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Bauer A, Frascaroli G, Walther P. Megapinosomes and homologous structures in hematopoietic cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 158:253-260. [PMID: 35829814 PMCID: PMC9399034 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Megapinosomes are endocytic organelles found in human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) monocyte-derived M macrophages. They are large (several microns) and have a complex internal structure that is connected with the cytosol and consists of interconnected knots and concave bridges with sizes in the range of 100 nm. We called this structure trabecular meshwork. The luminal part of the megapinosome can be connected with luminal tubules and cisterns that form the megapinosome complex. The structures are especially well visible in scanning electron tomography when macrophages are prepared by high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution. Our research received a new impulse after studying the literature on hematopoietic cells, where very similar, most likely homologous, structures have been published in peritoneal macrophages as well as in megakaryocytes and blood platelets. In platelets, they serve as membrane storage that is used for structural changes of platelets during activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bauer
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giada Frascaroli
- HPI, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Jin Y, Schladetsch MA, Huang X, Balunas MJ, Wiemer AJ. Stepping forward in antibody-drug conjugate development. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 229:107917. [PMID: 34171334 PMCID: PMC8702582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are cancer therapeutic agents comprised of an antibody, a linker and a small-molecule payload. ADCs use the specificity of the antibody to target the toxic payload to tumor cells. After intravenous administration, ADCs enter circulation, distribute to tumor tissues and bind to the tumor surface antigen. The antigen then undergoes endocytosis to internalize the ADC into tumor cells, where it is transported to lysosomes to release the payload. The released toxic payloads can induce apoptosis through DNA damage or microtubule inhibition and can kill surrounding cancer cells through the bystander effect. The first ADC drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2000, but the following decade saw no new approved ADC drugs. From 2011 to 2018, four ADC drugs were approved, while in 2019 and 2020 five more ADCs entered the market. This demonstrates an increasing trend for the clinical development of ADCs. This review summarizes the recent clinical research, with a specific focus on how the in vivo processing of ADCs influences their design. We aim to provide comprehensive information about current ADCs to facilitate future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Megan A Schladetsch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xueting Huang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Marcy J Balunas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Bauer A, Frascaroli G, Walther P. Megapinosome: Morphological description of a novel organelle. J Struct Biol 2020; 210:107505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Walther P, Bauer A, Wenske N, Catanese A, Garrido D, Schneider M. STEM tomography of high-pressure frozen and freeze-substituted cells: a comparison of image stacks obtained at 200 kV or 300 kV. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:545-556. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Baumer Y, Ng Q, Sanda GE, Dey AK, Teague HL, Sorokin AV, Dagur PK, Silverman JI, Harrington CL, Rodante JA, Rose SM, Varghese NJ, Belur AD, Goyal A, Gelfand JM, Springer DA, Bleck CK, Thomas CL, Yu ZX, Winge MC, Kruth HS, Marinkovich MP, Joshi AA, Playford MP, Mehta NN. Chronic skin inflammation accelerates macrophage cholesterol crystal formation and atherosclerosis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97179. [PMID: 29321372 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is critical to atherogenesis. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that accelerates atherosclerosis in humans and provides a compelling model to understand potential pathways linking these diseases. A murine model capturing the vascular and metabolic diseases in psoriasis would accelerate our understanding and provide a platform to test emerging therapies. We aimed to characterize a new murine model of skin inflammation (Rac1V12) from a cardiovascular standpoint to identify novel atherosclerotic signaling pathways modulated in chronic skin inflammation. The RacV12 psoriasis mouse resembled the human disease state, including presence of systemic inflammation, dyslipidemia, and cardiometabolic dysfunction. Psoriasis macrophages had a proatherosclerotic phenotype with increased lipid uptake and foam cell formation, and also showed a 6-fold increase in cholesterol crystal formation. We generated a triple-genetic K14-RacV12-/+/Srb1-/-/ApoER61H/H mouse and confirmed psoriasis accelerates atherogenesis (~7-fold increase). Finally, we noted a 60% reduction in superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression in human psoriasis macrophages. When SOD2 activity was restored in macrophages, their proatherogenic phenotype reversed. We demonstrate that the K14-RacV12 murine model captures the cardiometabolic dysfunction and accelerates vascular disease observed in chronic inflammation and that skin inflammation induces a proatherosclerotic macrophage phenotype with impaired SOD2 function, which associated with accelerated atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Baumer
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases and
| | - Qimin Ng
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases and
| | | | - Amit K Dey
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases and
| | | | | | - Pradeep K Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shawn M Rose
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases and
| | | | | | - Aditya Goyal
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases and
| | - Joel M Gelfand
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine.,The Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Crystal L Thomas
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core Facility, Department of Health and Human Services, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mårten Cg Winge
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Howard S Kruth
- Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Peter Marinkovich
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Aditya A Joshi
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases and
| | | | - Nehal N Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases and
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Human Cytomegalovirus Particles Treated with Specific Antibodies Induce Intrinsic and Adaptive but Not Innate Immune Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00678-17. [PMID: 28878085 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00678-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) persistently infects 40% to 100% of the human population worldwide. Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that humoral immunity to HCMV plays an important role in restricting virus dissemination and protecting the infected host from disease. Specific immunoglobulin preparations from pooled plasma of adults selected for high titers of HCMV antibodies have been used for the prevention of CMV disease in transplant recipients and pregnant women. Even though incubation of HCMV particles with these preparations leads to the neutralization of viral infectivity, it is still unclear whether the antibody-treated HCMV particles (referred to here as HCMV-Ab) enter the cells and modulate antiviral immune responses. Here we demonstrate that HCMV-Ab did enter macrophages. HCMV-Ab did not initiate the expression of immediate early antigens (IEAs) in macrophages, but they induced an antiviral state and rendered the cells less susceptible to HCMV infection upon challenge. Resistance to HCMV infection seemed to be due to the activation of intrinsic restriction factors and was independent of interferons. In contrast to actively infected cells, autologous NK cells did not degranulate against HCMV-Ab-treated macrophages, suggesting that these cells may not be eliminated by innate effector cells. Interestingly, HCMV-Ab-treated macrophages stimulated the proliferation of autologous adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our findings not only expand the current knowledge on virus-antibody immunity but may also be relevant for future vaccination strategies.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a common herpesvirus, establishes benign but persistent infections in immunocompetent hosts. However, in subjects with an immature or dysfunctional immune system, HCMV is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Passive immunization has been used in different clinical settings with variable clinical results. Intravenous hyperimmune globulin preparations (IVIg) are obtained from pooled adult human plasma selected for high anti-CMV antibody titers. While HCMV neutralization can be shown in vitro using different systems, data are lacking regarding the cross-influence of IVIg administration on the cellular immune responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of IVIg on distinct components of the immune response against HCMV, including antigen presentation by macrophages, degranulation of innate natural killer cells, and proliferation of adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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Fujiwara K, Yatabe M, Tofrizal A, Jindatip D, Yashiro T, Nagai R. Identification of M2 macrophages in anterior pituitary glands of normal rats and rats with estrogen-induced prolactinoma. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:371-378. [PMID: 28120110 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are present throughout the anterior pituitary gland. However, the features and function of macrophages in the gland are poorly understood. Recent studies have indicated that there are two main macrophage classes: M1 (classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated). In this study, we examine whether both M1 and M2 macrophages are present in the anterior pituitary gland of rats. Our findings indicate that macrophages that are positive for CD68 (a pan-macrophage marker) were localized near capillaries in rat anterior pituitary gland. These macrophages were positive for iNOS or mannose receptor (MR), which are markers of M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively. To determine the morphological characteristics of M2 macrophages under pathological conditions, diethylstilbestrol (DES)-treated rats were used as an animal model of prolactinoma. After 2 weeks of DES treatment, a number of MR-immunopositive cells were present in the gland. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that MR-immunopositive M2 macrophages had many small vesicles and moderately large vacuoles in cytoplasm. Phagosomes were sometimes present in cytoplasm. Interestingly, M2 macrophages in prolactinoma tissues did not usually exhibit distinct changes or differences during the normal, hyperplasia and adenoma stages. This study is the first to confirm that both M1 and M2 macrophages are present in the anterior pituitary gland of rats. Moreover, the number of M2 macrophages was greatly increased in rats with DES-induced prolactinoma. Future studies should attempt to characterize the functional role of M2 macrophages in the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fujiwara
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Megumi Yatabe
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Alimuddin Tofrizal
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Depicha Jindatip
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takashi Yashiro
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.
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