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Kang N, Shan H, Wang J, Mei J, Jiang Y, Zhou J, Huang C, Zhang H, Zhang M, Zhen X, Yan G, Sun H. Calpain7 negatively regulates human endometrial stromal cell decidualization in EMs by promoting FoxO1 nuclear exclusion via hydrolyzing AKT1. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:1112-1125. [PMID: 35191464 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial receptivity damage caused by impaired decidualization may be one of the mechanisms of infertility in endometriosis (EMs). Our previous study demonstrated that Calpain-7 (CAPN7) is abnormally overexpressed in EMs. Whether CAPN7 affects the regulation of decidualization and by what mechanism CAPN7 regulates decidualization remains to be determined. In this study, we found CAPN7 expression decreased during human endometrial stromal cell (HESC) decidualization in vitro. CAPN7 negatively regulated decidualization in vitro and in vivo. We also identified one conserved potential PEST sequence in the AKT1 protein and found that CAPN7 was able to hydrolyse AKT1 and enhance AKT1's phosphorylation. Correspondingly, CAPN7 notably promoted the phosphorylation of Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1), the downstream of AKT1 protein, at Ser319, leading to increased FoxO1 exclusion from nuclei and attenuated FoxO1 transcriptional activity in decidualized HESC. In addition, we detected endometrium CAPN7, p-AKT1 and p-FoxO1 expressions were increased in EMs. These data demonstrate that CAPN7 negatively regulates HESC decidualization in EMs probably by promoting FoxO1's phosphorylation and FoxO1 nuclear exclusion via hydrolyzing AKT1. The dysregulation of CAPN7 may be a novel cause of EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Kang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Huizhi Shan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Mei
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jidong Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Guijun Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixiang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, People's Republic of China
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Yang Q, Liu J, Wang Y, Zhao W, Wang W, Cui J, Yang J, Yue Y, Zhang S, Chu M, Lyu Q, Ma L, Tang Y, Hu Y, Miao K, Zhao H, Tian J, An L. A proteomic atlas of ligand-receptor interactions at the ovine maternal-fetal interface reveals the role of histone lactylation in uterine remodeling. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101456. [PMID: 34861240 PMCID: PMC8733267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-orchestrated maternal–fetal cross talk occurs via secreted ligands, interacting receptors, and coupled intracellular pathways between the conceptus and endometrium and is essential for successful embryo implantation. However, previous studies mostly focus on either the conceptus or the endometrium in isolation. The lack of integrated analysis impedes our understanding of early maternal–fetal cross talk. Herein, focusing on ligand–receptor complexes and coupled pathways at the maternal–fetal interface in sheep, we provide the first comprehensive proteomic map of ligand–receptor pathway cascades essential for embryo implantation. We demonstrate that these cascades are associated with cell adhesion and invasion, redox homeostasis, and the immune response. Candidate interactions and their physiological roles were further validated by functional experiments. We reveal the physical interaction of albumin and claudin 4 and their roles in facilitating embryo attachment to endometrium. We also demonstrate a novel function of enhanced conceptus glycolysis in remodeling uterine receptivity by inducing endometrial histone lactylation, a newly identified histone modification. Results from in vitro and in vivo models supported the essential role of lactate in inducing endometrial H3K18 lactylation and in regulating redox homeostasis and apoptotic balance to ensure successful implantation. By reconstructing a map of potential ligand–receptor pathway cascades at the maternal–fetal interface, our study presents new concepts for understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms that fine-tune conceptus–endometrium cross talk during implantation. This provides more direct and accurate insights for developing potential clinical intervention strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes following both natural and assisted conception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiqiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingji Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yupei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Miao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haichao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei An
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Calpain silencing alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 axis in mice. Life Sci 2019; 233:116631. [PMID: 31278945 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Prior to reperfusion, Calpains remain inactive due to the acidic pH and elevated ionic strength in the ischemic myocardium; but Calpain is activated during myocardial reperfusion. The underlying mechanism of Calpain activation in the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is yet to be determined. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the mechanism of Calpain in I/R-induced mice. MAIN METHODS In order to detect the function of Calpain and the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 axis in cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and myocardial function, the cardiomyocytes were treated with hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R), and NLRP3 were silenced, Calpain was overexpressed and Caspase-1 inhibitors were used to determine cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. The results obtained from the cell experiments were then verified with an animal experiment in I/R mice. KEY FINDINGS There was an overexpression in Calpain, ASC, NLRP3, GRP78 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in cardiomyocytes following H/R. A significant increase was witnessed in lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, cardiomyocyte pyroptosis rate, Calpain activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, as well as activation of ER stress in cardiomyocytes after H/R. However, opposing results were observed in H/R cardiomyocytes that received siRNA Calpain, siRNA NLRP3 or Caspase-1 inhibitor treatment. Overall, the results obtained from the animal experiment were consistent with the results from the cell experiment. SIGNIFICANCE The silencing of Calpain suppresses the activation of the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 axis, thus inhibiting ER stress in mice and improving myocardial dysfunction induced by I/R, providing a novel therapeutic pathway for I/R.
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Dowland SN, Madawala RJ, Poon CE, Lindsay LA, Murphy CR. Prominin-1 glycosylation changes throughout early pregnancy in uterine epithelial cells under the influence of maternal ovarian hormones. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1194-1208. [PMID: 27166505 DOI: 10.1071/rd15432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In preparation for uterine receptivity, the uterine epithelial cells (UECs) exhibit a loss of microvilli and glycocalyx and a restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton. The prominin-1 protein contains large, heavily glycosylated extracellular loops and is usually restricted to apical plasma membrane (APM) protrusions. The present study examined rat UECs during early pregnancy using immunofluorescence, western blotting and deglycosylation analyses. Ovariectomised rats were injected with oestrogen and progesterone to examine how these hormones affect prominin-1. At the time of fertilisation, prominin-1 was located diffusely in the apical domain of UECs and 147- and 120-kDa glycoforms of prominin-1 were identified, along with the 97-kDa core protein. At the time of implantation, prominin-1 concentrates towards the APM and densitometry revealed that the 120-kDa glycoform decreased (P<0.05), but there was an increase in the 97-kDa core protein (P<0.05). Progesterone treatment of ovariectomised rats resulted in prominin-1 becoming concentrated towards the APM. The 120-kDa glycoform was increased after oestrogen treatment (P<0.0001), whereas the 97-kDa core protein was increased after progesterone treatment (P<0.05). Endoglycosidase H analysis demonstrated that the 120-kDa glycoform is in the endoplasmic reticulum, undergoing protein synthesis. These results indicate that oestrogen stimulates prominin-1 production, whereas progesterone stimulates the deglycosylation and concentration of prominin-1 to the apical region of the UECs. This likely presents the deglycosylated extracellular loops of prominin-1 to the extracellular space, where they may interact with the implanting blastocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson N Dowland
- Cell and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology) and The Bosch Institute, Room N364, F13 Anderson Stuart Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Romanthi J Madawala
- Cell and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology) and The Bosch Institute, Room N364, F13 Anderson Stuart Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Connie E Poon
- Cell and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology) and The Bosch Institute, Room N364, F13 Anderson Stuart Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Laura A Lindsay
- Cell and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology) and The Bosch Institute, Room N364, F13 Anderson Stuart Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher R Murphy
- Cell and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology) and The Bosch Institute, Room N364, F13 Anderson Stuart Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Ono Y, Saido TC, Sorimachi H. Calpain research for drug discovery: challenges and potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:854-876. [PMID: 27833121 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of proteases that were scientifically recognized earlier than proteasomes and caspases, but remain enigmatic. However, they are known to participate in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes, performing 'limited proteolysis' whereby they do not destroy but rather modulate the functions of their substrates. Calpains are therefore referred to as 'modulator proteases'. Multidisciplinary research on calpains has begun to elucidate their involvement in pathophysiological mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies targeting malfunctions of calpains have been developed, driven primarily by improvements in the specificity and bioavailability of calpain inhibitors. Here, we review the calpain superfamily and calpain-related disorders, and discuss emerging calpain-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Ono
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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Alan E, Liman N. Involution dependent changes in distribution and localization of bax, survivin, caspase-3, and calpain-1 in the rat endometrium. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:285-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emel Alan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Erciyes; Kayseri Turkey
| | - Narin Liman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Erciyes; Kayseri Turkey
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Madawala RJ, Poon CE, Dowland SN, Murphy CR. Actin crosslinking protein filamin A during early pregnancy in the rat uterus. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:960-968. [DOI: 10.1071/rd14240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During early pregnancy the endometrium undergoes a major transformation in order for it to become receptive to blastocyst implantation. The actin cytoskeleton and plasma membrane of luminal uterine epithelial cells (UECs) and the underlying stromal cells undergo dramatic remodelling to facilitate these changes. Filamin A (FLNA), a protein that crosslinks actin filaments and also mediates the anchorage of membrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton, was investigated in the rat uterus at fertilisation (Day 1) and implantation (Day 6) to determine the role of FLNA in actin cytoskeletal remodelling of UECs and decidua during early pregnancy. Localisation of FLNA in UECs at the time of fertilisation was cytoplasmic, whilst at implantation it was distributed apically; its localisation is under the influence of progesterone. FLNA was also concentrated to the first two to three stromal cell layers at the time of fertilisation and shifted to the primary decidualisation zone at the time of implantation. This shift in localisation was found to be dependent on the decidualisation reaction. Protein abundance of the FLNA 280-kDa monomer and calpain-cleaved fragment (240 kDa) did not change during early pregnancy in UECs. Since major actin cytoskeletal remodelling occurs during early pregnancy in UECs and in decidual cells, the changing localisation of FLNA suggests that it may be an important regulator of cytoskeletal remodelling of these cells to allow uterine receptivity and decidualisation necessary for implantation in the rat.
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The Histochemistry and Cell Biology pandect: the year 2014 in review. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 143:339-68. [PMID: 25744491 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review encompasses a brief synopsis of the articles published in 2014 in Histochemistry and Cell Biology. Out of the total of 12 issues published in 2014, two special issues were devoted to "Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Microscopy." The present review is divided into 11 categories, providing an easy format for readers to quickly peruse topics of particular interest to them.
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Differentially expressed microRNAs and affected signaling pathways in placentae of transgenic cloned cattle. Theriogenology 2014; 82:338-46.e3. [PMID: 24853279 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Placental deficiencies are related to the developmental abnormalities of transgenic cattle produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer, but the concrete molecular mechanism is not very clear. Studies have shown that placental development can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) in normal pregnancy. Thus, this study screened differentially expressed miRNAs by the next-generation sequencing technology to reveal the relationship between miRNAs expression and aberrant development of placentae produced by the transgenic-clone technology. Expressions of miRNAs and mRNAs in different placentae were compared, the placentae derived from one natural pregnancy counterpart (PNC), one natural pregnancy of a cloned offspring as a mother (PCM), and two transgenic (human beta-defensin-3) cloned pregnancy: one offspring was alive after birth (POL) and the other offspring was dead in 2 days after birth (POD). Further, signaling pathway analysis was conducted. The results indicated that 694 miRNAs were differentially expressed in four placental samples, such as miR-210, miR-155, miR-21, miR-128, miR-183, and miR-145. Signaling pathway analysis revealed that compared with PNC, significantly upregulated pathways in POL, POD, and PCM mainly included focal adhesion, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, pathways in cancer, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, endosytosis, and adherens junction, and significantly downregulated pathways mainly included malaria, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Jak-STAT signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study confirmed alterations of the expression profile of miRNAs and signaling pathways in placentae from transgenic (hBD-3) cloned cattle (PTCC), which could lead to the morphologic and histologic deficiencies of PTCC. This information would be useful for the relative research in future.
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