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Li S, Liu Y. Intestinal absorption mechanism and nutritional synergy promotion strategy of dietary flavonoids: transintestinal epithelial pathway mediated by intestinal transport proteins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39086266 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2387320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Dietary flavonoids exhibit a variety of physiological functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, improving cardiovascular function, and enhancing stress resistance. However, poor intestinal absorption limits their health benefits. Previous studies on improving the absorption efficiency of flavonoids have focused on targeted release, enhanced gastrointestinal stability and prolonged retention time in digestive tract. But less attention has been paid to promoting the uptake and transport of flavonoids by intestinal epithelial cells through modulation of transporter protein-mediated pathways. Interestingly, some dietary nutrients have been found to modulate the expression or function of transporter proteins, thereby synergistically or antagonistically affecting flavonoid absorption. Therefore, this paper proposed an innovative regulatory strategy known as the "intestinal transport protein-mediated pathway" to promote intestinal absorption of dietary flavonoids. The flavonoid absorption mechanism in the intestinal epithelium, mediated by intestinal transport proteins, was summarized. The functional differences between the uptake transporter and efflux transporters during flavonoid trans-intestinal cellular transport were discussed. Finally, from the perspective of nutritional synergy promotion of absorption, the feasibility of promoting flavonoid intestinal absorption by regulating the expression/function of transport proteins through dietary nutrients was emphasized. This review provides a new perspective and developing precise dietary nutrient combinations for efficient dietary flavonoid absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiong Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Deep Processing Technology for Aquatic Products, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Deep Processing Technology for Aquatic Products, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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2
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Kwon J, Kim MS, Blagojevic C, Mailloux J, Medwid S, Tirona RG, Wang R, Schwarz UI. Differential effects of OATP2B1 on statin accumulation and toxicity in a beta cell model. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:130-147. [PMID: 37771097 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2262568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
An increased risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus has been recently reported for statin therapy, and experimental studies have shown reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and mitochondrial dysfunction in beta cells with effects differing among agents. Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 contributes to hepatic uptake of rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and pravastatin, three known substrates. Since OATP2B1 is present in beta cells of the human pancreas, we investigated if OATP2B1 facilitates the local accumulation of statins in a rat beta cell model INS-1 832/13 (INS-1) thereby amplifying statin-induced toxicity. OATP2B1 overexpression in INS-1 cells via adenoviral transduction showed 2.5-, 1.8- and 1.4-fold higher cellular retention of rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and pravastatin, respectively, relative to LacZ control, while absolute intracellular concentration was about twice as high for the lipophilic atorvastatin compared to the more hydrophilic rosuvastatin and pravastatin. After 24 h statin treatment at high concentrations, OATP2B1 enhanced statin toxicity involving activation of intrinsic apoptosis (caspase 3/7 activation) and mitochondrial dysfunction (NADH dehydrogenase activity) following rosuvastatin and atorvastatin, which was partly reversed by isoprenoids. OATP2B1 had no effect on statin-induced reduction in GSIS, mitochondrial electron transport chain complex expression or caspase 9 activation. We confirmed a dose-dependent reduction in insulin secretion by rosuvastatin and atorvastatin in native INS-1 with a modest change in cellular ATP. Collectively, our results indicate a role of OATP2B1, which is abundant in human beta cells, in statin accumulation and statin-induced toxicity but not insulin secretion of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin in INS-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kwon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle S Kim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Blagojevic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaymie Mailloux
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha Medwid
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rommel G Tirona
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rennian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ute I Schwarz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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[11C]glyburide PET imaging for quantitative determination of the importance of Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide transporter function in the human liver and whole-body. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Ragia G, Atzemian N, Maslarinou A, Manolopoulos VG. SLCO1B1 c.521T>C gene polymorphism decreases hypoglycemia risk in sulfonylurea-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2022; 37:347-352. [PMID: 36169244 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2022-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pharmacogenomics can explain some of the heterogeneity of sulfonylurea (SU)-related hypoglycemia risk. Recently, a role of OATP1B1, encoded by SLCO1B1 gene, on SU liver transport prior of metabolism has been uncovered. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential association of SLCO1B1 c.521T>C polymorphism, leading to reduced OATP1B1 function, with SU-related hypoglycemia risk. METHODS Study cohort consists of 176 type 2 diabetes patients treated with the SUs glimepiride or gliclazide. 92 patients reported SU-related hypoglycemia, while 84 patients had never experienced a hypoglycemic event. Patients were previously genotyped for CYP2C9 *2 and *3 variant alleles that lead to decreased enzyme activity of the SU metabolizing enzyme CYP2C9 and have been associated with increased SU-related hypoglycemia risk. SLCO1B1 c.521T>C polymorphism was genotyped by use of PCR-RFLP analysis. RESULTS SLCO1B1 c.521TC genotype frequency was significantly lower in hypoglycemic cases than non-hypoglycemic controls (15.2% vs. 32.1%, p=0.008). In an adjusted model, c.521TC genotype significantly reduced the risk of hypoglycemia (OR 0.371; 95% C.I. 0.167-0.822; p=0.015). In CYP2C9 intermediate metabolizers (n=54) c.521TC genotype frequency was significantly decreased in cases compared to controls (3 out of 36 cases, 8.3% vs. 7 out of 18 controls, 38.9%, p=0.012). A similar albeit not significant difference of SLCO1B1 c.521TC genotype was present in CYP2C9 extensive metabolizers (n=120) (18.2% in cases vs. 30.8% in controls, p=0.113). CONCLUSIONS We have found a protective effect of SLCO1B1 c.521C variant on SU-related hypoglycemia risk both independently and in interaction with CYP2C9 phenotypes. Our results suggest a possible linkage of SLCO1B1 c.521T>C polymorphism with variants in other genes impairing OATPs expressed in pancreatic islets that could interfere with SU tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Ragia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Natalia Atzemian
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Anthi Maslarinou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vangelis G Manolopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), Alexandroupolis, Greece.,Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Academic General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Medwid S, Price HR, Taylor DP, Mailloux J, Schwarz UI, Kim RB, Tirona RG. Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) Genetic Variants: In Vitro Functional Characterization and Association With Circulating Concentrations of Endogenous Substrates. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:713567. [PMID: 34594217 PMCID: PMC8476882 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.713567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1, gene SLCO2B1) is an uptake transporter that is thought to determine drug disposition and in particular, the oral absorption of medications. At present, the clinical relevance of SLCO2B1 genetic variation on pharmacokinetics is poorly understood. We sought to determine the functional activity of 5 of the most common missense OATP2B1 variants (c.76_84del, c.601G>A, c.917G>A, c.935G>A, and c.1457C>T) and a predicted dysfunctional variant (c.332G>A) in vitro. Furthermore, we measured the basal plasma concentrations of endogenous OATP2B1 substrates, namely estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), pregnenolone sulfate, coproporphyrin I (CPI), and CPIII, and assessed their relationships with SLCO2B1 genotypes in 93 healthy participants. Compared to reference OATP2B1, the transport activities of the c.332G>A, c.601G>A and c.1457C>T variants were reduced among the substrates examined (estrone sulfate, DHEAS, CPI, CPIII and rosuvastatin), although there were substrate-dependent effects. Lower transport function of OATP2B1 variants could be explained by diminished cell surface expression. Other OATP2B1 variants (c.76-84del, c.917G>A and c.935G>A) had similar activity to the reference transporter. In the clinical cohort, the SLCO2B1 c.935G>A allele was associated with both higher plasma CPI (42%) and CPIII (31%) concentrations, while SLCO2B1 c.917G>A was linked to lower plasma CPIII by 28% after accounting for the effects of age, sex, and SLCO1B1 genotypes. No association was observed between SLCO2B1 variant alleles and estrone sulfate or DHEAS plasma concentrations, however 45% higher plasma pregnenolone sulfate level was associated with SLCO2B1 c.1457C>T. Taken together, we found that the impacts of OATP2B1 variants on transport activities in vitro were not fully aligned with their associations to plasma concentrations of endogenous substrates in vivo. Additional studies are required to determine whether circulating endogenous substrates reflect OATP2B1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Medwid
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hayley R Price
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel P Taylor
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jaymie Mailloux
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ute I Schwarz
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard B Kim
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rommel G Tirona
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Kinzi J, Grube M, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE. OATP2B1 - The underrated member of the organic anion transporting polypeptide family of drug transporters? Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114534. [PMID: 33794186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) was one of the first cloned members of the SLCO family. However, its physiological and pharmacological role is still poorly understood, and object of a current debate on the transporter's relevance. Within this commentary, we summarize the data currently available on the transporter's expression and its substrates and highlight the strength and difficulties of the methods that have been applied to gather these data. The conclusion drawn from these findings was that OATP2B1 due to its intestinal expression is most likely involved in oral drug absorption of its substrate and therefore prone for interactions. This has been tested in in vivo drug interaction and/or pharmacogenetic studies. While some of these support the notion of OATP2B1 being of relevance in drug absorption, the pharmacogenetic findings are rather inconclusive. We will explain our thoughts why OATP2B1 may not influence the general systemic pharmacokinetic of certain substrates, but possibly local distribution processes, like the transfer across the blood-brain-barrier. Besides the pharmacokinetic aspects, there are data on endogenous molecules like coproporphyrins and sulfated steroids. Therefore, we will also highlight possible physiological roles of OATP2B1, which are driven by its expression pattern in the tubular cells of the kidney as well as its expression in the blood brain barrier. Finally we also deal with the advantages and disadvantages in the use of animal models to decipher the role of OATP2B1 in pharmacokinetics of its substrates and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Kinzi
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Grube
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Schäfer AM, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE, Bien-Möller S, Hubeny A, Vogelgesang S, Oswald S, Grube M. OATP1A2 and OATP2B1 Are Interacting with Dopamine-Receptor Agonists and Antagonists. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1987-1995. [PMID: 32343897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interaction with the dopaminergic system in the central nervous system is either therapeutically intended or it is a side effect. In both cases, dopamine-receptor agonists (DRA) like the ergoline derivative bromocriptine and dopamine-receptor antagonists (DRAn) like metoclopramide have to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1A2 and 2B1 are cellular uptake carriers for a variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. As both transporters are expressed in endothelial cells of the BBB, the aim of the present study was to determine whether the DRA bromocriptine, cabergoline, and pergolide and the DRAn metoclopramide and domperidone are interacting with OATP1A2 and 2B1 and could therefore be candidate genes modifying wanted and unwanted effects of these drugs. Localization of both transporters in the brain was confirmed using LC-MS/MS and immunofluorescence stainings. For the functional studies, MDCKII cells stably expressing OATP1A2 or 2B1 were used. Initial interaction studies with the well-characterized transporter substrate estrone 3-sulfate revealed that all tested compounds except pergolide inhibit the transport function of both proteins with the most potent effect for bromocriptine (IC50 = 2.2 μM (OATP1A2) and IC50 = 2.5 μM (OATP2B1)). Further studies using the indirect competitive counterflow method identified bromocriptine, cabergoline, and domperidone as substrates of both transporters, whereas metoclopramide was only transported by OATP1A2. These findings were verified for domperidone by direct measurements using its tritium-labeled form as a tracer. Moreover, the transporter-mediated uptake of this compound was sensitive to the OATP1A2 and OATP2B1 inhibitor naringin. In conclusion, this study suggests that OATP1A2 and 2B1 may play a role in the uptake of DR agonists and antagonists into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anima M Schäfer
- Biopharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandra Bien-Möller
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andrea Hubeny
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silke Vogelgesang
- Department of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock, University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Markus Grube
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Fonseca TL, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC. Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1000-1047. [PMID: 31033998 PMCID: PMC6596318 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (i.e., T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine or T4 to reverse T3 conversion). These reactions are catalyzed by the deiodinases. The biologically active hormone, T3, eventually binds to intracellular TH receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, and initiate TH signaling, that is, regulation of target genes and other metabolic pathways. At least three families of transmembrane transporters, MCT, OATP, and LAT, facilitate the entry of TH into cells, which follow the gradient of free hormone between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm. Inactivation or marked downregulation of TH transporters can dampen TH signaling. At the same time, dynamic modifications in the expression or activity of TRs and transcriptional coregulators can affect positively or negatively the intensity of TH signaling. However, the deiodinases are the element that provides greatest amplitude in dynamic control of TH signaling. Cells that express the activating deiodinase DIO2 can rapidly enhance TH signaling due to intracellular buildup of T3. In contrast, TH signaling is dampened in cells that express the inactivating deiodinase DIO3. This explains how THs can regulate pathways in development, metabolism, and growth, despite rather stable levels in the circulation. As a consequence, TH signaling is unique for each cell (tissue or organ), depending on circulating TH levels and on the exclusive blend of transporters, deiodinases, and TRs present in each cell. In this review we explore the key mechanisms underlying customization of TH signaling during development, in health and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biologic Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Medwid S, Li MM, Knauer MJ, Lin K, Mansell SE, Schmerk CL, Zhu C, Griffin KE, Yousif MD, Dresser GK, Schwarz UI, Kim RB, Tirona RG. Fexofenadine and Rosuvastatin Pharmacokinetics in Mice with Targeted Disruption of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:832-842. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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10
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Chen C, Xie Z, Shen Y, Xia SF. The Roles of Thyroid and Thyroid Hormone in Pancreas: Physiology and Pathology. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:2861034. [PMID: 30013597 PMCID: PMC6022313 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2861034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that thyroid hormones (THs), secreted from the thyroid, play important roles in energy metabolism. It is also known that THs also alter the functioning of other endocrine glands; however, their effects on pancreatic function have not yet been reviewed. One of the main functions of the pancreas is insulin secretion, which is altered in diabetes. Diabetes, therefore, could be related to thyroid dysfunction. Earlier research on this subject focused on TH regulation of pancreas function (such as insulin secretion) or on insulin function through TH-mediated increase of energy metabolism. Afterwards, epidemiological investigations and animal test research found a link between autoimmune diseases, thyroid dysfunction, and pancreas pathology; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that THs also play important roles in pancreas development and on islet pathology, both in diabetes and in pancreatic cancer. Therefore, an overview of the effects of thyroid and THs on pancreas physiology and pathology is presented. The topics contained in this review include a summary of the relationship between autoimmune thyroid dysfunction and autoimmune pancreas lesions and the effects of THs on pancreas development and pancreas pathology (diabetes and pancreatic cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Chen
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhenxing Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Jinming Avenue 475004, Henan, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yingbin Shen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Fang Xia
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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