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Mizuno T, Okamoto H. The Effects of 5 Minutes of Static Stretching on Joint Flexibility and Muscle Strength Are Comparable Between Ballet Dancers and Non-Dancers. J Dance Med Sci 2024:1089313X241241450. [PMID: 38529597 DOI: 10.1177/1089313x241241450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Ballet dancers have a special morphology, such as a large muscle thickness that affects passive torque. Ballet dancers also possess specialized mechanical, and neural properties of muscles and tendons. These characteristics may produce different static stretching effects than non-dancers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the differences in the effects of static stretching on joint range of motion, passive torque, and muscle strength between ballet dancers and non-dancers. Methods: This study included 13 ballet dancers and 13 college students. The muscle and tendon thicknesses were assessed using ultrasonography. In the right lower extremity, torque-angle data and muscle-tendon junction displacement measurements were obtained during isokinetic passive dorsiflexion before and after a 5-minute static stretch against the right plantar flexors. The relative stretching intensity was calculated by dividing the stretching angle by the maximal dorsiflexion angle pre-stretch. Additionally, the isometric maximal voluntary plantar flexion torque on the left ankle was measured before and after 5 minutes of static stretching against the left plantar flexors. Results: Ballet dancers had significantly greater muscle thickness than non-dancers (22.4 ± 2.2 vs 18.1 ± 1.7 mm), whereas no significant difference was observed in the Achilles tendon thickness. No significant difference was observed in the stretching angle; however, the relative stretching intensity was higher in the control group (65.9 ± 19.8 vs 127.5 ± 63.8%). Static stretching increased the maximal dorsiflexion angle (dancer: 30.4° ± 9.6° to 33.9° ± 9.5°, non-dancer: 18.4° ± 8.6° to 20.5° ± 9.5°) and maximal passive torque in both groups, whereas the maximal isometric plantar flexion torque and submaximal passive torque decreased. However, no significant differences were observed in the changes between the groups. Conclusion: These results indicate that despite having a lower relative stretching intensity, ballet dancers experienced similar changes as non-dancers after 5 minutes of static stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromi Okamoto
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Caldwell JT, Fenn SA, Bekkedal LM, Dodge C, Muller-Delp J. Preexercise intermittent passive stretching and vascular function after treadmill exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:786-794. [PMID: 37589056 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00427.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute aerobic exercise stress is associated with decreased endothelial function that may increase the likelihood of an acute cardiovascular event. Passive stretch (PS) elicits improvements in vascular function, but whether PS can be performed before exercise to prevent declines in vascular function remains unknown. This strategy could be directly applicable in populations that may not be able to perform dynamic exercise. We hypothesized that preexercise PS would provide better vascular resilience after treadmill exercise. Sixteen healthy college-aged males and females participated in a single laboratory visit and underwent testing to assess micro- and macrovascular function. Participants were randomized into either PS group or sham control group. Intermittent calf PS was performed by having the foot in a splinting device for a 5-min stretch and 5-min relaxation, repeated four times. Then, a staged V̇o2 peak test was performed and 65% V̇o2 peak calculated for subjects to run at for 30 min. Near-infrared spectroscopy-derived microvascular responsiveness was preserved with the PS group [(pre: 0.53 ± 0.009%/s) (post: 0.56 ± 0.012%/s; P = 0.55)]. However, there was a significant reduction in the sham control group [(pre: 0.67 ± 0.010%/s) (post: 0.51 ± 0.007%/s; P = 0.05)] after treadmill exercise. Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the popliteal artery showed similar responses. In the PS group, FMD [(pre: 7.23 ± 0.74%) (post: 5.86 ± 1.01%; P = 0.27)] did not significantly decline after exercise. In the sham control group, FMD [(pre: 8.69 ± 0.72%) (post: 5.24 ± 1.24%; P < 0.001)] was significantly reduced after treadmill exercise. Vascular function may be more resilient if intermittent PS is performed before moderate-intensity exercise and, importantly, can be performed by most individuals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate for the first time that popliteal artery and gastrocnemius microvascular responsiveness after acute aerobic exercise are reduced. The decline in vascular function was mitigated in those who performed intermittent passive stretching before the exercise bouts. Collectively, these findings suggest that intermittent passive stretching is a novel method to increase vascular resiliency before aerobic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Caldwell
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sarah A Fenn
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Lukas M Bekkedal
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Christopher Dodge
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Judy Muller-Delp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
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Oba K, Samukawa M, Nakamura K, Mikami K, Suzumori Y, Ishida Y, Keeler N, Saitoh H, Yamanaka M, Tohyama H. Influence of Constant Torque Stretching at Different Stretching Intensities on Flexibility and Mechanical Properties of Plantar Flexors. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:709-714. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hong SW, Kim J, Kwon OS, Lee MH, Gong HS, Baek GH. Radiographic Remodeling of the Proximal Phalangeal Head Using a Stretching Exercise in Patients With Camptodactyly. J Hand Surg Am 2020; 45:e1-e10. [PMID: 31005462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to verify proximal phalangeal head normalization after a stretching exercise in patients with infantile-type camptodactyly and to propose radiographic indices for quantifying bony deformities. METHODS Forty-eight fingers of 20 patients with camptodactyly were enrolled in this study. All patients and their parents received instruction on how to perform the stretching exercise. The qualitative assessments of proximal phalangeal head remodeling were conducted by consensus of 2 hand surgeons. Two radiographic parameters, head triangle ratio (HTR) and head angle (HA), were measured on finger lateral radiographs taken at the initial visit and at 12-month follow-up. The intra- and interobserver reliability of both parameters was assessed. Those parameters of the patients were compared with those of 177 fingers of 80 children without camptodactyly. The extent of proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint flexion contracture was used to evaluate clinical outcomes resulting from nonsurgical treatment. RESULTS Qualitative assessments of proximal phalangeal head remodeling exhibited meaningful improvements. Both radiographic parameters showed significant change between their status before and after intervention and had excellent intra- and interobserver reliability. Average PIP joint flexion contracture significantly improved. In the noncamptodactyly group, neither parameter showed significant differences in accordance with finger types and age ranges. CONCLUSIONS Stretching improved movement within the proximal phalangeal joint and helped to restore proximal phalangeal head roundness and concentricity in patients with infantile-type camptodactyly. The HTR and HA would be useful indices for objectively assessing the degree of bony deformity in patients with camptodactyly. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Woo Hong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihyeung Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Oh Sang Kwon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Ho Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Gong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Goo Hyun Baek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Palmer TB. Acute Effects of Constant-Angle and Constant-Torque Static Stretching on Passive Stiffness of the Posterior Hip and Thigh Muscles in Healthy, Young and Old Men. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 33:2991-2999. [PMID: 28746246 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Palmer, TB. Acute effects of constant-angle and constant-torque static stretching on passive stiffness of the posterior hip and thigh muscles in healthy, young and old men. J Strength Cond Res 33(11): 2991-2999, 2019-The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of constant-angle (CA) and constant-torque (CT) static stretching on passive stiffness of the posterior hip and thigh muscles in healthy, young and old men. Fifteen young (25 ± 3 years) and 15 old (71 ± 4 years) men underwent 2 passive straight-leg raise (SLR) assessments before and after 8 minutes of CA and CT stretching using an isokinetic dynamometer. Passive stiffness was calculated during each SLR as the slope of the final 10% of the angle-torque curve. The results indicated that passive stiffness decreased from pre- to post-stretching for both treatments (p ≤ 0.001-0.002) and age groups (p ≤ 0.001-0.046); however, greater decreases were observed for the CT than the CA stretching (p = 0.045) and for the old than the young men (p < 0.001). In addition, baseline stiffness was greater for the old than the younger men (p = 0.010) and was also negatively related (r = -0.721; p < 0.001) to the changes in stiffness from pre- to post-stretching. These findings suggest that holding stretches at a constant tension may be a more effective strategy for altering passive stiffness of the posterior hip and thigh muscles. The greater stretch-induced stiffness decreases observed for the older men provide support that acute static stretching may be particularly effective for reducing stiffness in the elderly. As a result, it may be advantageous to prescribe static stretching before exercise for older adults, as this may be used to elicit substantial declines in passive stiffness, which could help reduce the risk of subsequent injury events in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty B Palmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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Palmer TB, Thiele RM. Passive Stiffness and Maximal and Explosive Strength Responses After an Acute Bout of Constant-Tension Stretching. J Athl Train 2019; 54:519-526. [PMID: 31116042 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-62-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Constant-tension (CT) stretching has been used to reduce hamstrings passive stiffness; however, the time course of hamstrings stiffness responses during a short bout of this type of stretching and the effects on maximal and explosive strength remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine the time course of hamstrings passive-stiffness responses during a short, practical bout of manual straight-legged-raise (SLR) CT passive stretches and their effects on maximal and explosive strength in healthy young women. DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. SETTING Research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Eleven healthy women (age = 24 ± 4 years, height = 167 ± 4 cm, mass = 65 ± 8 kg) participated. INTERVENTION(S) Participants underwent four 15-second SLR CT passive stretches of the hamstrings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT(S) Hamstrings passive stiffness was calculated from the slopes of the initial (phase 1) and final (phase 2) portions of the angle-torque curves generated before and after the stretching intervention and at the beginning of each 15-second stretch. Hamstrings peak torque and rate of torque development were derived from maximal voluntary isometric contractions performed before and after the stretching intervention. RESULTS The slope coefficients (collapsed across phase) for the third and fourth stretches and the poststretching assessment were lower than the prestretching assessment (P range = .004-.04), but they were not different from each other (P > .99). In addition, no differences in peak torque (t10 = -0.375, P = .72) or rate of torque development (t10 = -0.423, P = .68) were observed between prestretching and poststretching. CONCLUSIONS A short bout of SLR CT passive stretching may effectively reduce hamstrings stiffness without negatively influencing maximal and explosive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty B Palmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock
| | - Ryan M Thiele
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan
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Støve MP, Palsson TS, Hirata RP. Smartphone-based accelerometry is a valid tool for measuring dynamic changes in knee extension range of motion. Knee 2018; 25:66-72. [PMID: 29162377 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measurement of static joint range of motion is used extensively in orthopaedic and rehabilitative communities to benchmark treatment efficacy. Static measures are, however, insufficient in providing detailed information about patient impairments. Dynamic range of motion measures could provide more detailed information about patient impairments thus leading to better clinical assessments. Reliable and valid methods are available, but due to limitations in the present technology, dynamic measures are seldom performed in clinical settings. The objective of this study was to determine the validity of smartphone-based accelerometry measuring the dynamic range of motion of the knee joint during a passively executed extension movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dynamic knee extension range of motion was examined three consecutive times in twenty-one healthy male subjects utilising an isokinetic dynamometer to generate passively the extension motion. Measurements of joint angles in dynamic knee extension were performed using two methods: (i) isokinetic dynamometer (gold-standard method, Biodex System 4 Pro) and (ii) smartphone (iPhone 6, attached to the tibia) accelerometry data. RESULTS Tests of validity showed excellent correlation (rs=0.899) between methods, with a low standard error of measurement of 0.62deg. and limits of agreement ranging from -9.1 to 8.8deg. Interclass correlation coefficients showed excellent between-measures reliability (ICC>0.862) for both methods. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone-based accelerometry is a valid tool for measuring the range of motion at the knee joint during dynamic extension movements. This method enables the clinician to carry out simple, low cost, and valid clinical measurements of dynamic knee extension range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorvaldur Skuli Palsson
- SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Rogerio Pessoto Hirata
- SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
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Nakamura M, Ikezoe T, Umegaki H, Kobayashi T, Nishisita S, Ichihashi N. Shear elastic modulus is a reproducible index reflecting the passive mechanical properties of medial gastrocnemius muscle belly. Acta Radiol Open 2016; 5:2058460115604009. [PMID: 27170845 PMCID: PMC4853831 DOI: 10.1177/2058460115604009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Passive mechanical properties are important in muscle function because they are related to the muscle extensibility. Recently, the assessment of muscle shear elastic modulus using shear-wave elastographic (SWE) imaging was developed. However, reliability and validity of shear elastic modulus measurements during passive stretching remain undefined. Purpose To investigate the reproducibility and validity of the shear elastic modulus measured by SWE imaging during passive stretching. Material and Methods Ten healthy men volunteered for this study. The shear elastic modulus of medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle belly was measured using ultrasonic SWE imaging during passive dorsiflexion. To assess the intra-session and inter-day reliabilities, the protocol was performed twice by the same investigator with a 5-min rest period between measurement sessions and twice on two different days by the same investigator with a 1–2-week interval between the two sessions. To assess the inter-investigator reliability, the protocol was performed on the same day by two investigators with a 5-min rest between measurement sessions. In addition, B-mode ultrasonography was used to determine the displacement of myotendinous junction (MTJ) of MG during passive ankle dorsiflexion. Results The intra-session, inter-day, and inter-investigator reliabilities of the method was confirmed on the basis of acceptably low coefficient of variations and substantially high intraclass correlation coefficients. In addition, a significant correlation was found between MTJ displacement and shear elastic modulus. Conclusion These results suggested that shear elastic modulus measured using SWE imaging is a reproducible index reflecting the passive mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan; Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tome Ikezoe
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Umegaki
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishisita
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Passive lumbar tissue loading during trunk bending at three speeds: An in vivo study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2015; 30:726-31. [PMID: 25979223 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back disorders are closely related with the magnitude of mechanical loading on human spine. However, spinal loading contributed by the lumbar passive tissues is still not well understood. In this study, the effect of motion speed on lumbar passive moment output was investigated. In addition, the increase of lumbar passive moment during trunk bending was modeled. METHODS Twelve volunteers performed trunk-bending motions at three different speeds. Trunk kinematics and muscle activities were collected and used to estimate instantaneous spinal loading and the corresponding lumbar passive moment. The lumbar passive moments at different ranges of trunk motion were compared at different speed levels and the relationship between lumbar passive moment lumbar flexion was modeled. FINDINGS A non-linear, two-stage pattern of increase in lumbar passive moment was evident during trunk flexion. However, the effect of motion speed was not significant on lumbar passive moments or any of the model parameters. INTERPRETATION As reported previously, distinct lumbar ligaments may begin to generate tension at differing extents of trunk flexion, and this could be the cause of the observed two-stage increasing pattern of lumbar passive moment. The current results also suggest that changes in tissue strain rate may not have a significant impact on the total passive moment output at the relatively slow trunk motions examined here.
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Grieve R, Goodwin F, Alfaki M, Bourton AJ, Jeffries C, Scott H. The immediate effect of bilateral self myofascial release on the plantar surface of the feet on hamstring and lumbar spine flexibility: A pilot randomised controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2014; 19:544-52. [PMID: 26118527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self myofascial release (SMR) via a tennis ball to the plantar aspect of the foot is widely used and advocated to increase flexibility and range of movement further along the posterior muscles of a proposed "anatomy train". To date there is no evidence to support the effect of bilateral SMR on the plantar aspect of the feet to increase hamstring and lumbar spine flexibility. AIM The primary aim was to investigate the immediate effect of a single application of SMR on the plantar aspect of the foot, on hamstring and lumbar spine flexibility. The secondary aim was to evaluate the method and propose improvements in future research. DESIGN A pilot single blind randomised control trial. PARTICIPANTS Twenty four healthy volunteers (8 men, 16 women; mean age 28 years ± 11.13). METHOD Participants underwent screening to exclude hypermobility and were randomly allocated to an intervention (SMR) or control group (no therapy). Baseline and post intervention flexibility was assessed by a sit-and-reach test (SRT). A one way between groups analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to compare between group outcome SRT measurements. Baseline pre-intervention and control SRT measurements were used as the covariate in the analysis. RESULTS There was a significant increase (p = 0.03) in the intervention SRT outcome measurements compared to the control group, with a large effect size. CONCLUSION An immediate clinical benefit of SMR on the flexibility of the hamstrings and lumbar spine was indicated and suggestions for methodological improvements may inform future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Grieve
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England (UWE), Glenside Campus, Blackberry Hill, Bristol BS16 1DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Faye Goodwin
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England (UWE), Glenside Campus, Blackberry Hill, Bristol BS16 1DD, United Kingdom
| | - Mostapha Alfaki
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England (UWE), Glenside Campus, Blackberry Hill, Bristol BS16 1DD, United Kingdom
| | - Amey-Jay Bourton
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England (UWE), Glenside Campus, Blackberry Hill, Bristol BS16 1DD, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Jeffries
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England (UWE), Glenside Campus, Blackberry Hill, Bristol BS16 1DD, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Scott
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England (UWE), Glenside Campus, Blackberry Hill, Bristol BS16 1DD, United Kingdom
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Sobolewski EJ, Ryan ED, Thompson BJ, McHugh MP, Conchola EC. The influence of age on the viscoelastic stretch response. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1106-12. [PMID: 24276306 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Passive stretching is commonly recommended to help reduce passive stiffness in older adults, yet their acute viscoelastic stretch responses are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of age on the acute viscoelastic responses to a practical stretching intervention. Twenty-two younger (24 ± 3 years) and 14 older (67 ± 3 years) males performed four 30-second passive stretches of the plantar flexors at a predetermined torque threshold. The absolute and relative change in stress relaxation (decline in torque during each 30-second stretch) and creep (increase in ankle joint angle across the 4 stretches) were recorded. Passive stiffness was calculated as the slope of the angle-torque curve at 10° angle of dorsiflexion. There were no differences for the absolute stress relaxation responses (p ≥ 0.118); however, the relative change in stress relaxation was greater (p = 0.010) for the younger vs. older men at stretch 1 (13.0 vs. 8.6%) and decreased across stretches for the younger men (stretch 1 > 3 and 4; p ≤ 0.018), whereas the older men demonstrated a similar relative change across all 4 stretches (p = 0.917). No age related differences were found for either the absolute or relative creep responses (p ≥ 0.072). Passive stiffness was also greater in the older men (p = 0.044). These results suggest that the younger men displayed a greater initial relative stress relaxation response that diminished across the repeated stretches, whereas the older men experienced a smaller relative response that remained constant across the four 30-second stretches. However, the increase in range of motion for a given stretch torque (creep) across all 4 stretches was similar between groups despite differences in passive stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Sobolewski
- 1Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; 2Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; 3Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York; and 4Applied Musculoskeletal and Human Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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12
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Freitas SR, Vilarinho D, Rocha Vaz J, Bruno PM, Costa PB, Mil-homens P. Responses to static stretching are dependent on stretch intensity and duration. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 35:478-84. [PMID: 25164268 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Information regarding the effects of stretching intensity on the joint torque-angle response is scarce. The present study examined the effects of three static stretching protocols with different intensities and durations on the passive knee extension torque-angle response of seventeen male participants (age ± SD: 23.9 ± 3.6 years, height: 177.0 ± 7.2 cm, BMI: 22.47 ± 1.95 kg · m(2)). The stretching intensity was determined according to the maximal tolerable torque of the first repetition: fifty per cent (P50), seventy-five per cent (P75) and the maximum intensity without pain (P100). Five repetitions were performed for each protocol. The stretch duration of each repetition was 90, 135 and 180 s for P100, P75 and P50, respectively. The rest period between repetitions was 30 s. Passive torque at a given angle, angle, stress relaxation, area under the curve, surface electromyography activity and visual analogue scale score were compared. The significant (P < 0.05) results found were as follows: (i) the P50 and P75 did not increase the angle and passive peak torque outcomes, despite more time under stretch; (ii) only the P100 increased the angle and passive peak torque outcomes; (iii) the perception of stretching intensity mainly changed depending on knee angle changes, and not passive torque; (iv) the P50 induced a higher passive torque decrease; (v) when protocols were compared for the same time under stretch, the torque decrease was similar; (vi) the change in torque-angle curve shape was different depending on the stretching protocol. In conclusion, higher stretch duration seems to be a crucial factor for passive torque decrease and higher stretch intensity for maximum angle increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro R Freitas
- Fac Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, CIPER, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Vilarinho
- Fac Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, CIPER, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Rocha Vaz
- Fac Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, CIPER, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula M Bruno
- Fac Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, CIPER, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pablo B Costa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Mil-homens
- Fac Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, CIPER, Lisbon, Portugal
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Cabido CET, Bergamini JC, Andrade AGP, Lima FV, Menzel HJ, Chagas MH. Acute Effect of Constant Torque and Angle Stretching on Range of Motion, Muscle Passive Properties, and Stretch Discomfort Perception. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1050-7. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Edama M, Onishi H, Kumaki K, Kageyama I, Watanabe H, Nashimoto S. Effective and selective stretching of the medial head of the gastrocnemius. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:242-50. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Edama
- Department of Physical Therapy; Niigata University of Health and Welfare; Niigata Japan
- Department of Anatomy; School of Life Dentistry at Niigata; Nippon Dental University; Niigata Japan
| | - H. Onishi
- Department of Physical Therapy; Niigata University of Health and Welfare; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Kumaki
- Department of Physical Therapy; Niigata University of Rehabilitation; Niigata Japan
| | - I. Kageyama
- Department of Anatomy; School of Life Dentistry at Niigata; Nippon Dental University; Niigata Japan
| | - H. Watanabe
- Department of Rehabilitation; Niigata Medical Center; Niigata Japan
| | - S. Nashimoto
- Department of Rehabilitation; Niigata Medical Center; Niigata Japan
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15
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Han MJ, Yuk GC, Gak H, Suh SR, Kim SG. Acute effects of 5 min of plantar flexor static stretching on balance and gait in the elderly. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:131-3. [PMID: 24567692 PMCID: PMC3927025 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of five minutes of
plantar flexor static stretching (PSS) on the balance and gait of the elderly. [Subjects
and Methods] Twenty-five subjects aged 65 years and above performed 5 min of PSS in the
form of wedge board standing. The sway length of each subject’s center of mass was
measured to examine the subject’s static balance. It was measured by one minute of quiet
standing with the eyes closed. Functional reach tests (FRTs), timed up and go tests
(TUGs), and 10-meter walk tests (10MWTs) were performed to examine dynamic balance and
gait before and after PSS. [Results] The outcome showed significant increases in sway
distances (6.55 ± 5.03 cm) after stretching. However, in the FRTs, TUGs, and 10MWTs, the
reach distance and time did not show any significant changes. [Conclusion] These results
suggest that the elderly subjects temporarily experienced difficulties in maintaining
balance immediately after the PSS but that their dynamic balance and gait were not
adversely affected after a short period of time. Therefore, to prevent falls and perform
exercises in a safe way, it is recommended to allow patients to rest after performing
PSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Han
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Goon-Chang Yuk
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yeungnam University Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwangbo Gak
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Daegu University, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Rim Suh
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gil Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University, Republic of Korea
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16
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Sobolewski EJ, Ryan ED, Thompson BJ. Influence of maximum range of motion and stiffness on the viscoelastic stretch response. Muscle Nerve 2013; 48:571-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Sobolewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sports Science; University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700 Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599 USA
| | - Eric D. Ryan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sports Science; University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700 Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599 USA
| | - Brennan J. Thompson
- Applied Musculoskeletal and Human Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater Oklahoma USA
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17
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Load-relaxation properties of the human trunk in response to prolonged flexion: measuring and modeling the effect of flexion angle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48625. [PMID: 23144913 PMCID: PMC3489838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies suggest that prolonged trunk flexion reduces passive support of the spine. To understand alterations of the synergy between active and passive tissues following such loadings, several studies have assessed the time-dependent behavior of passive tissues including those within spinal motion segments and muscles. Yet, there remain limitations regarding load-relaxation of the lumbar spine in response to flexion exposures and the influence of different flexion angles. Ten healthy participants were exposed for 16 min to each of five magnitudes of lumbar flexion specified relative to individual flexion-relaxation angles (i.e., 30, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), during which lumbar flexion angle and trunk moment were recorded. Outcome measures were initial trunk moment, moment drop, parameters of four viscoelastic models (i.e., Standard Linear Solid model, the Prony Series, Schapery's Theory, and the Modified Superposition Method), and changes in neutral zone and viscoelastic state following exposure. There were significant effects of flexion angle on initial moment, moment drop, changes in normalized neutral zone, and some parameters of the Standard Linear Solid model. Initial moment, moment drop, and changes in normalized neutral zone increased exponentially with flexion angle. Kelvin-solid models produced better predictions of temporal behaviors. Observed responses to trunk flexion suggest nonlinearity in viscoelastic properties, and which likely reflected viscoelastic behaviors of spinal (lumbar) motion segments. Flexion-induced changes in viscous properties and neutral zone imply an increase in internal loads and perhaps increased risk of low back disorders. Kelvin-solid models, especially the Prony Series model appeared to be more effective at modeling load-relaxation of the trunk.
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18
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Herda TJ, Costa PB, Walter AA, Ryan ED, Cramer JT. The time course of the effects of constant-angle and constant-torque stretching on the muscle-tendon unit. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 24:62-7. [PMID: 22738303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the time course of passive range of motion (PROM), passive torque (PASTQ), and musculo-tendinous stiffness (MTS) responses during constant-angle (CA) and constant-torque (CT) stretching of the leg flexors. Eleven healthy men [mean ± standard deviation (SD): age = 21.5 ± 2.3 years] performed 16 30-s bouts of CA and CT stretching of the leg flexors. PROM, PASTQ , and MTS were measured during stretches 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16. For PROM and PASTQ , there were no differences between CA and CT stretching treatments (P > 0.05); however, there were stretch-related differences (P < 0.001). PROM increased following one 30-s bout of stretching (collapsed across CA and CT stretching) with additional increases up to 8 min of stretching. PASTQ decreased following one 30-s bout of stretching (collapsed across CA and CT stretching) and continued to decrease up to 4 min of stretching. In contrast, only the CT stretching treatment resulted in changes to MTS (P < 0.001). MTS decreased after one 30-s bout of CT stretching, with subsequent decreases in MTS up to 6 min of stretching. These results suggested that CT stretching may be more appropriate than a stretch held at a constant muscle length for decreasing MTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Herda
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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19
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HERDA TRENTJ, COSTA PABLOB, WALTER ASHLEYA, RYAN ERICD, HOGE KATHERINEM, KERKSICK CHADM, STOUT JEFFREYR, CRAMER JOELT. Effects of Two Modes of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Stiffness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1777-84. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318215cda9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Herda TJ, Walter AA, Costa PB, Ryan ED, Stout JR, Cramer JT. Differences in the log-transformed electromyographic-force relationships of the plantar flexors between high- and moderate-activated subjects. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011; 21:841-6. [PMID: 21737308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the log-transformed electromyographic amplitude (EMG) versus force relationships for the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and soleus (SOL) in high- and moderate-activated subjects. Twenty-five (age=21±2 year; mass=62±12 kg) participants performed six submaximal contractions (30-90% maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) with the interpolated twitch technique (ITT) performed at 90% MVC to calculate percent voluntary activation (% VA). Sixteen participants with>90% VA at 90% MVC were categorized high-activated group; the remaining nine were the moderate-activated group. Linear regression models were fit to the log-transformed EMG-force relationships. The slope (b value) and the antilog of the Y-intercept (a value) were calculated. The b values from the MG EMG-force relationships were higher (P<0.05) for the high-activated group (1.27±0.13) than the moderate-activated group (0.88±0.06). The a values and p-p M-wave amplitude values (collapsed across twitches [superimposed and potentiated]) were larger (P<0.05) for the MG (1.17±0.40 and 8.98±0.46 mV) than the SOL (0.24±0.07 and 4.48±0.20 mV) when collapsed across groups. The b value from the log-transformed EMG-force relationships is an attractive model to determine if a subject has the ability to achieve high activation of their MG without muscle or nerve stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent J Herda
- Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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21
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Gao F, Ren Y, Roth EJ, Harvey R, Zhang LQ. Effects of repeated ankle stretching on calf muscle-tendon and ankle biomechanical properties in stroke survivors. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2011; 26:516-22. [PMID: 21211873 PMCID: PMC3085098 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate changes in active and passive biomechanical properties of the calf muscle-tendon unit induced by controlled ankle stretching in stroke survivors. METHODS Ten stroke survivors with ankle spasticity/contracture and ten healthy control subjects received intervention of 60-min ankle stretching. Joint biomechanical properties including resistance torque, stiffness and index of hysteresis were evaluated pre- and post-intervention. Achilles tendon length was measured using ultrasonography. The force output of the triceps surae muscles was characterized via the torque-angle relationship, by stimulating the calf muscles at a controlled intensity across different ankle positions. FINDINGS Compared to healthy controls, the ankle position corresponding to the peak torque of the stroke survivors was shifted towards plantar flexion (P<0.001). Stroke survivors showed significantly higher resistance torques and joint stiffness (P<0.05), and these higher resistances were reduced significantly after the stretching intervention, especially in dorsiflexion (P=0.013). Stretching significantly improved the force output of the impaired calf muscles in stroke survivors under matched stimulations (P<0.05). Ankle range of motion was also increased by stretching (P<0.001). INTERPRETATION At the joint level, repeated stretching loosened the ankle joint with increased passive joint range of motion and decreased joint stiffness. At the muscle-tendon level, repeated stretching improved calf muscle force output, which might be associated with decreased muscle fascicle stiffness, increased fascicle length and shortening of the Achilles tendon. The study provided evidence of improvement in muscle tendon properties through stretching intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Gao
- Department of Health Care Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yupeng Ren
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elliot J. Roth
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Harvey
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA,Corresponding author: Li-Qun Zhang, Ph.D., Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Suite 1406, 345 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, Phone: (312) 238-4767, Fax: (312) 238-2208,
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22
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Ryan ED, Thompson BJ, Herda TJ, Sobolewski EJ, Costa PB, Walter AA, Cramer JT. The relationship between passive stiffness and evoked twitch properties: the influence of muscle CSA normalization. Physiol Meas 2011; 32:677-86. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/32/6/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Ryan ED, Herda TJ, Costa PB, Walter AA, Cramer JT. Dynamics of viscoelastic creep during repeated stretches. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 22:179-84. [PMID: 21362058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the viscoelastic creep responses in vivo during repeated constant-torque stretches in human skeletal muscle. Twelve healthy participants completed four consecutive 30-s constant-torque passive stretches of the right plantar flexor muscles. Position and surface electromyographic (EMG) amplitude values were quantified at every 5-s period and the percent change in position was quantified for each 5-s epoch relative to the total increase in ankle joint position for each stretch. In addition, the absolute changes in position were plotted on a logarithmic time scale and fit with a linear regression line to examine both the rate of increase (slope) and the overall increase in position over the entire stretch (y-intercept). The percent change and slope were similar (P>0.05) over all four stretches, with the majority of increases in position occurring within the initial 15-20 s of each stretch (84%). Absolute ankle joint position and the y-intercept increased (P<0.05) following both the first and second stretch but plateaued (P>0.05) after the third stretch. In addition, EMG amplitude values did not change (P>0.05) during or between each 30-s stretch. These data indicate that the amount and rate of viscoelastic creep were similar during practical durations of constant-torque stretching despite no change in ankle joint position following three 30-s stretches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Ryan
- Applied Musculoskeletal and Human Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
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Kasuyama T, Sakamoto M, Kato K. Comparing Changes in the Calf Muscle during Weight-bearing and Non-weight-bearing Stretching. J Phys Ther Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.23.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kasuyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Gunma
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asakura Clinic
| | | | - Kazuo Kato
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asakura Clinic
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