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Moro T, Marcolin G, Bianco A, Bolzetta F, Berton L, Sergi G, Paoli A. Effects of 6 Weeks of Traditional Resistance Training or High Intensity Interval Resistance Training on Body Composition, Aerobic Power and Strength in Healthy Young Subjects: A Randomized Parallel Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4093. [PMID: 32521745 PMCID: PMC7312403 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Consistent practice of physical activity has well known positive effects on general health; however, time for exercise remains one major barrier for many. An acute bout of high intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) increases acute resting energy expenditure (REE) and decreases respiratory ratio (RR), suggesting its potential role on weight loss and increased fatty acid oxidation. The aim of this study was to test the long-term effect of HIIRT on body composition, lipid profile and muscle strength using a randomized parallel trial. Twenty healthy young adults (22.15 1.95 years) were randomized to perform either a HIIRT (N = 11) protocol, consisting of three sets of 6 repetitions at 6 repetition maximum (RM) and then 20 seconds of rest between repetitions until exhaustion repeated for 3 times with 2'30″ rest between sets or a traditional training (TRT, N = 9) protocol of 3 sets of 15 reps with 75 sec of rest between sets. Body composition, resting energy metabolism, aerobic capacity, muscle strength and blood measurements were taken before and after 8 weeks of training. Both protocols enhanced muscle strength, but only HIIRT improved endurance strength performance (+22.07%, p < 0.05) and lean body mass (+2.82%, p < 0.05). REE and RR were unaltered as lipid profile. HIIRT represents a valid training method to improve muscle strength and mass, but its role on body weight control was not confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (G.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (G.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Francesco Bolzetta
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (L.B.); (G.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Unit, Azienda ULSS3 “Serenissima”, 30031, Dolo, 30035 Mirano District, Italy
| | - Linda Berton
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (L.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Sergi
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (L.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (G.M.); (A.P.)
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Tabata I. Tabata training: one of the most energetically effective high-intensity intermittent training methods. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:559-572. [PMID: 31004287 PMCID: PMC10717222 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For decades, high-intensity interval/intermittent exercise training methods have been used by elite athletes to improve their performance in sports. One of the most effective training methods, i.e., 'Tabata training,' is reviewed herein from the viewpoint of the energetics of exercise. The prior research describing the metabolic profile and effects of Tabata training is also summarized, with some historical anecdotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Tabata
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu City, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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Lee H, Jung M, Lee KK, Lee SH. A 3D Human-Machine Integrated Design and Analysis Framework for Squat Exercises with a Smith Machine. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E299. [PMID: 28178184 PMCID: PMC5336117 DOI: 10.3390/s17020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional design and evaluation framework and process based on a probabilistic-based motion synthesis algorithm and biomechanical analysis system for the design of the Smith machine and squat training programs. Moreover, we implemented a prototype system to validate the proposed framework. The framework consists of an integrated human-machine-environment model as well as a squat motion synthesis system and biomechanical analysis system. In the design and evaluation process, we created an integrated model in which interactions between a human body and machine or the ground are modeled as joints with constraints at contact points. Next, we generated Smith squat motion using the motion synthesis program based on a Gaussian process regression algorithm with a set of given values for independent variables. Then, using the biomechanical analysis system, we simulated joint moments and muscle activities from the input of the integrated model and squat motion. We validated the model and algorithm through physical experiments measuring the electromyography (EMG) signals, ground forces, and squat motions as well as through a biomechanical simulation of muscle forces. The proposed approach enables the incorporation of biomechanics in the design process and reduces the need for physical experiments and prototypes in the development of training programs and new Smith machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haerin Lee
- Intelligence and Interaction Lab., Graduate School of Automotive Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea.
| | - Moonki Jung
- AnyBody Technology A/S, Niels Jernes Vej 10, Aalborg East 9220, Denmark.
| | - Ki-Kwang Lee
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Sports Science, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea.
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Intelligence and Interaction Lab., Graduate School of Automotive Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea.
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Bertuzzi R, Kiss MAPDM, Damasceno M, Oliveira RSF, Lima-Silva AE. Association between anaerobic components of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and 30-second Wingate test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:261-6. [PMID: 25627804 PMCID: PMC4381947 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the anaerobic
components of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and of the 30-second
Wingate anaerobic test (30-WAnT). Nine male physical education students performed: a)
a maximal incremental exercise test; b) a supramaximal constant workload test to
determine the anaerobic components of the MAOD; and c) a 30-WAnT to measure the peak
power (PP) and mean power (MP). The fast component of the excess post-exercise oxygen
consumption and blood lactate accumulation were measured after the supramaximal
constant workload test in order to determine the contributions made by alactic
(ALMET) and lactic (LAMET) metabolism. Significant
correlations were found between PP and ALMET (r=0.71; P=0.033) and between
MP and LAMET (r=0.72; P=0.030). The study results suggested that the
anaerobic components of the MAOD and of the 30-WAnT are similarly applicable in the
assessment of ALMET and LAMET during high-intensity
exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bertuzzi
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M A P D M Kiss
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M Damasceno
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R S F Oliveira
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A E Lima-Silva
- Departamento de Educação Física e Ciência do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous research showed that gross efficiency (GE) declines during exercise and therefore influences the expenditure of anaerobic and aerobic resources. PURPOSE To calculate the anaerobic work produced during cycling time trials of different length, with and without a GE correction. METHODS Anaerobic work was calculated in 18 trained competitive cyclists during 4 time trials (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000-m). Two additional time trials (1000 and 4000 m) that were stopped at 50% of the corresponding "full" time trial were performed to study the rate of the decline in GE. RESULTS Correcting for a declining GE during time-trial exercise resulted in a significant (P<.001) increase in anaerobically attributable work of 30%, with a 95% confidence interval of [25%, 36%]. A significant interaction effect between calculation method (constant GE, declining GE) and distance (500, 1000, 2000, 4000 m) was found (P<.001). Further analysis revealed that the constant-GE calculation method was different from the declining method for all distances and that anaerobic work calculated assuming a constant GE did not result in equal values for anaerobic work calculated over different time-trial distances (P<.001). However, correcting for a declining GE resulted in a constant value for anaerobically attributable work (P=.18). CONCLUSIONS Anaerobic work calculated during short time trials (<4000 m) with a correction for a declining GE is increased by 30% [25%, 36%] and may represent anaerobic energy contributions during high-intensity exercise better than calculating anaerobic work assuming a constant GE.
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Abstract
Purpose:The aim of this systematic literature review was to outline the various preexperimental maximal cycle-test protocols, terminology, and performance indicators currently used to classify subject groups in sportscience research and to construct a classification system for cycling-related research.Methods:A database of 130 subject-group descriptions contains information on preexperimental maximal cycle-protocol designs, terminology of the subject groups, biometrical and physiological data, cycling experience, and parameters. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 1-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni (P < .05), and trend lines were calculated on height, body mass, relative and absolute maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and peak power output (PPO).Results:During preexperimental testing, an initial workload of 100 W and a workload increase of 25 W are most frequently used. Three-minute stages provide the most reliable and valid measures of endurance performance. After obtaining data on a subject group, researchers apply various terms to define the group. To solve this complexity, the authors introduced the neutral term performance levels 1 to 5, representing untrained, recreationally trained, trained, well-trained, and professional subject groups, respectively. The most cited parameter in literature to define subject groups is relative VO2max, and therefore no overlap between different performance levels may occur for this principal parameter. Another significant cycling parameter is the absolute PPO. The description of additional physiological information and current and past cycling data is advised.Conclusion:This review clearly shows the need to standardize the procedure for classifying subject groups. Recommendations are formulated concerning preexperimental testing, terminology, and performance indicators.
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Abstract
Abstract
It is an undeniable fact that resistance training (RT) is a potent stimulus for muscle hypertrophy and strength gain, but it is less understood whether RT can increase maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max). The purpose of this brief review is to discuss whether or not RT enhances VO2max in young (20–40 years) and older subjects (>60 years). Only 3 of 17 studies involving young subjects have indicated significant increases in VO2max following RT, while six of nine studies in older subjects have reported significant improvements in VO2max following RT. There was a significant negative correlation between the initial VO2max and RT-induced change in VO2max. This result suggests that RT-induced increase in VO2max is dependent upon the subject’s initial VO2max. The RT-induced increase in VO2max may be elicited when their initial relative VO2max is lower than 25 ml/kg/min for older subjects and lower than 40 ml/kg/min for young subjects. Thus, RT can be expected to improve concurrently both muscular and cardiovascular fitnesses within a single mode of RT when young and old persons have initially low fitness levels.
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Cadore EL, Pinto RS, Pinto SS, Alberton CL, Correa CS, Tartaruga MP, Silva EM, Almeida APV, Trindade GT, Kruel LFM. Effects of strength, endurance, and concurrent training on aerobic power and dynamic neuromuscular economy in elderly men. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:758-66. [PMID: 21311345 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318207ed66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of concurrent training on endurance capacity and dynamic neuromuscular economy in elderly men. Twenty-three healthy men (65 ± 4 years) were divided into 3 groups: concurrent (CG, n = 8), strength (SG, n = 8), and aerobic training group (EG, n = 7). Each group trained 3 times a week for 12 weeks, strength training, aerobic training, or both types of training in the same session. The maximum aerobic workload (Wmax) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) of the subjects were evaluated on a cycle ergometer before and after the training period. Moreover, during the maximal test, muscle activation was measured at each intensity by means of electromyographic signals from the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris long head, and gastrocnemius lateralis to determine the dynamic neuromuscular economy. After training, significant increases in VO2peak and Wmax were only found in the CG and EG (p < 0.05), with no difference between groups. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in myoelectric activity of the RF muscle at 50 (EG), 75 and 100 W (EG and CG) and in the VL for the 3 groups at 100 W (p < 0.05). No change was seen in the electrical signal from the lateral gastrocnemius muscle and biceps femoris. The results suggest specificity in adaptations investigated in elderly subjects, because the most marked changes in the neuromuscular economy occurred in the aerobically trained groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo L Cadore
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Biscarini A, Benvenuti P, Botti F, Mastrandrea F, Zanuso S. Modelling the joint torques and loadings during squatting at the Smith machine. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:457-69. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.534859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yamamoto LM, Klau JF, Casa DJ, Kraemer WJ, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. The Effects of Resistance Training on Road Cycling Performance Among Highly Trained Cyclists: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:560-6. [PMID: 20072042 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c86583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Yamamoto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Neag School of Education, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
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Caffeine improves supramaximal cycling but not the rate of anaerobic energy release. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:287-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Effect of heavy strength training on thigh muscle cross-sectional area, performance determinants, and performance in well-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:965-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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