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de Groot S, Kouwijzer I, Valent L, van der Woude L. Handbike configurations and the prevalence of experienced sitting and riding-related problems in recreational handcyclists training for the HandbikeBattle. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38372244 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2024.2315466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Implications for rehabilitationA large variety in handbike configurations is seen in recreationally-active handcyclists.Although the majority of the recreationally-active handcyclists seemed to be satisfied with their handbike configurations, 31-50% of them thought that their handbike configuration could be improved.Evidence-based guidelines for handbike fitting should be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja de Groot
- Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center | Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Kouwijzer
- Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center | Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Valent
- Research & Development, Rehabilitation Center Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands
| | - Lucas van der Woude
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Center for Rehabilitation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Kraaijenbrink C, Vegter RJK, Ostertag N, Janssens L, Vanlandewijck Y, van der Woude LHV, Wagner H. Steering Does Affect Biophysical Responses in Asynchronous, but Not Synchronous Submaximal Handcycle Ergometry in Able-Bodied Men. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:741258. [PMID: 34761216 PMCID: PMC8572844 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.741258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-life daily handcycling requires combined propulsion and steering to control the front wheel. Today, the handcycle cranks are mostly mounted synchronously unlike the early handcycle generations. Alternatively, arm cycle ergometers do not require steering and the cranks are mostly positioned asynchronously. The current study aims to evaluate the effects of combining propulsion and steering requirements on synchronous and asynchronous submaximal handcycle ergometry. We hypothesize that asynchronous handcycling with steering results in the mechanically least efficient condition, due to compensation for unwanted rotations that are not seen in synchronous handcycling, regardless of steering. Sixteen able-bodied male novices volunteered in this lab-based experiment. The set-up consisted of a handcycle ergometer with 3D force sensors at each crank that also allows “natural” steering. Four submaximal steady-state (60 rpm, ~35 W) exercise conditions were presented in a counterbalanced order: synchronous with a fixed steering axis, synchronous with steering, asynchronous with a fixed axis and asynchronous with steering. All participants practiced 3 × 4 mins with 30 mins rest in between every condition. Finally, they did handcycle for 4 mins in each of the four conditions, interspaced with 10 mins rest, while metabolic outcomes, kinetics and kinematics of the ergometer were recorded. The additional steering component did not influence velocity, torque and power production during synchronous handcycling and therefore resulted in an equal metabolically efficient handcycling configuration compared to the fixed condition. Contrarily, asynchronous handcycling with steering requirements showed a reduced mechanical efficiency, as velocity around the steering axis increased and torque and power production were less effective. Based on the torque production around the crank and steering axes, neuromuscular compensation strategies seem necessary to prevent steering movements in the asynchronous mode. To practice or test real-life daily synchronous handcycling, a synchronous crank set-up of the ergometer is advised, as exercise performance in terms of mechanical efficiency, metabolic strain, and torque production is independent of steering requirements in that mode. Asynchronous handcycling or arm ergometry demands a different handcycle technique in terms of torque production and results in higher metabolic responses than synchronous handcycling, making it unsuitable for testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Kraaijenbrink
- Department of Movement Science, Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Riemer J K Vegter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Ostertag
- Department of Movement Science, Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luc Janssens
- Electrical Engineering (ESAT) TC, Campus Group T Leuven, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Vanlandewijck
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucas H V van der Woude
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Department of Movement Science, Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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3
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Muchaxo R, De Groot S, Kouwijzer I, Van Der Woude L, Janssen T, Nooijen CFJ. A Role for Trunk Function in Elite Recumbent Handcycling Performance? J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2312-2321. [PMID: 34078241 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1930684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Handcycling classification considers trunk function, but there is limited scientific evidence of trunk involvement in recumbent performance. This study investigated the association between trunk function and recumbent handcycling performance of athletes without upper-limb impairments (H3-H4 sport classes). The study was divided into two parts. First, 528 time-trial results from 81 handcyclists with spinal cord injury (SCI) were obtained between 2014 and 2020. Average time-trial velocity was used as performance measure and SCI level as trunk function determinant. Multilevel regression analysis was performed to analyse differences in performance among SCI groups while correcting for lesion completeness, sex, and age. Second, in 26 handcyclists, standardised trunk flexion strength was measured with a handheld dynamometer. Peak and mean power-output from a sprint test and time-trial average velocity were used as performance measures. Spearman correlations were conducted to investigate the association between trunk strength and performance. Results showed that the different SCI groups did not exhibit significant differences in performance. Furthermore, trunk flexion strength and performance exhibited non-significant weak to moderate correlations (for time-trial speed: rs = 0.36; p = 0.07). Results of both analyses suggest that trunk flexion strength does not seem to significantly impact recumbent handcycling performance in athletes without upper-limb impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Muchaxo
- Faculty of Behavioural and Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja De Groot
- Faculty of Behavioural and Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Adapted Sports Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Sport Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Kouwijzer
- Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Development, Heliomare Rehabilitation Center, Wijk Aan Zee, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Van Der Woude
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Rehabilitation, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Loughborough University, School of Sports, Exercise & Health, Peter Harrison Centre of Disability Sport
| | - Thomas Janssen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Adapted Sports Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Sport Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Stephenson BT, Stone B, Mason BS, Goosey‐Tolfrey VL. Physiology of handcycling: A current sports perspective. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:4-20. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben T. Stephenson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough UK
- English Institute of Sport Performance Centre Loughborough University Loughborough UK
| | - Benjamin Stone
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough UK
| | - Barry S. Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough UK
| | - Victoria L. Goosey‐Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough UK
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5
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Kraaijenbrink C, Vegter R, de Groot S, Arnet U, Valent L, Verellen J, van Breukelen K, Hettinga F, Perret C, Abel T, Goosey-Tolfrey V, van der Woude L. Biophysical aspects of handcycling performance in rehabilitation, daily life and recreational sports; a narrative review. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 43:3461-3475. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1815872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Kraaijenbrink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Movement Science, Institute for Sport Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Riemer Vegter
- Center for Human Movement Sciences Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- European Research Group in Disability Sport (ERGiDS)
| | - Sonja de Groot
- Center for Human Movement Sciences Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- European Research Group in Disability Sport (ERGiDS)
- Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center, Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Linda Valent
- Heliomare Rehabilitation Center, Wijk aan Zee, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kees van Breukelen
- Handcycling Ergonomic Advisor (Sport)Wheelchair and Handbike Shop RD Mobility, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- International Classifier for Handcycling, Wheelchairrugby, Wheelchairbasketball, Wheelchairhandball and PowerChair Hockey
| | | | - Claudio Perret
- European Research Group in Disability Sport (ERGiDS)
- Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Institute of Sports Medicine, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Abel
- European Research Group in Disability Sport (ERGiDS)
- Sports Sciences Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Victoria Goosey-Tolfrey
- European Research Group in Disability Sport (ERGiDS)
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Peter Harrison Center for Disability Sports, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Lucas van der Woude
- Center for Human Movement Sciences Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- European Research Group in Disability Sport (ERGiDS)
- Center for Rehabilitation, Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Fischer G, Figueiredo P, Ardigò LP. Bioenergetics and Biomechanics of Handcycling at Submaximal Speeds in Athletes with a Spinal Cord Injury. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8020016. [PMID: 32013128 PMCID: PMC7077182 DOI: 10.3390/sports8020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A study aimed at comparing bioenergetics and biomechanical parameters between athletes with tetraplegia and paraplegia riding race handbikes at submaximal speeds in ecological conditions. METHODS Five athletes with tetraplegia (C6-T1, 43 ± 6 yrs, 63 ± 14 kg) and 12 athletes with paraplegia (T4-S5, 44 ± 7 yrs, 72 ± 12 kg) rode their handbikes at submaximal speeds under metabolic measurements. A deceleration method (coasting down) was applied to calculate the rolling resistance and frontal picture of each participant was taken to calculate air resistance. The net overall Mechanical Efficiency (Eff) was calculated by dividing external mechanical work to the corresponding Metabolic Power. RESULTS Athletes with tetraplegia reached a lower aerobic speed (4.7 ± 0.6 m s-1 vs. 7.1 ± 0.9 m s-1, P = 0.001) and Mechanical Power (54 ± 15 W vs. 111 ± 25 W, P = 0.001) compared with athletes with paraplegia. The metabolic cost was around 1 J kg-1 m-1 for both groups. The Eff values (17 ± 2% vs. 19 ± 3%, P = 0.262) suggested that the handbike is an efficient assisted locomotion device. CONCLUSION Handbikers with tetraplegia showed lower aerobic performances but a similar metabolic cost compared with handbikers with paraplegia at submaximal speeds in ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Fischer
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37131, Italy;
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-48-3721-8558
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras 1495-433, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia 4475-690, Portugal
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37131, Italy;
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7
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Crank fore-aft position alters the distribution of work over the push and pull phase during synchronous recumbent handcycling of able-bodied participants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220943. [PMID: 31425557 PMCID: PMC6699671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of four different crank fore-aft positions on elbow flexion and shoulder protraction, the consequent propulsion kinetics and the physiological responses during handcycling. Methods Twelve able-bodied male participants volunteered in this study. Crank fore-aft positions were standardised at 94%, 97%, 100% and 103% of the participants’ arm length. Two submaximal 3 min trials were performed at a fixed cadence (70 rpm), in a recumbent handcyle attached to an ergometer at two fixed power outputs (30W and 60W). Elbow flexion, shoulder protraction, propulsion kinetics and physiological responses of the participants were continuously measured. Results As crank fore-aft distance increased, a decrease in elbow flexion (42±4, 37±3, 33±3, 29±3°) and an increase shoulder protraction was observed (29±5, 31±5, 34±5, 36±5°). The percentage of work done in the pull phase increased as well (62±7, 65±7, 67±6, 69±8%, at 60W), which was in line with an increased peak torque during the pull phase (8.8±1.6, 9.0±1.4, 9.4±1.5, 9.7±1.4Nm, at 60W) and reduced peak torque during the push phase (6.0±0.9, 5.6±0.9,5.6±0.9, 5.4±1.0Nm, in 60W condition). Despite these changes in work distribution, there were no significant changes in gross mechanical efficiency (15.7±0.8, 16.2±1.1, 15.8±0.9, 15.6±1.0%, at 60W). The same patterns were observed in the 30W condition. Conclusions From a biomechanical perspective the crank position closest to the trunk (94%) seems to be advantageous, because it evens the load over the push and pull phase, which reduces speed fluctuations, without causing an increase in whole body energy expenditure and hence a decrease of gross mechanical efficiency. These findings may help handcyclists to optimize their recumbent handcycle configuration.
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8
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Nevin J, Smith P, Waldron M, Patterson S, Price M, Hunt A, Blagrove R. Efficacy of an 8-Week Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training program on Hand Cycling Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1861-1868. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Lund Ohlsson M, Laaksonen MS. Sitting position affects performance in cross-country sit-skiing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1095-1106. [PMID: 28382550 PMCID: PMC5427162 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In cross-country sit-skiing (XCSS), athletes with reduced trunk control predominantly sit with the knees higher than the hips (KH); a position often associated with large spinal flexion. Therefore, to improve spinal curvature a new sledge with frontal trunk support, where knees are lower than hips (KL) was created. It was hypothesized that the KL position would improve respiratory function and enhance performance in seated double-poling compared to KH. METHODS Ten female able-bodied cross-country skiers (age 25.5 ± 3.8 years, height 1.65 ± 0.05 m, mass 61.1 ± 6.8 kg) completed a 30 s all-out test (WIN), a submaximal incremental test including 3-7 3 min loads (SUB) and a maximal 3 min time trial (MAX) in both KL and KH positions. During SUB and MAX external power, pole forces, surface electromyography, and kinematics were measured. Metabolic rates were calculated from oxygen consumption and blood lactate concentrations. RESULTS KL reduced spinal flexion and range of motion
at the hip joint and indicated more muscle activation in the
triceps. Performance (W kg−1) was impeded in both WIN
(KH 1.40 ± 0.30 vs. KL 1.13 ± 0.33, p < 0.01) and MAX
(KH 0.88 ± 0.19 vs. KL 0.67 ± 0.14, p < 0.01). KH resulted
in lower lactate concentration, anaerobic metabolic rate, and
minute ventilation for equal power output [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS The new KL position can be recommended due to improved respiratory function but may impede performance. Generalization of results to XCSS athletes with reduced trunk muscle control may be limited, but these results can serve as a control for future studies of para-athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lund Ohlsson
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Science, Mid Sweden University, Hus D, 83125, Östersund, Sweden.
| | - M S Laaksonen
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Science, Mid Sweden University, Hus D, 83125, Östersund, Sweden
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Gender differences in power production, energetic capacity and efficiency of elite cross‑country skiers during whole‑body, upper‑body, and arm poling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:291-300. [PMID: 26476546 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize gender differences in power output, energetic capacity and exercise efficiency during whole-body (WP), upper-body (UP), and arm poling (AP). METHODS Ten male and ten female elite cross-country skiers, matched for international performance level, completed three incremental submaximal tests and a 3-min self-paced performance test on a Concept2 SkiErg. Power output, cardiorespiratory and kinematic variables were monitored. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS The men demonstrated 87, 97 and 103% higher power output, and 51, 65 and 71% higher VO2peak (L min(−1)) than the women during WP, UP and AP, respectively, while utilizing ~10% more of their running VO2max in all modes (all P < 0.001). The men had 35, 38 and 59% more lean mass in the whole body, upper body and arms (all P < 0.001). The men exhibited greater shoulder and elbow extension at the start of poling and greater trunk flexion at the end of poling (all P < 0.05). The relationship between VO2 and power output did not differ between the men and women. CONCLUSIONS Gender differences in power production and peak aerobic capacity increased sequentially from WP to UP to AP, coinciding with a greater portion of the muscle mass in the arms of the men. Although the men and women employed each poling technique differently, the estimated efficiency of double poling was independent of gender.
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Zeller S, Abel T, Smith PM, Strueder HK. Influence of noncircular chainring on male physiological parameters in hand cycling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 52:211-20. [PMID: 26237195 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2014.03.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a noncircular chainring (NCC) compared with a conventional circular chainring (CC) on hand cycling performance. Eleven nondisabled male participants with no hand cycling experience initially completed an incremental exercise test. Afterward, the participants completed two 20 s sprint tests, followed by a 20 min endurance test and then another two 20 s sprint tests. An NCC and a CC were used in random order on two separate occasions. To compare the effects of the NCC and CC on power data of the sprint tests and metabolic response during the endurance test, a two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was used. Average power values of the sprint tests showed no significant difference between NCC and CC, but over time, values of the first and third sprint tests were higher than those of the second and fourth sprint tests for both chainrings. Values of energy expenditure (kilojoules), gross efficiency (percentage), and net efficiency (percentage) after 10 and 20 min during the endurance test using NCC and CC showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) either between tests or over time. Under the current test conditions and focusing on physiological parameters, a performance optimization using an NCC in hand cycling could not be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zeller
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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The aerobic performance of trained and untrained handcyclists with spinal cord injury. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3431-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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