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Lohanadan K, Assent M, Linnemann A, Schuld J, Heukamp LC, Krause K, Vorgerd M, Reimann J, Schänzer A, Kirfel G, Fürst DO, Van der Ven PFM. Synaptopodin-2 Isoforms Have Specific Binding Partners and Display Distinct, Muscle Cell Type-Specific Expression Patterns. Cells 2023; 13:85. [PMID: 38201288 PMCID: PMC10778272 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptopodin-2 (SYNPO2) is a protein associated with the Z-disc in striated muscle cells. It interacts with α-actinin and filamin C, playing a role in Z-disc maintenance under stress by chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA). In smooth muscle cells, SYNPO2 is a component of dense bodies. Furthermore, it has been proposed to play a role in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis in many different kinds of cancers. Alternative transcription start sites and alternative splicing predict the expression of six putative SYNPO2 isoforms differing by extended amino- and/or carboxy-termini. Our analyses at mRNA and protein levels revealed differential expression of SYNPO2 isoforms in cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle cells. We identified synemin, an intermediate filament protein, as a novel binding partner of the PDZ-domain in the amino-terminal extension of the isoforms mainly expressed in cardiac and smooth muscle cells, and demonstrated colocalization of SYNPO2 and synemin in both cell types. A carboxy-terminal extension, mainly expressed in smooth muscle cells, is sufficient for association with dense bodies and interacts with α-actinin. SYNPO2 therefore represents an additional and novel link between intermediate filaments and the Z-discs in cardiomyocytes and dense bodies in smooth muscle cells, respectively. In pathological skeletal muscle samples, we identified SYNPO2 in the central and intermediate zones of target fibers of patients with neurogenic muscular atrophy, and in nemaline bodies. Our findings help to understand distinct functions of individual SYNPO2 isoforms in different muscle tissues, but also in tumor pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marvin Assent
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Linnemann
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Schuld
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas C. Heukamp
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karsten Krause
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Vorgerd
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jens Reimann
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gregor Kirfel
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter O. Fürst
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Kingsbury NL, Renegar RH, Chalovich JM. Avian synaptopodin 2 (fesselin) stabilizes myosin filaments and actomyosin in the presence of ATP. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7641-7. [PMID: 24083890 DOI: 10.1021/bi401013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells maintain filaments of actin and myosin in the presence of ATP, although dephosphorylated myosin filaments and actin-myosin interactions are unstable under those conditions in vitro. Several proteins that stabilize myosin filaments and that stabilize actin-myosin interactions have been identified. Fesselin or synaptopodin 2 appears to be another such protein. Rapid kinetic measurements and electron microscopy demonstrated that fesselin, isolated from turkey gizzard muscle, reduced the rate of dissociation of myosin filaments. Addition of fesselin increased both the length and thickness of myosin filaments. The rate of detachment of myosin, but not heavy meromyosin, from actin was also greatly reduced by fesselin. Data from this study suggest that fesselin stabilizes myosin filaments and tethers myosin to actin. These results support the view that one role of fesselin is to organize contractile units of myosin and actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanial L Kingsbury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University , 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, North Carolina 27834-4300, United States
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Schroeter MM, Orlova A, Egelman EH, Beall B, Chalovich JM. Organization of F-actin by Fesselin (avian smooth muscle synaptopodin 2). Biochemistry 2013; 52:4955-61. [PMID: 23789719 PMCID: PMC3842371 DOI: 10.1021/bi4005254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fesselin or avian synaptopodin 2 is a member of the synaptopodin family of actin binding proteins. Fesselin promotes G-actin polymerization and the formation of large actin complexes that can be collected by low-speed centrifugation. Because of the potential role of fesselin in some cancers and its effects on actin, we further investigated the effect of fesselin on actin. Fesselin initiated actin polymerization under a variety of conditions, including the virtual absence of salt. Actin filaments formed at low salt concentrations in the presence of fesselin were similar to filaments polymerized in the presence of 100 mM KCl. In both cases, the filaments were long and straight with a common orientation. Highly ordered actin bundles formed with increasing times of incubation. Blockers of actin growth at the barbed end (cytochalasin D and CapZ) did not prevent fesselin from polymerizing actin. Low concentrations of fesselin increased the critical concentration of actin. Both observations are consistent with preferential growth at the pointed end of actin filaments. These results indicate a role of fesselin in organizing cellular actin. These and other results indicate that fesselin is part of a cellular actin organizing center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild M. Schroeter
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology University of Cologne, Robert Koch Strasse 39, D-50931 Cologne, Germany Phone: +49-221-478-7855 Fax: +49-221-478-3538
| | - Albina Orlova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Virginia Box 800733 Charlottesville, VA 22908-0733 Phone: 434-924-8210 Fax: 434-924-5069
| | - Edward H. Egelman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Virginia Box 800733 Charlottesville, VA 22908-0733 Phone: 434-924-8210 Fax: 434-924-5069
| | - Brent Beall
- Department of Biotechnology Athens Technical College 800 US HWY 29N Athens, GA 30601 Phone: 706-227-5350 Fax: 706-425-3104
| | - Joseph M. Chalovich
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University 600 Moye Blvd. Greenville, NC 27834-4300, USA Phone: 252-744-2973
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Chalovich JM, Schroeter MM. Synaptopodin family of natively unfolded, actin binding proteins: physical properties and potential biological functions. Biophys Rev 2010; 2:181-189. [PMID: 28510039 PMCID: PMC5418383 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-010-0040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The synaptopodin family of proteins consists of at least 3 members: synaptopodin, the synaptopodin 2 proteins, and the synaptopodin 2-like proteins. Each family member has at least 3 isoforms that are produced by alternative splicing. Synaptopodin family members are basic proteins that are rich in proline and have little regular 2° or 3° structure at physiological temperature, pH and ionic strength. Like other natively unfolded proteins, synaptopodin family members have multiple binding partners including actin and other actin-binding proteins. Several members of the synaptopodin family have been shown to stimulate actin polymerization and to bundle actin filaments either on their own or in collaboration with other proteins. Synaptopodin 2 has been shown to accelerate nucleation of actin filament formation and to induce actin bundling. The actin polymerization activity is inhibited by Ca2+-calmodulin. Synaptopodin 2 proteins are localized in Z-bands of striated and heart muscle and dense bodies of smooth muscle cells. Depending on the developmental status and stress, at least one member of the synaptopodin family can occupy nuclei of some cells. Members of the synaptopodin 2 subfamily have been implicated in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Chalovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 5E-122 Brody Medical Sciences Building, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
| | - Mechthild M Schroeter
- Department of Physiology, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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Extending the knowledge in histochemistry and cell biology. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 133:1-40. [PMID: 19946696 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Central to modern Histochemistry and Cell Biology stands the need for visualization of cellular and molecular processes. In the past several years, a variety of techniques has been achieved bridging traditional light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy with powerful software-based post-processing and computer modeling. Researchers now have various tools available to investigate problems of interest from bird's- up to worm's-eye of view, focusing on tissues, cells, proteins or finally single molecules. Applications of new approaches in combination with well-established traditional techniques of mRNA, DNA or protein analysis have led to enlightening and prudent studies which have paved the way toward a better understanding of not only physiological but also pathological processes in the field of cell biology. This review is intended to summarize articles standing for the progress made in "histo-biochemical" techniques and their manifold applications.
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In vitro characterization of native mammalian smooth-muscle protein synaptopodin 2. Biosci Rep 2008; 28:195-203. [PMID: 18588515 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20080079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An analysis of the primary structure of the actin-binding protein fesselin revealed it to be the avian homologue of mammalian synaptopodin 2 [Schroeter, Beall, Heid, and Chalovich (2008) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 371, 582-586]. We isolated two synaptopodin 2 isoforms from rabbit stomach that corresponded to known types of human synaptopodin 2. The purification scheme used was that developed for avian fesselin. These synaptopodin 2 forms shared several key functions with fesselin. Both avian fesselin and mammalian synaptopodin 2 bound to Ca(2+)-calmodulin, alpha-actinin and smooth-muscle myosin. In addition, both proteins stimulated the polymerization of actin in a Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent manner. Synaptopodin 2 has never before been shown to polymerize actin in the absence of alpha-actinin, to polymerize actin in a Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent manner, or to bind to Ca(2+)-calmodulin or myosin. These properties are consistent with the proposed function of synaptopodin 2 in organizing the cytoskeleton.
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Schroeter MM, Beall B, Heid HW, Chalovich JM. The actin binding protein, fesselin, is a member of the synaptopodin family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:582-6. [PMID: 18457655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fesselin is a natively unfolded protein that is abundant in avian smooth muscle. Like many natively unfolded proteins, fesselin has multiple binding partners including actin, myosin, calmodulin and alpha-actinin. Fesselin accelerates actin polymerization and bundles actin. These and other observations suggest that fesselin is a component of the cytoskeleton. We have now cloned fesselin and have determined the cDNA derived amino acid sequence. We verified parts of the sequence by Edman analysis and by mass spectroscopy. Our results confirmed fesselin is homologous to human synaptopodin 2 and belongs to the synaptopodin family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild M Schroeter
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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