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Li GQ, Xia J, Zeng W, Luo W, Liu L, Zeng X, Cao D. The intestinal γδ T cells: functions in the gut and in the distant organs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1206299. [PMID: 37398661 PMCID: PMC10311558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Located in the frontline against the largest population of microbiota, the intestinal mucosa of mammals has evolved to become an effective immune system. γδ T cells, a unique T cell subpopulation, are rare in circulation blood and lymphoid tissues, but rich in the intestinal mucosa, particularly in the epithelium. Via rapid production of cytokines and growth factors, intestinal γδ T cells are key contributors to epithelial homeostasis and immune surveillance of infection. Intriguingly, recent studies have revealed that the intestinal γδ T cells may play novel exciting functions ranging from epithelial plasticity and remodeling in response to carbohydrate diets to the recovery of ischemic stroke. In this review article, we update regulatory molecules newly defined in lymphopoiesis of the intestinal γδ T cells and their novel functions locally in the intestinal mucosa, such as epithelial remodeling, and distantly in pathological setting, e.g., ischemic brain injury repair, psychosocial stress responses, and fracture repair. The challenges and potential revenues in intestinal γδ T cell studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Pharmacological Research on Gastrointestinal Tumors, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiliang Xia
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weijia Luo
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Logen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Pharmacological Research on Gastrointestinal Tumors, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xi Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Voropaeva EN, Pospelova TI, Karpova VS, Churkina MI, Vyatkin YV, Ageeva TA, Maksimov VN. Mutation profile of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with relapses in the central nervous system. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.17650/2313-805x-2022-9-3-69-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The recurrence of diffuse large B-cell cell lymphoma in the central nervous system in the vast majority of cases is a fatal manifestation of the disease. The study of the lymphoma mutational profile can improve the accuracy of the prognosis of relapse in the central nervous system and justify the selection of patients for preventive treatment. Aim. To evaluate the mutational profile of cases of diffuse large B-cell cell lymphoma with central nervous system damage in relapse based on the results of our own experiment on high-performance sequencing.Materials and methods. On the Illumina platform, full-exome sequencing of diagnostic samples of diffuse large B-cell cell lymphoma with relapses in the central nervous system was performed. A panel including more than 70 genes was analyzed.Results. Four main groups of genetic events can be distinguished in the group of studied samples, namely: combined mutations in the NF-kB (MYD88, NOTCH1, CD79B, CARD11) and JAK-STAT (PIM1, STAT6) signaling pathways, as well as aberrations in the main oncosuppressor TP53 and chromatin remodeling system genes (ARID1A, KMT2D, EP300, SMARCA4). A recurrent mutation c. 794T>C, p.L265P MYD88 was detected in the study group. Among other findings, mutations in the CIITA and CD58 genes should be noted, which are important in avoiding tumor cells from immune surveillance.Conclusion. Despite the apparent heterogeneity of the mutational profile of diffuse large B-cell cell lymphoma with relapses in the central nervous system, in most cases, tumor cells were characterized by genetic disorders leading to the production of a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines by malignant lymphocytes, as well as aberrations that reduce immunogenicity and contribute to the avoidance of immune surveillance by the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. N. Voropaeva
- Scientific Research Institute of Therapy and Preventive Medicine — branch of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - T. I. Pospelova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - V. S. Karpova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - M. I. Churkina
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | | | - T. A. Ageeva
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - V. N. Maksimov
- Scientific Research Institute of Therapy and Preventive Medicine — branch of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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Cheng Y, Burrack RK, Li Q. Spatially Resolved and Highly Multiplexed Protein and RNA In Situ Detection by Combining CODEX With RNAscope In Situ Hybridization. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:571-581. [PMID: 35848523 PMCID: PMC9393509 DOI: 10.1369/00221554221114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly multiplexed protein and RNA in situ detection on a single tissue section concurrently is highly desirable for both basic and applied biomedical research. CO-detection by inDEXing (CODEX) is a new and powerful platform to visualize up to 60 protein biomarkers in situ, and RNAscope in situ hybridization (RNAscope) is a novel RNA detection system with high sensitivity and unprecedent specificity at a single-cell level. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, the combination of CODEX and RNAscope remained unreported until this study. Here, we report a simple and reproducible combination of CODEX and RNAscope. We also determined the cross-reactivities of CODEX anti-human antibodies to rhesus macaques, a widely used animal model of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Cheng
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Rachel K. Burrack
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Alzu'bi A, Sankar N, Crosier M, Kerwin J, Clowry GJ. Tyramide signal amplification coupled with multiple immunolabeling and RNAScope in situ hybridization in formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded human fetal brain. J Anat 2022; 241:33-41. [PMID: 35224745 PMCID: PMC9178390 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strategies have been recently introduced to improve the practicality of multiple immunolabeling and RNA in situ hybridization protocols. Tyramide signal amplification (TSA) is a powerful method used to improve the detection sensitivity of immunohistochemistry. RNAScope is a novel commercially available in situ hybridization assay for the detection of RNA expression. In this work, we describe the use of TSA and RNAScope in situ hybridization as extremely sensitive and specific methods for the evaluation of protein and RNA expression in formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded human fetal brain sections. These two techniques, when properly optimized, were highly compatible with routine formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue that preserves the best morphological characteristics of delicate fetal brain samples, enabling an unparalleled ability to simultaneously visualize the expression of multiple protein and mRNA of genes that are sparsely expressed in the human fetal telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Alzu'bi
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesYarmouk UniversityIrbidJordan
| | - Niveditha Sankar
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Present address:
Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Moira Crosier
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Human Developmental Biology ResourceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Janet Kerwin
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Human Developmental Biology ResourceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Gavin J. Clowry
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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RNAscope for VEGF-A Detection in Human Tumor Bioptic Specimens. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2475:143-155. [PMID: 35451755 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2217-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Different pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), have been related to microvascular density, clinicopathologic factors, and poor prognosis in many tumors. VEGF-A binds its receptor 2 (VEGFR2) to induce neo-angiogenesis, a constant hallmark of tumor initiation and progression. Based on VEGF-A/VEGFR2 relevance in tumor angiogenesis, several inhibitors were developed. However, the clinical benefits of anti-angiogenic therapies are limited because tumors activate different mechanisms of drug resistance.The need for understanding tumor biology, limitation or failure of anti-angiogenic therapies, and the demand for a personalized therapeutic approach has boosted the search for robust biomarkers for patient stratification as responder or non-responder to anti-VEGF therapies.This chapter presents a detailed protocol to perform chromogenic VEGF-A mRNA detection and quantification in human tumor bioptic specimens using RNAscope technology and RNA-in situ hybridization (ISH) algorithm. RNAscope for VEGF-A detection, even for small amounts, is compatible with precious clinical samples and diagnostic laboratory workflows.
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Li B, Wan Q, Li Z, Chng WJ. Janus Kinase Signaling: Oncogenic Criminal of Lymphoid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205147. [PMID: 34680295 PMCID: PMC8533975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Janus kinases (JAKs) are transmembrane receptors that pass signals from extracellular ligands to downstream. Increasing evidence has suggested that JAK family aberrations promote lymphoid cancer pathogenesis and progression through mediating gene expression via the JAK/STAT pathway or noncanonical JAK signaling. We are here to review how canonical JAK/STAT and noncanonical JAK signalings are represented and deregulated in lymphoid malignancies and how to target JAK for therapeutic purposes. Abstract The Janus kinase (JAK) family are known to respond to extracellular cytokine stimuli and to phosphorylate and activate signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT), thereby modulating gene expression profiles. Recent studies have highlighted JAK abnormality in inducing over-activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, and that the cytoplasmic JAK tyrosine kinases may also have a nuclear role. A couple of anti-JAK therapeutics have been developed, which effectively harness lymphoid cancer cells. Here we discuss mutations and fusions leading to JAK deregulations, how upstream nodes drive JAK expression, how classical JAK/STAT pathways are represented in lymphoid malignancies and the noncanonical and nuclear role of JAKs. We also summarize JAK inhibition therapeutics applied alone or synergized with other drugs in treating lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; or (Q.W.)
| | - Qin Wan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; or (Q.W.)
| | - Zhubo Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; or (Q.W.)
- Correspondence: or (Z.L.); (W.-J.C.)
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Correspondence: or (Z.L.); (W.-J.C.)
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Wright JH, Huang LY, Weaver S, Archila LD, McAfee MS, Hirayama AV, Chapuis AG, Bleakley M, Rongvaux A, Turtle CJ, Chanthaphavong RS, Campbell JS, Pierce RH. Detection of engineered T cells in FFPE tissue by multiplex in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. J Immunol Methods 2021; 492:112955. [PMID: 33383062 PMCID: PMC7979489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Identifying engineered T cells in situ is important to understand the location, persistence, and phenotype of these cells in patients after adoptive T cell therapy. While engineered cells are routinely characterized in fresh tissue or blood from patients by flow cytometry, it is difficult to distinguish them from endogenous cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue biopsies. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a method for characterizing engineered T cells in fixed tissue using in situ hybridization (ISH) to the woodchuck hepatitis post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) common in many lentiviral vectors used to transduce chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) and T cell receptor T (TCR-T) cells, coupled with alternative permeabilization conditions that allows subsequent multiplex immunohistochemical (mIHC) staining within the same image. This new method provides the ability to mark the cells by ISH, and simultaneously stain for cell-associated proteins to immunophenotype CAR/TCR modified T cells within tumors, as well as assess potential roles of these cells in on-target/off-tumor toxicity in other tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn H Wright
- Immunopathology Lab, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America.
| | - Li-Ya Huang
- Experimental Histopathology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Weaver
- Experimental Histopathology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
| | - L Diego Archila
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
| | - Megan S McAfee
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
| | - Alexandre V Hirayama
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Marie Bleakley
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States of America; Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, University of Washington, United States of America; Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Cameron J Turtle
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, United States of America; Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - R Savanh Chanthaphavong
- Experimental Histopathology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
| | - Jean S Campbell
- Immunopathology Lab, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert H Pierce
- Immunopathology Lab, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
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Mungenast F, Fernando A, Nica R, Boghiu B, Lungu B, Batra J, Ecker RC. Next-Generation Digital Histopathology of the Tumor Microenvironment. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:538. [PMID: 33917241 PMCID: PMC8068063 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in cancer research is substantially dependent on innovative technologies that permit a concerted analysis of the tumor microenvironment and the cellular phenotypes resulting from somatic mutations and post-translational modifications. In view of a large number of genes, multiplied by differential splicing as well as post-translational protein modifications, the ability to identify and quantify the actual phenotypes of individual cell populations in situ, i.e., in their tissue environment, has become a prerequisite for understanding tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The need for quantitative analyses has led to a renaissance of optical instruments and imaging techniques. With the emergence of precision medicine, automated analysis of a constantly increasing number of cellular markers and their measurement in spatial context have become increasingly necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms that lead to different pathways of disease progression in individual patients. In this review, we summarize the joint effort that academia and industry have undertaken to establish methods and protocols for molecular profiling and immunophenotyping of cancer tissues for next-generation digital histopathology-which is characterized by the use of whole-slide imaging (brightfield, widefield fluorescence, confocal, multispectral, and/or multiplexing technologies) combined with state-of-the-art image cytometry and advanced methods for machine and deep learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Mungenast
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- TissueGnostics GmbH, 1020 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Achala Fernando
- Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (A.F.); (J.B.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | | | - Bogdan Boghiu
- TissueGnostics SRL, 700028 Iasi, Romania; (B.B.); (B.L.)
| | - Bianca Lungu
- TissueGnostics SRL, 700028 Iasi, Romania; (B.B.); (B.L.)
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (A.F.); (J.B.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Rupert C. Ecker
- TissueGnostics GmbH, 1020 Vienna, Austria;
- Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (A.F.); (J.B.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
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Annese T, Tamma R, De Giorgis M, Ribatti D. microRNAs Biogenesis, Functions and Role in Tumor Angiogenesis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581007. [PMID: 33330058 PMCID: PMC7729128 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules, evolutionary conserved. They target more than one mRNAs, thus influencing multiple molecular pathways, but also mRNAs may bind to a variety of miRNAs, either simultaneously or in a context-dependent manner. miRNAs biogenesis, including miRNA transcription, processing by Drosha and Dicer, transportation, RISC biding, and miRNA decay, are finely controlled in space and time. miRNAs are critical regulators in various biological processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and development in both health and disease. Their dysregulation is involved in tumor initiation and progression. In tumors, they can act as onco-miRNAs or oncosuppressor-miRNA participating in distinct cellular pathways, and the same miRNA can perform both activities depending on the context. In tumor progression, the angiogenic switch is fundamental. miRNAs derived from tumor cells, endothelial cells, and cells of the surrounding microenvironment regulate tumor angiogenesis, acting as pro-angiomiR or anti-angiomiR. In this review, we described miRNA biogenesis and function, and we update the non-classical aspects of them. The most recent role in the nucleus, as transcriptional gene regulators and the different mechanisms by which they could be dysregulated, in tumor initiation and progression, are treated. In particular, we describe the role of miRNAs in sprouting angiogenesis, vessel co-option, and vasculogenic mimicry. The role of miRNAs in lymphoma angiogenesis is also discussed despite the scarcity of data. The information presented in this review reveals the need to do much more to discover the complete miRNA network regulating angiogenesis, not only using high-throughput computational analysis approaches but also morphological ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Michelina De Giorgis
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Taatjes DJ, Roth J. In focus in HCB. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 153:129-133. [PMID: 32114634 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Jürgen Roth
- University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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