y, Sun B, Hao L, Hu J, Du S, Zhou X, Zhang L, Liu L, Gong L, Chi X, Liu Q, Shao S. Elevated eukaryotic elongation factor 2 expression is involved in proliferation and invasion of lung squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58470-58482. [PMID: 27542262 PMCID: PMC5295444 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EF2), is a critical enzyme solely responsible for catalyzing the translocation of the elongated peptidyl-tRNA from the A to P sites of the ribosome during the process of protein synthesis. EF2 is found to be highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumors and is correlated with cancer cell progression and recurrence. The present study was designed to uncover the function of EF2 on lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) cancer cell growth and progression. Our results from clinical tissue studies showed that EF2 protein was significantly overexpressed in LSCC tissues, compared with the adjacent normal lung tissues, which was confirmed by western blotting and tissue microarray. Forced expression of EF2 resulted in the enhancement of lung squamous carcinoma NCI-H520 cells growth through promotion of G2/M progression in cell cycle, activating Akt and Cdc2/Cyclin B1. In nude mice cancer xenograft model, overexpression of EF2 significantly facilitated cell proliferation in vivo. Furthermore, forced expression of EF2 in the cells increased the capabilities of migration and invasion by changing the expressions of EMT-related proteins and genes. These results provided novel insights into the role of EF2 in tumorigenesis and progression in LSCC. EF2-targeted therapy could become a good strategy for the clinical treatment of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Chest Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - LiHong Hao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sha Du
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - LiYuan Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - LinLin Gong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - XinMing Chi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Liaoning, China
| | - ShuJuan Shao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
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45
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Chemotherapy-induced metastasis: mechanisms and translational opportunities. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:269-284. [PMID: 29307118 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumors often overcome the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy through either acquired or environment-mediated drug resistance. In addition, signals from the microenvironment obfuscate the beneficial effects of chemotherapy and may facilitate progression and metastatic dissemination. Seminal mediators in chemotherapy-induced metastasis appear to be a wide range of hematopoietic, mesenchymal and immune progenitor cells, originating from the bone marrow. The actual purpose of these cells is to orchestrate the repair response to the cytotoxic damage of chemotherapy. However, these repair responses are exploited by tumor cells at every step of the metastatic cascade, ranging from tumor cell invasion, intravasation and hematogenous dissemination to extravasation and effective colonization at the metastatic site. A better understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of chemotherapy-induced metastasis will allow us to better predict which patients are more likely to exhibit pro-metastatic responses to chemotherapy and will help develop new therapeutic strategies to neutralize chemotherapy-driven prometastatic changes.
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46
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Liu M, Zhang X, Long C, Xu H, Cheng X, Chang J, Zhang C, Zhang C, Wang X. Collagen-based three-dimensional culture microenvironment promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition and drug resistance of human ovarian cancerin vitro. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8910-8919. [PMID: 35539845 PMCID: PMC9078576 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13742g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OV-NC and OV-206 cells cultured in collagen I hydrogel scaffolds, could gradually generate multicellular spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Department of Cell Biology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- PR China
| | - Xiuzhen Zhang
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- PR China
| | - Canling Long
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- Laboratory of Medical Function
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- PR China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- PR China
| | - Jingjie Chang
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- PR China
| | - Chengzhao Zhang
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- PR China
| | - Chenghong Zhang
- Morphological Laboratory
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- PR China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- PR China
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47
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Jiang B, Zhang T, Liu F, Sun Z, Shi H, Hua D, Yang C. The co-stimulatory molecule B7-H3 promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31755-71. [PMID: 27145365 PMCID: PMC5077974 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H3, first recognized as a co-stimulatory molecule, is abnormally expressed in cancer tissues and is associated with cancer metastasis and a poor prognosis. However, as an initial event of metastasis, the relationship between the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT ) in cancer cells and B7-H3 has still not been investigated. In this study, we first analyzed B7-H3 expression by immunohistochemistry in colorectal cancer tissues. B7-H3 was expressed in the cancer cell membrane and was associated with the T stage of colorectal cancer; it also showed a positive correlation with MMP2 and MMP9 expression in cancer tissues. Over-expression of B7-H3 in SW480 cells allowed cancer cells to invade and metastasize more than the control cells, whereas invasion and metastasis capabilities were decreased after B7-H3 was knocked down in Caco-2 cells. We further showed that B7-H3 down-regulated the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin and up-regulated N-cadherin and Vimentin expression, implying that B7-H3 promoted the EMT in colorectal cancer cells. We also checked another character of the EMT, the stemness of cancer cells. CD133, CD44 and Oct4 were significantly elevated after the SW480 cells were transfected with B7-H3 and reduced in Caco-2 cells after B7-H3 was inhibited. In subsequent studies, we proved that B7-H3 upregulated the expression of Smad1 via PI3K-Akt. In conclusion, B7-H3 promotes the EMT in colorectal cancer cells by activating the PI3K-Akt pathway and upregulating the expression of Smad1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Cancer Center, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangzhang Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hanping Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Cancer Center, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Hua
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Nuclear-Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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48
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Yue Z, Yuan Z, Zeng L, Wang Y, Lai L, Li J, Sun P, Xue X, Qi J, Yang Z, Zheng Y, Fang Y, Li D, Siwko S, Li Y, Luo J, Liu M. LGR4 modulates breast cancer initiation, metastasis, and cancer stem cells. FASEB J 2017; 32:2422-2437. [PMID: 29269400 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700897r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The fourth member of the leucine-rich repeat-containing GPCR family (LGR4, frequently referred to as GPR48) and its cognate ligands, R-spondins (RSPOs) play crucial roles in the development of multiple organs as well as the survival of adult stem cells by activation of canonical Wnt signaling. Wnt/β-catenin signaling acts to regulate breast cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms determining its spatiotemporal regulation are largely unknown. In this study, we identified LGR4 as a master controller of Wnt/β-catenin signaling-mediated breast cancer tumorigenesis, metastasis, and cancer stem cell (CSC) maintenance. LGR4 expression in breast tumors correlated with poor prognosis. Either Lgr4 haploinsufficiency or mammary-specific deletion inhibited mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)- PyMT- and MMTV- Wnt1-driven mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis. Moreover, LGR4 down-regulation decreased in vitro migration and in vivo xenograft tumor growth and lung metastasis. Furthermore, Lgr4 deletion in MMTV- Wnt1 tumor cells or knockdown in human breast cancer cells decreased the number of functional CSCs by ∼90%. Canonical Wnt signaling was impaired in LGR4-deficient breast cancer cells, and LGR4 knockdown resulted in increased E-cadherin and decreased expression of N-cadherin and snail transcription factor -2 ( SNAI2) (also called SLUG), implicating LGR4 in regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Our findings support a crucial role of the Wnt signaling component LGR4 in breast cancer initiation, metastasis, and breast CSCs.-Yue, Z., Yuan, Z., Zeng, L., Wang, Y., Lai, L., Li, J., Sun, P., Xue, X., Qi, J., Yang, Z., Zheng, Y., Fang, Y., Li, D., Siwko, S., Li, Y., Luo, J., Liu, M. LGR4 modulates breast cancer initiation, metastasis, and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Yue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengjin Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Lai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jing Li
- East China Normal University Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiwen Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengfeng Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yansen Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanzhang Fang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Siwko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas, USA
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49
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Sunagawa M, Yamaguchi J, Kokuryo T, Ebata T, Yokoyama Y, Sugawara G, Nagino M. Trefoil factor family 1 expression in the invasion front is a poor prognostic factor associated with lymph node metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2017; 17:782-787. [PMID: 28760494 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.07.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Trefoil Factor Family protein 1 (TFF1) is secreted from mucus-producing cells. The relationship between TFF1 expression and clinical outcome in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of TFF1 expression in PDAC. METHODS TFF1 expression was examined on paraffin-embedded sections from 91 patients with resected PDAC using immunohistochemistry. The relationships between TFF1 expression and clinicopathological features were analyzed. RESULTS Among 91 PDAC patients, 71 patients (79.7%) showed TFF1 expression in cancer cells. In a subgroup of 71 patients, TFF1 expression was predominantly observed in the central part of the tumor, whereas TFF1 expression in the invasion front was reduced in 33 patients (46.4%). A significant correlation between preserved TFF1 expression in the invasion front and lymph node metastasis was observed. Univariate survival analysis revealed that preserved TFF1 expression in the invasion front, positive lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis and R1 resection was a significant poor prognostic factor in TFF1-positive PDAC patients. CONCLUSIONS TFF1 expression is frequently lost or decreased in the invasion front of human PDAC, and preserved TFF1 expression in the invasion front might predict poor survival in patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Sunagawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Junpei Yamaguchi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Toshio Kokuryo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ebata
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yokoyama
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Gen Sugawara
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masato Nagino
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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50
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Zidar N, Boštjančič E, Malgaj M, Gale N, Dovšak T, Didanovič V. The role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Virchows Arch 2017; 472:237-245. [PMID: 28699108 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has emerged as a possible mechanism of cancer metastasizing, but strong evidence for EMT involvement in human cancer is lacking. Our aim was to compare oral spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC) as an example of EMT with oral conventional squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with and without nodal metastases to test the hypothesis that EMT contributes to metastasizing in oral SCC. Thirty cases of oral SCC with and without nodal metastasis and 15 cases of SpCC were included. Epithelial (cytokeratin, E-cadherin), mesenchymal (vimentin, N-cadherin), and stem cell markers (ALDH-1, CD44, Nanog, Sox-2) and transcription repressors (Snail, Slug, Twist) were analyzed immunohistochemically. We also analyzed the expression of microRNAs miR-141, miR-200 family, miR-205, and miR-429. SpCC exhibited loss of epithelial markers and expression of mesenchymal markers or coexpression of both up-regulation of transcription repressors and down-regulation of the investigated microRNAs. SCC showed only occasional focal expression of mesenchymal markers at the invasive front. No other differences were observed between SCC with and without nodal metastases except for a higher expression of ALDH-1 in SCC with metastases. Our results suggest that SpCC is an example of true EMT but do not support the hypothesis that EMT is involved in metastasizing of conventional SCC. Regarding oral SCC progression and metastasizing, we have been facing a shift from the initial enthusiasm for the EMT concept towards a more critical approach with "EMT-like" and "partial EMT" concepts. The real question, though, is, is there no EMT at all?
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zidar
- University of Ljubljana, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Emanuela Boštjančič
- University of Ljubljana, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Malgaj
- Department of Nephrology, University Clinical Center, Zaloška 7, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Gale
- University of Ljubljana, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Dovšak
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Clinical Center, Zaloška 7, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vojko Didanovič
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Clinical Center, Zaloška 7, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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