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Korpershoek JV, Rikkers M, Vonk LA. Isolation of Chondrons from Hyaline Cartilage. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2598:21-27. [PMID: 36355282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2839-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In native healthy hyaline cartilage, the chondrocytes are surrounded by a pericellular matrix that has a distinct composition and function compared to the hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix. The chondrocyte together with its pericellular matrix is called a chondron. The type VI collagen, which is the main component of the pericellular matrix, is resistant to enzymatic digestion by pure collagenase and dispase that do digest the extracellular matrix. Therefore, this combination of enzymes can be used to enzymatically isolate chondrons from hyaline cartilage. Chondrons have a high potential for cartilage tissue engineering. This chapter describes in detail how chondrons can be isolated from hyaline cartilage for further use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmijn V Korpershoek
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margot Rikkers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne A Vonk
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- CO.DON AG, Teltow, Germany.
- Xintela AB, Lund, Sweden.
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van Mourik M, Schuiringa GH, Varion-Verhagen LP, Vonk LA, van Donkelaar CC, Ito K, Foolen J. Enzymatic Isolation of Articular Chondrons: Is It Much Different Than That of Chondrocytes? Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2023; 29:30-40. [PMID: 36576016 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In native articular cartilage, chondrocytes (Chy) are completely capsulated by a pericellular matrix (PCM), together called the chondron (Chn). Due to its unique properties (w.r.t. territorial matrix) and importance in mechanotransduction, the PCM and Chn may be important in regenerative strategies. The current gold standard for the isolation of Chns from cartilage dates from 1997. Although previous research already showed the low cell yield and the heterogeneity of the isolated populations, their compositions and properties have never been thoroughly characterized. This study aimed to compare enzymatic isolation methods for Chy and Chns and characterizes the isolation efficiency and quality of the PCM. Bovine articular cartilage was digested according to the 5-h (5H) gold standard Chn isolation method (0.3% dispase +0.2% collagenase II), an overnight (ON) Chn isolation (0.15% dispase +0.1% collagenase II), and an ON Chy isolation (0.15% collagenase II +0.01% hyaluronidase). Type VI collagen staining, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, specific cell sorting, and immunohistochemistry were performed using a type VI collagen staining, to study their isolation efficiency and quality of the PCM. These analyses showed a heterogeneous mixture of Chy and Chns for all three methods. Although the 5H Chn isolation resulted in the highest percentage of Chns, the cell yield was significantly lower compared to the other isolation methods. FACS, based on the type VI collagen staining, successfully sorted the three identified cell populations. To maximize Chn yield and homogeneity, the ON Chn enzymatic digestion method should be combined with type VI collagen staining and specific cell sorting. Impact statement Since chondrocytes are highly dependent on their microenvironment for maintaining phenotypic stability, it is hypothesized that using chondrons results in superior outcomes in cartilage tissue engineering. This study reveals the constitution of cell populations obtained after enzymatic digestion of articular cartilage tissue and presents an alternative method to obtain a homogeneous population of chondrons. These data can improve the impact of studies investigating the effect of the pericellular matrix on neocartilage formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes van Mourik
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerke H Schuiringa
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth P Varion-Verhagen
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne A Vonk
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corrinus C van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Foolen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Zheng K, Ma Y, Chiu C, Pang Y, Gao J, Zhang C, Du D. Co-culture pellet of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells and rat costal chondrocytes as a candidate for articular cartilage regeneration: in vitro and in vivo study. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:386. [PMID: 35907866 PMCID: PMC9338579 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seeding cells are key factors in cell-based cartilage tissue regeneration. Monoculture of either chondrocyte or mesenchymal stem cells has several limitations. In recent years, co-culture strategies have provided potential solutions. In this study, directly co-cultured rat costal chondrocytes (CCs) and human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem (hWJMSCs) cells were evaluated as a candidate to regenerate articular cartilage. METHODS Rat CCs are directly co-cultured with hWJMSCs in a pellet model at different ratios (3:1, 1:1, 1:3) for 21 days. The monoculture pellets were used as controls. RT-qPCR, biochemical assays, histological staining and evaluations were performed to analyze the chondrogenic differentiation of each group. The 1:1 ratio co-culture pellet group together with monoculture controls were implanted into the osteochondral defects made on the femoral grooves of the rats for 4, 8, 12 weeks. Then, macroscopic and histological evaluations were performed. RESULTS Compared to rat CCs pellet group, 3:1 and 1:1 ratio group demonstrated similar extracellular matrix production but less hypertrophy intendency. Immunochemistry staining found the consistent results. RT-PCR analysis indicated that chondrogenesis was promoted in co-cultured rat CCs, while expressions of hypertrophic genes were inhibited. However, hWJMSCs showed only slightly improved in chondrogenesis but not significantly different in hypertrophic expressions. In vivo experiments showed that all the pellets filled the defects but co-culture pellets demonstrated reduced hypertrophy, better surrounding cartilage integration and appropriate subchondral bone remodeling. CONCLUSION Co-culture of rat CCs and hWJMSCs demonstrated stable chondrogenic phenotype and decreased hypertrophic intendency in both vitro and vivo. These results suggest this co-culture combination as a promising candidate in articular cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yiyang Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Cheng Chiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yidan Pang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Junjie Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Dajiang Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Recent Biomimetic Approaches for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Their Clinical Applications: Narrative Review of the Literature. Adv Orthop 2022; 2022:8670174. [PMID: 35497390 PMCID: PMC9054483 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8670174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since articular cartilage is lacking blood vessels and nerves, its capacity to heal is extremely limited. This means that ruptured cartilage affects the joint as a whole. A health issue known as osteoarthritis can develop as a result of injury and deterioration. Osteoarthritis development can be speeded up by the widespread deterioration of articular cartilage, which ranks third on the list of musculoskeletal disorders requiring rehabilitation, behind only low back pain and broken bones. The current treatments for cartilage repair are ineffective and rarely restore full function or tissue normalcy. A promising new technology in tissue engineering may help create functional cartilage tissue substitutes. Ensuring that the cell source is loaded with bioactive molecules that promote cellular differentiation and/or maturation is the general approach. This review summarizes recent advances in cartilage tissue engineering, and recent clinical trials have been conducted to provide a comprehensive overview of the most recent research developments and clinical applications in the framework of degenerated articular cartilage and osteoarthritis.
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From Chondrocytes to Chondrons, Maintenance of Phenotype and Matrices Production in a Composite 3D Hydrogel Scaffold. Gels 2022; 8:gels8020090. [PMID: 35200471 PMCID: PMC8871571 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease characterized by articular cartilage (AC) degradation that affects more than 30 million people in the USA OA is managed with symptom-alleviating medications. Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) is a tissue-engineered option, but current products are expensive and lack mechanical tunability or processability to match defects’ mechanical properties and anatomical shapes. Here, we explore the efficacy of a biocompatible hydrogel-based scaffold composed of sodium alginate, gelatin, and gum Arabic—referred to by SA–GEL–GA—to support bovine articular chondrocytes’ (bAChs) proliferation, pericellular matrix (PCM), and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. bAChs were grown for 45 days in SA–GEL–GA. Their viability; their live/dead status; histological staining; biochemical assays for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen; atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging; and immunofluorescence staining of collagen I, collagen II, aggrecan, and CD44 were tested. We found that SA–GEL–GA was not cytotoxic, induced cellular proliferation by 6.1-fold while maintaining a round morphology, and supported ECM deposition by producing 3.9-fold more GAG compared to day 0. bAChs transformed into chondrons and produced a PCM enriched with collagen II (3.4-fold), aggrecan (1.7-fold), and CD44 (1.3-fold) compared to day 0. In summary, SA–GEL–GA supported the proliferation, ECM production, and PCM production of bAChs in vitro.
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Marchan J, Wittig O, Diaz-Solano D, Gomez M, Cardier JE. Enhanced chondrogenesis from chondrocytes co-cultured on mesenchymal stromal cells: Implication for cartilage repair. Injury 2022; 53:399-407. [PMID: 34670674 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellular therapy based on chondrocytes implantation is the most widely used procedure for inducing cartilage regeneration. However, the dedifferentiation process that these cells suffer and their limited capacity of proliferation, when they are cultured in vitro, restrict their use in cellular therapy protocols. To investigate the capacity of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to promote chondrogenesis from chondrocytes or chondrons in 2D and 3D coculture systems. Murine chondrocytes and chondrons were cocultured with MSCs at different cell ratios (100/0, 50/50, 70/30, 0/100) in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. High proliferation of cells with chondrocyte morphology, enhanced GAG production and expression of cartilage genes (aggrecan, type II collagen, and SOX-9) were observed in chondrocytes/MSCs cocultures. In contrast, fibroblastoid cells, down-regulation of cartilage gene expression and reduction of GAG production were observed in chondrons/MSCs cocultures. Chondrocytes within cartilage lacunae and surrounded by extracellular matrix were observed in chondrocytes/MSC pellets. MSCs promote the proliferation of functional chondrocytes in 2D and 3D culture systems. Transplantation of chondrogenic construct based on MSCs and chondrocytes may constitute a potential treatment for inducing cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Marchan
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
| | - Olga Wittig
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
| | - Dylana Diaz-Solano
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Marcos Gomez
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Jose E Cardier
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
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Daou F, Cochis A, Leigheb M, Rimondini L. Current Advances in the Regeneration of Degenerated Articular Cartilage: A Literature Review on Tissue Engineering and Its Recent Clinical Translation. MATERIALS 2021; 15:ma15010031. [PMID: 35009175 PMCID: PMC8745794 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Functional ability is the basis of healthy aging. Articular cartilage degeneration is amongst the most prevalent degenerative conditions that cause adverse impacts on the quality of life; moreover, it represents a key predisposing factor to osteoarthritis (OA). Both the poor capacity of articular cartilage for self-repair and the unsatisfactory outcomes of available clinical interventions make innovative tissue engineering a promising therapeutic strategy for articular cartilage repair. Significant progress was made in this field; however, a marked heterogeneity in the applied biomaterials, biofabrication, and assessments is nowadays evident by the huge number of research studies published to date. Accordingly, this literature review assimilates the most recent advances in cell-based and cell-free tissue engineering of articular cartilage and also focuses on the assessments performed via various in vitro studies, ex vivo models, preclinical in vivo animal models, and clinical studies in order to provide a broad overview of the latest findings and clinical translation in the context of degenerated articular cartilage and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Daou
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.D.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Andrea Cochis
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.D.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimiliano Leigheb
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.D.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Maggiore della Carità” Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Lia Rimondini
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.D.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0321-660-673
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Owida HA, Kuiper NL, Yang Y. Maintenance and Acceleration of Pericellular Matrix Formation within 3D Cartilage Cell Culture Models. Cartilage 2021; 13:847S-861S. [PMID: 31455088 PMCID: PMC8804781 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519870839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In native articular cartilage, chondrocytes are surrounded by a thin pericellular matrix (PCM) forming chondrons. The PCM is exclusively rich in type VI collagen. The retention of the PCM has a significant influence on the metabolic activity of the chondrocytes. DESIGN This study investigated the influence of 2 hydrogels (hyaluronic acid [HA] and agarose) and 2 media compositions (basal and chondrogenic) on the preservation/maintenance and acceleration of PCM formation over a 21-day time course. Different combinations of chondrocytes, chondrons, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were studied. RESULTS Both hydrogels preserved chondrons PCM from day 1 up to 21-day culture regardless of media composition. Type VI collagen immunostaining of the cultured chondrons appeared both dense and homogenous. The presence of MSCs did not influence this outcome. At day 1, type VI collagen was not present around chondrocytes alone or their co-culture with MSCs. In the HA hydrogel, type VI collagen was located within the PCM after 7 days in both mono- and co-cultures. In the agarose hydrogel, collagen VI was located within the PCM at 7 days (co-cultures) and 14 days (monocultures). In both hydrogel systems, chondrogenic media enhanced the production of key extracellular matrix components in both mono- and co-cultures in comparison to basal media (11.5% and 14% more in glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen for chondrocytes samples at day 21 culture samples, respectively). However, the media types did not enhance type VI collagen synthesis. CONCLUSION Altogether, a 3D chondrogenic hydrogel environment is the primary condition for maintenance and acceleration of PCM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza A. Owida
- Institute of Science & Technology in
Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Nicola L. Kuiper
- Institute of Science & Technology in
Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, UK,Arthritis Research Centre, Robert Jones
& Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Science & Technology in
Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, UK,Ying Yang, Institute of Science &
Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent
ST4 7QB, UK.
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Impact of perlecan, a core component of basement membrane, on regeneration of cartilaginous tissues. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:13-26. [PMID: 34454085 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As an indispensable component of the extracellular matrix, perlecan (Pln) plays an essential role in cartilaginous tissue function. Although there exist studies suggesting that Pln expressed by cartilaginous tissues is critical for chondrogenesis, few papers have discussed the potential impact Pln may have on cartilage regeneration. In this review, we delineate Pln structure, biomechanical properties, and interactive ligands-which together contribute to the effect Pln has on cartilaginous tissue development. We also review how the signaling pathways of Pln affect cartilage development and scrutinize the potential application of Pln to divisions of cartilage regeneration, spanning vascularization, stem cell differentiation, and biomaterial improvement. The aim of this review is to deepen our understanding of the spatial and temporal interactions that occur between Pln and cartilaginous tissue and ultimately apply Pln in scaffold design to improve cell-based cartilage engineering and regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: As a key component of the basement membrane, Pln plays a critical role in tissue development and repair. Recent findings suggest that Pln existing in the pericellular matrix surrounding mature chondrocytes is actively involved in cartilage regeneration and functionality. We propose that Pln is essential to developing an in vitro matrix niche within biological scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Brose TZ, Kubosch EJ, Schmal H, Stoddart MJ, Armiento AR. Crosstalk Between Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Chondrocytes: The Hidden Therapeutic Potential for Cartilage Regeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1647-1665. [PMID: 33954877 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage injuries following trauma create a puzzling clinical scenario. The finite reparative potential of articular cartilage is well known, and injuries are associated with an increased risk of osteoarthritis. Cell-based therapies have spotlighted chondrocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as the functional unit of articular cartilage and the progenitor cells, respectively. The available clinical treatments cannot reproduce the biomechanical properties of articular cartilage and call for continuous investigations into alternative approaches. Co-cultures of chondrocytes and MSCs are an attractive in vitro system to step closer to the in vivo multicellular environment's complexity. Research on the mechanisms of interaction between both cell types will reveal essential cues to understand cartilage regeneration. This review describes the latest discoveries on these interactions, along with advantages and main challenges in vitro and in vivo. The successful clinical translation of in vitro studies requires establishing rigorous standards and clinically relevant research models and an organ-targeting therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Z Brose
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos Platz, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva J Kubosch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Schmal
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos Platz, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angela R Armiento
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
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Combination of chondrocytes and chondrons improves extracellular matrix production to promote the repairs of defective knee cartilage in rabbits. J Orthop Translat 2021; 28:47-54. [PMID: 33717981 PMCID: PMC7906883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chondrons are composed of chondrocytes and the surrounding pericellular matrix (PCM) and function to enhance chondrocyte-mediated cartilage tissue engineering. This study aimed at investigating the potential effect of combined chondrocytes with chondrons on the production of proteoglycan and collagen-II (Col-2) and the repair of defective knee cartilage in rabbits. Methods Chondrocytes and chondrons were isolated from the knee cartilage of rabbits, and cultured alone or co-cultured for varying periods in vitro. Their morphology was characterized by histology. The levels of aggrecan (AGG), Col-2 and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) expression were quantified by qRT-PCR, Alcian blue-based precipitation and ELISA. The effect of combined chondrocytes with chondrons in alginate spheres on the repair of defective knee cartilage was examined in rabbits. Results The isolated chondrocytes and chondrons displayed unique morphology and began to proliferate on day 3 and 6 post culture, respectively, accompanied by completely degenerated PCM on day 6 post culture. Evidently, chondrocytes had stronger proliferation capacity than chondrons. Longitudinal analyses indicated that culture of chondrons, but not chondrocytes, increased AGG mRNA transcripts and GAG levels with time and Col-2 mRNA transcripts only on day 3 post culture. Compared with chondrocytes or chondrons alone, co-culture of chondrocytes and chondrons significantly up-regulated AGG and Col-2 expression and GAG production, particularly at a ratio of 1:1. Implantation with chondrocytes and chondrons at 1:1 significantly promoted the repair of defective knee cartilage in rabbits, accompanied by reduced the Wakiteni scores with time. Conclusion Combined chondrons with chondrocytes promoted the production of extracellular matrix and the repair of defective knee cartilage in rabbits. The translational potential of this article This study explores that the combination of chondrons and chondrocytes may be new therapeutic strategy for cartilage tissue engineering and repair of defective cartilage.
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Alkaya D, Gurcan C, Kilic P, Yilmazer A, Gurman G. Where is human-based cellular pharmaceutical R&D taking us in cartilage regeneration? 3 Biotech 2020; 10:161. [PMID: 32206495 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lately, cellular-based cartilage joint therapies have gradually gained more attention, which leads to next generation bioengineering approaches in the development of cell-based medicinal products for human use in cartilage repair. The greatest hurdles of chondrocyte-based cartilage bioengineering are: (i) preferring the cell source; (ii) differentiation and expansion processes; (iii) the time necessary for chondrocyte expansion pre-implantation; and (iv) fixing the chondrocyte count in accordance with the lesion surface area of the patient in question. The chondrocyte presents itself to be the focal starting material for research and development of bioengineered cartilage-based medicinal products which promise the regeneration and restoration of non-orthopedic cartilage joint defects. Even though chondrocytes seem to be the first choice, inevitable complications related to proliferation, dedifferentation and redifferentiation are probable. Detailed studies are a necessity to fully investigate detailed culturing conditions, the chondrogenic strains of well-defined phenotypes and evaluation of the methods to be used in biomaterial production. Despite a majority of the current methods which aid amelioration of joint functionality, they are insufficient in fully restoring the natural structure and composition of the joint cartilage. Hence current studies have trended towards gene therapy, mesenchymal stem cells and tissue engineering practices. There are many studies addressing the outcomes of chondrocytes in the clinical scene, and many vital biomaterials have been developed for structuring the bioengineered cartilage. This study aims to convey to the audience the practical significance of chondrocyte-based clinical applications.
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Zhou S, Ma Y, Zhao D, Mi Y, Zhang C. Transcriptome profiling analysis of underlying regulation of growing follicle development in the chicken. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2861-2872. [PMID: 32475419 PMCID: PMC7597661 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Large ovarian follicles are primary characteristics of oviparous species. The development of such follicles is crucially governed by strict intrinsic complex regulation. Many aspects of the genetic basis of this regulation remain obscure. To identify the dominant genes controlling follicular development in the chicken, growing follicles (400–1,600 μm in diameter) were selected for RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Comparing the 400-μm follicles with 800-μm follicles identified a total of 3,627 differentially expressed genes (1,792 upregulated and 1,835 downregulated genes). Comparing the 400-μm follicles with 1,600-μm follicles revealed 9,650 differentially expressed genes (including 4,848 upregulated and 4,802 downregulated genes). Comparing 800-μm with 1,600-μm follicles revealed a total of 6,779 differentially expressed genes (3,427 upregulated and 3,352 downregulated genes). Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes related to the extracellular matrix–receptor interactions, steroid biosynthesis, cell adhesion, and phagosomes displayed remarkable differential expressions. Relative to 400-μm follicles, collagen content, production of steroid hormones, cell adhesion, and phagocytic factors were significantly increased in the 1,600-μm follicles. This study identifies the dominant genes involved in the promotion of follicular development in oviparous vertebrates and represents the extraordinary gene regulation pattern related to development of the growing follicles in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanfen Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuling Mi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Caiqiao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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14
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Owida HA, Yang R, Cen L, Kuiper NJ, Yang Y. Induction of zonal-specific cellular morphology and matrix synthesis for biomimetic cartilage regeneration using hybrid scaffolds. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0310. [PMID: 29950515 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is anisotropic in nature and organized into distinct zones. Our goal was to develop zonal-specific three-dimensional hybrid scaffolds which could induce the generation of zonal-specific cellular morphology and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. The superficial and middle zones comprised two layers of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel which enveloped specifically orientated or randomly arranged polylactic acid nanofibre meshes. The deep zone comprised a HA hydrogel with multiple vertical channels. Primary bovine chondrocytes were seeded into the individual zonal scaffolds, cultured for 14 days and then the ECM was analysed. The aligned nanofibre mesh used in the superficial zone induced an elongated cell morphology, lower glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen II production, and higher cell proliferation and collagen I production than the cells in the middle zone scaffold. Within the middle zone scaffold, which comprised a randomly orientated nanofibre mesh, the cells were clustered and expressed more collagen II. The deep zone scaffold induced the highest GAG production, the lowest cell proliferation and the lowest collagen I expression of the three zones. Assembling the three zones and stabilizing the arrangement with a HA hydrogel generated aligned, randomly aggregated and columnar cells in the superficial, middle and deep zones. This study presents a method to induce zonal-specific chondrocyte morphology and ECM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Owida
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - R Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - L Cen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - N J Kuiper
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.,Arthritis Research Centre, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Y Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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15
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Regenerative Medicine: A Review of the Evolution of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) Therapy. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6010022. [PMID: 30871236 PMCID: PMC6466051 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is composed of chondrons within a territorial matrix surrounded by a highly organized extracellular matrix comprising collagen II fibrils, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and non-collagenous proteins. Damaged articular cartilage has a limited potential for healing and untreated defects often progress to osteoarthritis. High hopes have been pinned on regenerative medicine strategies to meet the challenge of preventing progress to late osteoarthritis. One such strategy, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), was first reported in 1994 as a treatment for deep focal articular cartilage defects. ACI has since evolved to become a worldwide well-established surgical technique. For ACI, chondrocytes are harvested from the lesser weight bearing edge of the joint by arthroscopy, their numbers expanded in monolayer culture for at least four weeks, and then re-implanted in the damaged region under a natural or synthetic membrane via an open joint procedure. We consider the evolution of ACI to become an established cell therapy, its current limitations, and on-going strategies to improve its efficacy. The most promising developments involving cells and natural or synthetic biomaterials will be highlighted.
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16
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Paradise CR, Galeano-Garces C, Galeano-Garces D, Dudakovic A, Milbrandt TA, Saris DBF, Krych AJ, Karperien M, Ferguson GB, Evseenko D, Riester SM, van Wijnen AJ, Larson AN. Molecular characterization of physis tissue by RNA sequencing. Gene 2018; 668:87-96. [PMID: 29775757 PMCID: PMC5994380 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The physis is a well-established and anatomically distinct cartilaginous structure that is crucial for normal long-bone development and growth. Abnormalities in physis function are linked to growth plate disorders and other pediatric musculoskeletal diseases. Understanding the molecular pathways operative in the physis may permit development of regenerative therapies to complement surgically-based procedures that are the current standard of care for growth plate disorders. Here, we performed next generation RNA sequencing on mRNA isolated from human physis and other skeletal tissues (e.g., articular cartilage and bone; n = 7 for each tissue). We observed statistically significant enrichment of gene sets in the physis when compared to the other musculoskeletal tissues. Further analysis of these upregulated genes identified physis-specific networks of extracellular matrix proteins including collagens (COL2A1, COL6A1, COL9A1, COL14A1, COL16A1) and matrilins (MATN1, MATN2, MATN3), and signaling proteins in the WNT pathway (WNT10B, FZD1, FZD10, DKK2) or the FGF pathway (FGF10, FGFR4). Our results provide further insight into the gene expression networks that contribute to the physis' unique structural composition and regulatory signaling networks. Physis-specific expression profiles may guide ongoing initiatives in tissue engineering and cell-based therapies for treatment of growth plate disorders and growth modulation therapies. Furthermore, our findings provide new leads for therapeutic drug discovery that would permit future intervention through pharmacological rather than surgical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Paradise
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Catalina Galeano-Garces
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | | | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Todd A Milbrandt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel B F Saris
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aaron J Krych
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Gabriel B Ferguson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Denis Evseenko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott M Riester
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - A Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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17
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Jacer S, Shafaei H, Soleimani Rad J. An Investigation on the Regenerative Effects of Intra Articular Injection of Co-Cultured Adipose Derived Stem Cells with Chondron for Treatment of Induced Osteoarthritis. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:297-306. [PMID: 30023332 PMCID: PMC6046423 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Adipose tissue derived stem cells (ASCs) and chondrocytes are best cells for articular cartilage regeneration. Chondrocyte with peri-cellular matrix (PCM) is called chondron provides ideal microenviroment than chondrocytes. We aimed to evaluate the regenerative effects of intra-articular injection of ASCs co-cultures with chondron in induced osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: ASC, from the peri-renal fat of male rat and chondron from primary newborn rat hyaline cartilage were isolated. ASCs were cultured for at least three passages in vitro. Six weeks after OA induction, rats were randomly distributed in five groups of control, osteoarthritic, ASC, chondron and co-cultured. ASCs (107), chondrons (107) and combination of chondrons and ASCs (107) were injected into intra-articular space of the rat knee. The effect of treatments was evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic examinations. The expression levels of collagen type ΙΙ was studied by immunohistochemistry. Results: Macroscopic appearance of the co-cultured group, showed much enhanced articular cartilage regeneration compared to ASC and chondron groups. H&E showed evidence of repair site of articular surface without erosion and fibrillation versus OA group which showed thin layer of hyaline cartilage over tidemark and spontaneous fibrocartilage formation. Metachromatic regions stained with toluidine blue were larger in treatment groups versus OA group. Strong intensity of type ΙΙ collagen staining was observed in co-culture group compared to other groups. Conclusion: Co-culture of chondrons and ASCs increased articular hyaline cartilage formation and provides a useful tool to improve limitations of each of applied cells in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorayya Jacer
- Department of Anatomical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Shafaei
- Department of Anatomical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Department of Anatomical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Owida HA, Rutter AV, Cinque G, Kuiper NJ, Sulé-Suso J, Yang Y. Vibrational spectroscopic monitoring and biochemical analysis of pericellular matrix formation and maturation in a 3-dimensional chondrocyte culture model. Analyst 2018; 143:5979-5986. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01272e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PCA score of FTIR spectra in fingerprint region for cultured chondrocytes at day 7, 14 and 21 in HA hydrogel showing that the 3D culture drove chondrocytes (CY) to chondron-like (CN) structure dynamically.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Owida
- Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine
- University of Keele
- Stoke-on-Trent
- UK
| | - A. V. Rutter
- Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine
- University of Keele
- Stoke-on-Trent
- UK
| | - G. Cinque
- Diamond Light Source Ltd
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus
- Oxfordshire
- UK
| | - N. J. Kuiper
- Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine
- University of Keele
- Stoke-on-Trent
- UK
| | - J. Sulé-Suso
- Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine
- University of Keele
- Stoke-on-Trent
- UK
- Cancer Centre
| | - Y. Yang
- Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine
- University of Keele
- Stoke-on-Trent
- UK
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