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Myotendinous Junction: Exercise Protocols Can Positively Influence Their Development in Rats. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020480. [PMID: 35203688 PMCID: PMC8962292 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The myotendinous junction (MTJ) is an interface that different stimuli alter their morphology. One of the main stimuli to promote alterations in the MTJ morphology is physical exercise. The present study aimed to investigate the morphology and molecular MTJ adaptations of biceps brachii muscle in adult Wistar rats submitted to different ladder-based protocols. Forty Wistar rats (90 days old) were divided into four groups: Sedentary (S), Climbing (C), Overload Climbing (OC), Climbing, and Overload Climbing (COC). The results of light microscopy demonstrated the cell and collagen tissue reorganization in the experimental groups. The sarcomeres lengths of different regions showed a particular development according to the specific protocols. The sarcoplasmic invaginations and evaginations demonstrated positive increases that promoted the myotendinous interface development. In the extracellular matrix, the structures presented an increase principally in the COC group. Finally, the immunofluorescence analysis showed the telocytes disposition adjacent to the MTJ region in all experimental groups, revealing their network organization. Thus, we concluded that the different protocols contributed to the morphological adaptations with beneficial effects in distinct ways of tissue and cellular development and can be used as a model for MTJ remodeling to future proteomic and genetic analysis.
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Jacob CDS, Barbosa GK, Rodrigues MP, Pimentel Neto J, Rocha LC, Ciena AP. Stretching prior to resistance training promotes adaptations on the postsynaptic region in different myofiber types. Eur J Histochem 2022; 66. [PMID: 35164481 PMCID: PMC8875788 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2022.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology of the neuromuscular junction adapts according to changes in its pattern of use, especially at the postsynaptic region according to the myofibrillar type and physical exercise. This investigation revealed the morphological adaptations of the postsynaptic region after static stretching, resistance training, and their association in adult male Wistar rats. We processed the soleus and plantaris muscles for histochemical (muscle fibers) and postsynaptic region imaging techniques. We observed muscle hypertrophy in both groups submitted to resistance training, even though the cross-section area is larger when there is no previous static stretching. The soleus postsynaptic region revealed higher compactness and fragmentation index in the combined exercise. The resistance training promoted higher adaptations in the postsynaptic area of plantaris; moreover, the previous static stretching decreased this area. In conclusion, the neuromuscular system’s components responded according to the myofiber type even though it is the same physical exercise. Besides, static stretching (isolated or combined) plays a crucial role in neuromuscular adaptations.
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Pimentel Neto J, Rocha LC, Dos Santos Jacob C, Klein Barbosa G, Ciena AP. Postsynaptic cleft density changes with combined exercise protocols in an experimental model of muscular hypertrophy. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34346666 PMCID: PMC8404527 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertical ladder-based protocols contribute to the NMJ junction's adaptations, and when combined with and without load, can be potentiated. The present study aimed to investigate postsynaptic regions of the biceps brachii muscle in adult male Wistar rats submitted to different vertical ladder-based protocols (Sedentary - S; Climbing - C; Climbing with Load - LC and Combined Climbing - CC). The protocols (C, LC, CC) were performed in 24 sessions, 3 x/week, for 8 weeks. The myofibrillar ATPase analysis showed an increase in cross-sectional area (CSA) of the muscle fibers Type I in all trained Groups; Type II in C and LC and reduction in CC; Type IIx higher in all trained Groups. In the postsynaptic cleft, the stained area presents smaller in Groups C, LC, and CC; the total area showed smaller than LC and higher in C and CC. The stained and total perimeter, and dispersion showed a reduction in C, LC, and CC, higher maximum diameter in Groups C and CC, and decreased in LC. Regarding the postsynaptic cleft distribution, the stained area presented a decrease in all trained Groups. The integrated density presented higher principally in CC. The NMJ count showed an increase in all trained Groups. We concluded that the vertical ladder-based protocols combined contributed to the postsynaptic region adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurandyr Pimentel Neto
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro-SP.
| | - Lara Caetano Rocha
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro-SP.
| | - Carolina Dos Santos Jacob
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro-SP.
| | - Gabriela Klein Barbosa
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro-SP.
| | - Adriano Polican Ciena
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro-SP.
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Deschenes MR, Trebelhorn AM, High MC, Tufts HL, Oh J. Sensitivity of subcellular components of neuromuscular junctions to decreased neuromuscular activity. Synapse 2021; 75:e22220. [PMID: 34318955 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Muscle unloading imparts subtotal disuse on the neuromuscular system resulting in reduced performance capacity. This loss of function, at least in part, can be attributed to disruptions at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). However, research has failed to document morphological remodeling of the NMJ with short term muscle unloading. Here, rather than quantifying cellular components of the NMJ, we examined subcellular active zone responses to 2 weeks of unloading in male Wistar rats. It was revealed that in the plantaris, but not the soleus muscles, unloading elicited significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrements in active zone staining as measured by Bassoon, and calcium channel expression. It was also discovered that unloading decreased the area of calcium channels staining relative to active zone areas of staining suggesting potential interference in the ability of calcium influx to trigger the release of vesicles docked at the active zone. Post-synaptic adaptations of the motor endplate were not evident. This presynaptic subcellular size reduction was not associated with atrophy of the underlying plantaris muscle fibers, although atrophy of the weight-bearing soleus fibers, where no subcellular remodeling was evident, was noted. These results suggest that the active zone is highly sensitive to alterations in neuromuscular activity, and that morphological adaptation of excitatory and contractile components of the NMJ can occur independently of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Deschenes
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Audrey M Trebelhorn
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Madeline C High
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Hannah L Tufts
- Program in Neuroscience, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeongeun Oh
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
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Barbosa GK, Jacob CDS, Rodrigues MP, Rocha LC, Pimentel Neto J, Ciena AP. Morphological Changes in the Motor Endplate and in the Belly Muscle Induced by Previous Static Stretching to the Climbing Protocol. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-9. [PMID: 34294184 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Static stretching provides benefits to the range of motion, modulates intramuscular connective tissue, and is incorporated into warm-up exercises. In this study, we present the effects in the motor endplate and belly muscle resulting from previous static stretching to climbing training. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 6 each): Sedentary (Sed), Climbing (Clb), Static stretching (Ss), and Static stretching prior to climbing (Ssc). The animals (Clb, Ss, and Ssc groups) were subjected to a training protocol 3×/week for 8 weeks, and the Ssc group was subjected to the Ss and Clb protocols in the same session. Samples from the animals were processed for immunostaining, histochemistry, and light microscopy. The Clb group presented a higher motor endplate; the Ss group presented no changes in the motor endplate; and the Ssc group demonstrated a higher compactness. We concluded that static stretching prior to the climbing protocol maintained the density of the motor endplate and increased the compactness of the neuromuscular junction structure. Also, there was a reduction in the myofibers’ diameter (Type I and IIa), an increase in myofibrillar densities (Type I and IIx, and total), and the reorganization of the myonuclei and the interstitium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela K Barbosa
- Department of Physical Activity, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity - LAMAF, Institute of Biosciences (IB), São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Dos S Jacob
- Department of Physical Activity, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity - LAMAF, Institute of Biosciences (IB), São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Rodrigues
- Department of Physical Activity, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity - LAMAF, Institute of Biosciences (IB), São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Lara C Rocha
- Department of Physical Activity, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity - LAMAF, Institute of Biosciences (IB), São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Jurandyr Pimentel Neto
- Department of Physical Activity, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity - LAMAF, Institute of Biosciences (IB), São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano P Ciena
- Department of Physical Activity, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity - LAMAF, Institute of Biosciences (IB), São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro13506-900, SP, Brazil
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Rocha LC, Barbosa GK, Pimentel Neto J, Jacob CDS, Knudsen AB, Watanabe IS, Ciena AP. Aquatic Training after Joint Immobilization in Rats Promotes Adaptations in Myotendinous Junctions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136983. [PMID: 34209663 PMCID: PMC8267653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The myotendinous junction (MTJ) is the muscle-tendon interface and constitutes an integrated mechanical unit to force transmission. Joint immobilization promotes muscle atrophy via disuse, while physical exercise can be used as an adaptative stimulus. In this study, we aimed to investigate the components of the MTJ and their adaptations and the associated elements triggered with aquatic training after joint immobilization. Forty-four male Wistar rats were divided into sedentary (SD), aquatic training (AT), immobilization (IM), and immobilization/aquatic training (IMAT) groups. The samples were processed to measure fiber area, nuclear fractal dimension, MTJ nuclear density, identification of telocytes, sarcomeres, and MTJ perimeter length. In the AT group, the maintenance of ultrastructure and elements in the MTJ region were observed; the IM group presented muscle atrophy effects with reduced MTJ perimeter; the IMAT group demonstrated that aquatic training after joint immobilization promotes benefits in the muscle fiber area and fractal dimension, in the MTJ region shows longer sarcomeres and MTJ perimeter. We identified the presence of telocytes in the MTJ region in all experimental groups. We concluded that aquatic training is an effective rehabilitation method after joint immobilization due to reduced muscle atrophy and regeneration effects on MTJ in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Caetano Rocha
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (L.C.R.); (G.K.B.); (J.P.N.); (C.d.S.J.)
| | - Gabriela Klein Barbosa
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (L.C.R.); (G.K.B.); (J.P.N.); (C.d.S.J.)
| | - Jurandyr Pimentel Neto
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (L.C.R.); (G.K.B.); (J.P.N.); (C.d.S.J.)
| | - Carolina dos Santos Jacob
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (L.C.R.); (G.K.B.); (J.P.N.); (C.d.S.J.)
| | - Andreas B. Knudsen
- Department of Sports Traumatology M51, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, IOC Copenhagen Research Center, 1050 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Ii-Sei Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science III, University of São Paulo-USP, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Adriano Polican Ciena
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (L.C.R.); (G.K.B.); (J.P.N.); (C.d.S.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-193-526-4346
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