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Pogliaghi S, Colosio AL, Caen K, Bourgois JG, Boone J, Gløersen ØN, Capelli C. Response to the commentary on our paper "bioenergetics of the VO 2 slow component between exercise intensity domains". Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1665-1666. [PMID: 33165688 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pogliaghi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy.
| | - Alessandro L Colosio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
| | - Kevin Caen
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan G Bourgois
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Boone
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Øyvind Nøstdahl Gløersen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (NIH), Sognsveien, 220, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
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de Lima LAP, de Lucas RD, Raison M, Achiche S. Is the understanding of V̇O 2 kinetics biased by the first-order multi-exponential model? Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1661-1663. [PMID: 33146754 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Dantas de Lucas
- Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil
| | - Maxime Raison
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500, Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, QC, H3T1J4, Canada
| | - Sofiane Achiche
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500, Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, QC, H3T1J4, Canada
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de Lima LAP, Achiche S, de Lucas RD, Raison M. Second-order simultaneous components model for the overshoot and "slow component" in V̇O 2 kinetics. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 280:103479. [PMID: 32593589 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human oxygen uptake responses to exercise step on-transients present different shapes depending on the overshoot and/or the "slow component" manifestations. The conventional First-Order Multi-Exponential (FOME) model incorporates delayed add-on terms to comprise these phenomena, increasing parameter quantity, requiring a delayed recruitment of type II fibers to explain the "slow component," and not offering a unified structure for different individuals and intensity domains. We hypothesized that a model composed of two Second-Order Simultaneous Components (SOSC) would present a better overall fitting performance than the FOME. Fourteen well-trained male cyclists performed repeated step on-transitions to moderate, heavy, and severe cycling intensities, whose responses were fitted with FOME and SOSC models. The SOSC presented significantly smaller (p < 0.05) root mean squared errors for moderate, supra-moderate, and all intensities combined. Along with conceptual analyses, these findings suggest the SOSC as a comprehensive alternative to the FOME model, explaining all oxygen uptake step responses with as many parameters and without delayed add-on components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Antonio Pereira de Lima
- Mechanical Engineering Department of Polytechnique Montréal, 2500, Chemin de Polytechnique, H3T1J4, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Sofiane Achiche
- Mechanical Engineering Department of Polytechnique Montréal, 2500, Chemin de Polytechnique, H3T1J4, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Ricardo Dantas de Lucas
- Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil Campus Universitário, 88040900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Maxime Raison
- Mechanical Engineering Department of Polytechnique Montréal, 2500, Chemin de Polytechnique, H3T1J4, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Dale J, Glaister M. Moderate-Intensity Oxygen Uptake Kinetics: Is a Mono-Exponential Function Always Appropriate to Model the Response? RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2018; 89:309-321. [PMID: 30071182 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2018.1482399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the existence of the oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) overshoot and the effects of exercise intensity and fitness status on the [Formula: see text] response during moderate-intensity exercise. METHODS Twelve "high-fitness" (Mage = 26 ± 5 years; Mheight = 184.1 ± 5.4 cm; Mbody mass = 76.6 ± 8.9 kg; mean peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]peak) = 59.0 ± 3.3 mL·kg-1·min·-1) and 11 "moderate-fitness" (Mage = 29 ± 5 years; Mheight = 178.7 ± 7.5 cm; Mbody mass = 81.7 ± 10.9 kg; MV̇O2peak = 45.2 ± 3.1 mL·kg-1·min·-1) participants performed square-wave transitions from unloaded cycling to 3 different intensities (70%, 82.5%, and 95% of the gas exchange threshold). The data were modeled using both a mono-exponential function (Model 1) and a function that included a switch-on component (Model 2). The overshoot was computed by subtracting the steady state from the peak of the modeled response and by calculating the area of the curve that was above steady state. RESULTS The goodness of fit was affected by model type (p = .002) and exercise intensity (p < .001). High-fitness participants displayed a smaller τ (p < .05) and a larger amplitude (p < .05) and were more likely to overshoot the steady state (p = .035). However, while exercise intensity did affect the amplitude (p < .001), it did not affect τ (p ≥ .05) or the likelihood of an overshoot occurring (p = .389). CONCLUSION While exercise intensity did not alter the [Formula: see text] response, fitness status affected τ and the likelihood of an overshoot occurring. The overshoot questions the traditional approach to modeling moderate-intensity [Formula: see text] data.
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de Lima LAP, Raison M, Achiche S, de Lucas RD. Second order modeling for the pulmonary oxygen uptake on-kinetics: a comprehensive solution for overshooting and non-overshooting responses to exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1315-1328. [PMID: 29901434 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00147.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human oxygen uptake (VO2) response to step-like increases in work rate is currently modeled by a First Order System Multi-Exponential (FOME) arrangement. Due to their first order nature, none of FOME model's exponentials is able to model an overshoot in the oxygen uptake kinetics (OVO2K). Nevertheless, OVO2K phenomena are observed in the fundamental component of trained individuals' step responses. We hypothesized that a Mixed Multi-Exponential (MiME) model, where the fundamental component is modeled with a second instead of a first order system, would present a better overall performance than that of the traditional FOME model in fitting VO2 on-kinetics at all work rates, either presenting or not OVO2K. Fourteen well-trained male cyclists performed three step on-transitions at each of three work rates below their individual lactate thresholds' work rate (WRLT), and two step on-transitions at each of two exercise intensities above WRLT. Averaged responses for each WR were fitted with MiME and FOME models. Root mean standard errors were used for comparisons between fitting performances. Additionally, a methodology for detecting and quantifying OVO2K phenomena is proposed. Second order solutions performed better (p<0.000) than the first order exponential when the OVO2K was present, and did not differ statistically (p=0.973) in its absence. OVO2K occurrences were observed below and, for the first time, above WRLT (88 and 7%, respectively). We concluded that the MiME model is more adequate and comprehensive than the FOME model in explaining VO2 step on-transient responses, considering cases with or without OVO2K altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxime Raison
- Mechanical Engineering, Polytechinque Montreal, Canada
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Davies MJ, Benson AP, Cannon DT, Marwood S, Kemp GJ, Rossiter HB, Ferguson C. Dissociating external power from intramuscular exercise intensity during intermittent bilateral knee-extension in humans. J Physiol 2017; 595:6673-6686. [PMID: 28776675 PMCID: PMC5663836 DOI: 10.1113/jp274589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Continuous high‐intensity constant‐power exercise is unsustainable, with maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2 max ) and the limit of tolerance attained after only a few minutes. Performing the same power intermittently reduces the O2 cost of exercise and increases tolerance. The extent to which this dissociation is reflected in the intramuscular bioenergetics is unknown. We used pulmonary gas exchange and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure whole‐body V˙O2, quadriceps phosphate metabolism and pH during continuous and intermittent exercise of different work:recovery durations. Shortening the work:recovery durations (16:32 s vs. 32:64 s vs. 64:128 s vs. continuous) at a work rate estimated to require 110% peak aerobic power reduced V˙O2, muscle phosphocreatine breakdown and muscle acidification, eliminated the glycolytic‐associated contribution to ATP synthesis, and increased exercise tolerance. Exercise intensity (i.e. magnitude of intramuscular metabolic perturbations) can be dissociated from the external power using intermittent exercise with short work:recovery durations.
Abstract Compared with work‐matched high‐intensity continuous exercise, intermittent exercise dissociates pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙O2) from the accumulated work. The extent to which this reflects differences in O2 storage fluctuations and/or contributions from oxidative and substrate‐level bioenergetics is unknown. Using pulmonary gas‐exchange and intramuscular 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we tested the hypotheses that, at the same power: ATP synthesis rates are similar, whereas peak V˙O2 amplitude is lower in intermittent vs. continuous exercise. Thus, we expected that: intermittent exercise relies less upon anaerobic glycolysis for ATP provision than continuous exercise; shorter intervals would require relatively greater fluctuations in intramuscular bioenergetics than in V˙O2 compared to longer intervals. Six men performed bilateral knee‐extensor exercise (estimated to require 110% peak aerobic power) continuously and with three different intermittent work:recovery durations (16:32, 32:64 and 64:128 s). Target work duration (576 s) was achieved in all intermittent protocols; greater than continuous (252 ± 174 s; P < 0.05). Mean ATP turnover rate was not different between protocols (∼43 mm min−1 on average). However, the intramuscular phosphocreatine (PCr) component of ATP generation was greatest (∼30 mm min−1), and oxidative (∼10 mm min−1) and anaerobic glycolytic (∼1 mm min−1) components were lowest for 16:32 and 32:64 s intermittent protocols, compared to 64:128 s (18 ± 6, 21 ± 10 and 10 ± 4 mm min−1, respectively) and continuous protocols (8 ± 6, 20 ± 9 and 16 ± 14 mm min−1, respectively). As intermittent work duration increased towards continuous exercise, ATP production relied proportionally more upon anaerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and less upon PCr breakdown. However, performing the same high‐intensity power intermittently vs. continuously reduced the amplitude of fluctuations in V˙O2 and intramuscular metabolism, dissociating exercise intensity from the power output and work done. Continuous high‐intensity constant‐power exercise is unsustainable, with maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2 max ) and the limit of tolerance attained after only a few minutes. Performing the same power intermittently reduces the O2 cost of exercise and increases tolerance. The extent to which this dissociation is reflected in the intramuscular bioenergetics is unknown. We used pulmonary gas exchange and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure whole‐body V˙O2, quadriceps phosphate metabolism and pH during continuous and intermittent exercise of different work:recovery durations. Shortening the work:recovery durations (16:32 s vs. 32:64 s vs. 64:128 s vs. continuous) at a work rate estimated to require 110% peak aerobic power reduced V˙O2, muscle phosphocreatine breakdown and muscle acidification, eliminated the glycolytic‐associated contribution to ATP synthesis, and increased exercise tolerance. Exercise intensity (i.e. magnitude of intramuscular metabolic perturbations) can be dissociated from the external power using intermittent exercise with short work:recovery durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Davies
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alan P Benson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel T Cannon
- School of Exercise & Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Simon Marwood
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graham J Kemp
- Magnetic Resonance & Image Analysis Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory & Critical Care Physiology & Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Carrie Ferguson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Abstract
Muscular exercise requires transitions to and from metabolic rates often exceeding an order of magnitude above resting and places prodigious demands on the oxidative machinery and O2-transport pathway. The science of kinetics seeks to characterize the dynamic profiles of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and muscular systems and their integration to resolve the essential control mechanisms of muscle energetics and oxidative function: a goal not feasible using the steady-state response. Essential features of the O2 uptake (VO2) kinetics response are highly conserved across the animal kingdom. For a given metabolic demand, fast VO2 kinetics mandates a smaller O2 deficit, less substrate-level phosphorylation and high exercise tolerance. By the same token, slow VO2 kinetics incurs a high O2 deficit, presents a greater challenge to homeostasis and presages poor exercise tolerance. Compelling evidence supports that, in healthy individuals walking, running, or cycling upright, VO2 kinetics control resides within the exercising muscle(s) and is therefore not dependent upon, or limited by, upstream O2-transport systems. However, disease, aging, and other imposed constraints may redistribute VO2 kinetics control more proximally within the O2-transport system. Greater understanding of VO2 kinetics control and, in particular, its relation to the plasticity of the O2-transport/utilization system is considered important for improving the human condition, not just in athletic populations, but crucially for patients suffering from pathologically slowed VO2 kinetics as well as the burgeoning elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy, and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
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Abstract
The activities of daily living typically occur at metabolic rates below the maximum rate of aerobic energy production. Such activity is characteristic of the nonsteady state, where energy demands, and consequential physiological responses, are in constant flux. The dynamics of the integrated physiological processes during these activities determine the degree to which exercise can be supported through rates of O₂ utilization and CO₂ clearance appropriate for their demands and, as such, provide a physiological framework for the notion of exercise intensity. The rate at which O₂ exchange responds to meet the changing energy demands of exercise--its kinetics--is dependent on the ability of the pulmonary, circulatory, and muscle bioenergetic systems to respond appropriately. Slow response kinetics in pulmonary O₂ uptake predispose toward a greater necessity for substrate-level energy supply, processes that are limited in their capacity, challenge system homeostasis and hence contribute to exercise intolerance. This review provides a physiological systems perspective of pulmonary gas exchange kinetics: from an integrative view on the control of muscle oxygen consumption kinetics to the dissociation of cellular respiration from its pulmonary expression by the circulatory dynamics and the gas capacitance of the lungs, blood, and tissues. The intensity dependence of gas exchange kinetics is discussed in relation to constant, intermittent, and ramped work rate changes. The influence of heterogeneity in the kinetic matching of O₂ delivery to utilization is presented in reference to exercise tolerance in endurance-trained athletes, the elderly, and patients with chronic heart or lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry B Rossiter
- Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Benson AP, Grassi B, Rossiter HB. A validated model of oxygen uptake and circulatory dynamic interactions at exercise onset in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:743-55. [PMID: 23766506 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00184.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
At the onset of muscular exercise, the kinetics of pulmonary O2 uptake (Vo2P) reflect the integrated dynamic responses of the ventilatory, circulatory, and neuromuscular systems for O2 transport and utilization. Muscle O2 uptake (Vo2m) kinetics, however, are dissociated from Vo2P kinetics by intervening O2 capacitances and the dynamics of the circulation and ventilation. We developed a multicompartment computational model (MCM) to investigate these dynamic interactions and optimized and validated the MCM using previously published, simultaneously measured Vo2m, alveolar O2 uptake (Vo2A), and muscle blood flow (Qm) in healthy young men during cycle ergometry. The model was used to show that 1) the kinetics of Vo2A during exercise transients are very sensitive to preexercise blood flow distribution and the absolute value of Qm, 2) a low preexercise Qm exaggerates the magnitude of the transient fall in venous O2 concentration for any given Vo2m kinetics, necessitating a tighter coupling of Qm/Vo2m (or a reduction in the available work rate range) during the exercise transient to avoid limits to O2 extraction, and 3) information regarding exercise-related alterations in O2 uptake and blood flow in nonexercising tissues and their effects on mixed venous O2 concentration is required to accurately predict Vo2A kinetics from knowledge of Vo2m and Qm dynamics. Importantly, these data clearly demonstrate that Vo2A kinetics are nonexponential, nonlinear distortions of Vo2m kinetics that can be explained in a MCM by interactions among circulatory and cellular respiratory control processes before and during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Benson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Purpose:The aim of this systematic literature review was to outline the various preexperimental maximal cycle-test protocols, terminology, and performance indicators currently used to classify subject groups in sportscience research and to construct a classification system for cycling-related research.Methods:A database of 130 subject-group descriptions contains information on preexperimental maximal cycle-protocol designs, terminology of the subject groups, biometrical and physiological data, cycling experience, and parameters. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 1-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni (P < .05), and trend lines were calculated on height, body mass, relative and absolute maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and peak power output (PPO).Results:During preexperimental testing, an initial workload of 100 W and a workload increase of 25 W are most frequently used. Three-minute stages provide the most reliable and valid measures of endurance performance. After obtaining data on a subject group, researchers apply various terms to define the group. To solve this complexity, the authors introduced the neutral term performance levels 1 to 5, representing untrained, recreationally trained, trained, well-trained, and professional subject groups, respectively. The most cited parameter in literature to define subject groups is relative VO2max, and therefore no overlap between different performance levels may occur for this principal parameter. Another significant cycling parameter is the absolute PPO. The description of additional physiological information and current and past cycling data is advised.Conclusion:This review clearly shows the need to standardize the procedure for classifying subject groups. Recommendations are formulated concerning preexperimental testing, terminology, and performance indicators.
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Wüst RCI, Grassi B, Hogan MC, Howlett RA, Gladden LB, Rossiter HB. Implications of rapid early oxygen consumption in exercising skeletal muscle: The empirical, the theoretical and the rational. J Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.221762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reverse University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Kinetics analysis of muscle arterial–venous O2 difference profile during exercise. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 173:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dotan R. ARE TRAINED ATHLETES LESS EFFICIENT THAN THEIR UNTRAINED COUNTERPARTS? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:1427; author reply 1428. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181df44d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Boone J. RESPONSE. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181df44ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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BOONE JAN, KOPPO KATRIEN, BARSTOW THOMASJ, BOUCKAERT JACQUES. Aerobic Fitness, Muscle Efficiency, and Motor Unit Recruitment during Ramp Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:402-8. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181b0f2e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rampinini E, Sassi A, Morelli A, Mazzoni S, Fanchini M, Coutts AJ. Repeated-sprint ability in professional and amateur soccer players. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009; 34:1048-54. [DOI: 10.1139/h09-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the repeated-sprint ability (RSA) physiological responses to a standardized, high-intensity, intermittent running test (HIT), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), and oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics in male soccer players (professional (N = 12) and amateur (N = 11)) of different playing standards. The relationships between each of these factors and RSA performance were determined. Mean RSA time (RSAmean) and RSA decrement were related to the physiological responses to HIT (blood lactate concentration ([La–]), r = 0.66 and 0.77; blood bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3–]), r = –0.71 and –0.75; and blood hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]),r = 0.61 and 0.73; all p < 0.05), VO2 max (r = –0.45 and –0.65, p < 0.05), and time constant (τ) in VO2 kinetics (r = 0.62 and 0.62, p < 0.05). VO2 max was not different between playing standards (58.5 ± 4.0 vs. 56.3 ± 4.5 mL·kg–1·min–1; p = 0.227); however, the professional players demonstrated better RSAmean (7.17 ± 0.09 vs. 7.41 ± 0.19 s; p = 0.001), lower [La–] (5.7 ± 1.5 vs. 8.2 ± 2.2 mmol·L–1; p = 0.004), lower [H+] (46.5 ± 5.3 vs. 52.2 ± 3.4 mmol·L–1; p = 0.007), and higher [HCO3–] (20.1 ± 2.1 vs. 17.7 ± 1.7 mmol·L–1; p = 0.006) after the HIT, and a shorter τ in VO2 kinetics (27.2 ± 3.5 vs. 32.3 ± 6.0 s; p = 0.019). These results show that RSA performance, the physiological response to the HIT, and τ differentiate between professional- and amateur-standard soccer players. Our results also show that RSA performance is related to VO2 max, τ, and selected physiological responses to a standardized, high-intensity, intermittent exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Universitas Studiorum Insubriae, Varese, Italy
- Pro Patria Calcio, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
- School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aldo Sassi
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Universitas Studiorum Insubriae, Varese, Italy
- Pro Patria Calcio, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
- School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrea Morelli
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Universitas Studiorum Insubriae, Varese, Italy
- Pro Patria Calcio, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
- School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stefano Mazzoni
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Universitas Studiorum Insubriae, Varese, Italy
- Pro Patria Calcio, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
- School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maurizio Fanchini
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Universitas Studiorum Insubriae, Varese, Italy
- Pro Patria Calcio, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
- School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aaron J. Coutts
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Universitas Studiorum Insubriae, Varese, Italy
- Pro Patria Calcio, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
- School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
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The effect of prior moderate- and heavy-intensity running on the VO2 response to exhaustive severe-intensity running. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2009; 1:361-74. [PMID: 19124893 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.1.4.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that prior heavy-intensity exercise reduces the difference between asymptotic oxygen uptake (VO2) and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) during exhaustive severe-intensity running lasting ?2 minutes. Ten trained runners each performed 2 ramp tests to determine peak VO2 (VO2peak) and speed at ventilatory threshold. They performed exhaustive square-wave runs lasting ?2 minutes, preceded by either 6 minutes of moderate-intensity running and 6 minutes rest (SEVMOD) or 6 minutes of heavy-intensity running and 6 minutes rest (SEVHEAVY). Two transitions were completed in each condition. VO2 was determined breath by breath and averaged across the 2 repeats of each test; for the square-wave test, the averaged VO2 response was then modeled using a monoexponential function. The amplitude of the VO2 response to severe-intensity running was not different in the 2 conditions (SEVMOD vs SEVHEAVY; 3925 +/- 442 vs 3997 +/- 430 mL/min, P = .237), nor was the speed of the response (?; 9.2 +/- 2.1 vs 10.0 +/- 2.1 seconds, P = .177). VO2peak from the square-wave tests was below that achieved in the ramp tests (91.0% +/- 3.2% and 92.0% +/- 3.9% VO2peak, P < .001). There was no difference in time to exhaustion between conditions (110.2 +/- 9.7 vs 111.0 +/- 15.2 seconds, P = .813). The results show that the primary VO2 response is unaffected by prior heavy exercise in running performed at intensities at which exhaustion will occur before a slow component emerges.
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Ettema G, Lorås H, Leirdal S. The effects of cycling cadence on the phases of joint power, crank power, force and force effectiveness. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009; 19:e94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 11/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Aerobic Fitness Level Modulates the Effects of Prior Supramaximal Exercise on Pulmonary O2 Response During Moderate-Intensity Exercise. J Exerc Sci Fit 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1728-869x(09)60007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Boone J, Koppo K, Bouckaert J. The response to submaximal ramp cycle exercise: Influence of ramp slope and training status. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 161:291-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhou H, Lai N, Saidel GM, Cabrera ME. Multi-Scale Model of O2 Transport and Metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1123:178-86. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1420.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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‘overshoot’ during moderate-intensity exercise in endurance-trained athletes: The influence of exercise modality. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 160:139-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ingham SA, Carter H, Whyte GP, Doust JH. Comparison of the Oxygen Uptake Kinetics of Club and Olympic Champion Rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:865-71. [PMID: 17468587 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31803350c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that elite rowers would possess a faster, more economic oxygen uptake response than club standard rowers. METHODS Eight Olympic champion (ELITE) rowers were compared with a cohort of eight club standard (CLUB) rowers. Participants completed a progressive exercise test to exhaustion, repeated 6-min moderate and heavy square-wave transitions, and a maximal 2000-m ergometer time trial. RESULTS The time constant (tau) of the primary component (PC) was faster for the ELITE group compared with CLUB for moderate-intensity (13.9 vs 19.4 s, P = 0.02) and heavy-intensity (18.7 vs 22.4 s, P = 0.005) exercise. ELITE rowers consumed less oxygen for moderate (14.2 vs 15.6 mL x min(-1) x W(-1); P = 0.009) and heavy (12.1 vs 13.7 mL x min(-1) x W(-1); P = 0.01) exercise. A greater absolute slow component was observed in the ELITE group (P = 0.009), but no differences were noted when the slow component was expressed relative to work rate performed (P = 0.14). Intergroup correlation with time trial performance speed was significant for tauPC during heavy-intensity exercise (r = -0.59, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Compared with CLUB rowers, the shorter time constant response and greater economy observed in ELITE rowers may suggest advantageous adjustment of oxidative processes from rest to work. Training status or performance level do not seem to be associated with a smaller slow component when comparing CLUB and ELITE oarsmen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Ingham
- English Institute of Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
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