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Al-Daghestani H, Qaisar R, Al Kawas S, Ghani N, Rani KGA, Azeem M, Hasnan HK, Kassim NK, Samsudin AR. Pharmacological inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress mitigates osteoporosis in a mouse model of hindlimb suspension. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4719. [PMID: 38413677 PMCID: PMC10899598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hindlimb suspension (HLS) mice exhibit osteoporosis of the hindlimb bones and may be an excellent model to test pharmacological interventions. We investigated the effects of inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with 4-phenyl butyrate (4-PBA) on the morphology, physicochemical properties, and bone turnover markers of hindlimbs in HLS mice. We randomly divided 21 male C57BL/6J mice into three groups, ground-based controls, untreated HLS group and 4-PBA treated group (HLS+4PBA) (100mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal) for 21 days. We investigated histopathology, micro-CT imaging, Raman spectroscopic analysis, and gene expression. Untreated HLS mice exhibited reduced osteocyte density, multinucleated osteoclast-like cells, adipocyte infiltration, and reduced trabecular striations on micro-CT than the control group. Raman spectroscopy revealed higher levels of ER stress, hydroxyproline, non-collagenous proteins, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and CH2Wag as well as a reduction in proteoglycans and adenine. Furthermore, bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were downregulated, while Cathepsin K, TRAP, and sclerostin were upregulated. Treatment with 4-PBA partially restored normal bone histology, increased collagen crosslinking, and mineralization, promoted anti-inflammatory markers, and downregulated bone resorption markers. Our findings suggest that mitigating ER stress with 4-PBA could be a therapeutic intervention to offset osteoporosis in conditions mimicking hindlimb suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Al-Daghestani
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, UAE
| | - Rizwan Qaisar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, UAE
- Space Medicine Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, UAE
| | - Sausan Al Kawas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, UAE
| | - Nurhafizah Ghani
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - K G Aghila Rani
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, UAE
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 33, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Hijaz Kamal Hasnan
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Karyatee Kassim
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - A R Samsudin
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, UAE.
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Chatziravdeli V, Katsaras GN, Lambrou GI. Gene Expression in Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts Under Microgravity Conditions: A Systematic Review. Curr Genomics 2019; 20:184-198. [PMID: 31929726 PMCID: PMC6935951 DOI: 10.2174/1389202920666190422142053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microgravity (μG) negatively influences bone metabolism by affecting normal osteoblast and osteoclast function. μG effects on bone metabolism has been an extensive field of study in recent years, due to the challenges presented by space flight. Methods We systematically reviewed research data from genomic studies performed in real or simulat-ed μG, on osteoblast and osteoclast cells. Our search yielded 50 studies, of which 39 concerned cells of the osteoblast family and 11 osteoclast precursors. Results Osteoblastic cells under μG show a decreased differentiation phenotype, proved by diminished expression levels of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Osteocalcin (OCN) but no apoptosis. Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL)/ Osteoprotegerine (OPG) ratio is elevated in favor of RANKL in a time-dependent manner, and further RANKL production is caused by upregulation of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the inflammation pathway. Extracellular signals and changes in the gravitational environment are perceived by mechanosensitive proteins of the cytoskeleton and converted to intracellular signals through the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase pathway (MAPK). This is followed by changes in the ex-pression of nuclear transcription factors of the Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) family and in turn of the NF-κB, thus affecting osteoblast differentiation, cell cycle, proliferation and maturation. Pre-osteoclastic cells show increased expression of the marker proteins such as Tryptophan Regulated Attenuation Protein (TRAP), cathepsin K, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) under μG conditions and become sensitized to RANKL. Conclusion Suppressing the expression of fusion genes such as syncytine-A which acts independently of RANKL, could be possible future therapeutic targets for microgravity side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Chatziravdeli
- 18 Orthopedic Department, Shoulder Surgery Unit, General Hospital " Asklepieio", Vassileos Pavlou Av. 1, 16673, Voula, Athens, Greece; 2Graduate Program "Metabolic Bones Diseases", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Mikras Asias 75, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece; 3Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Nikaia "Aghios Panteleimon", Andrea Petrou Mantouvalou Str. 3, 18454, Nikaia, Piraeus, Greece; 4Laboratory for the Research of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Nikis 2, 14561, Kifissia, Athens, Greece; 5First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - George N Katsaras
- 18 Orthopedic Department, Shoulder Surgery Unit, General Hospital " Asklepieio", Vassileos Pavlou Av. 1, 16673, Voula, Athens, Greece; 2Graduate Program "Metabolic Bones Diseases", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Mikras Asias 75, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece; 3Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Nikaia "Aghios Panteleimon", Andrea Petrou Mantouvalou Str. 3, 18454, Nikaia, Piraeus, Greece; 4Laboratory for the Research of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Nikis 2, 14561, Kifissia, Athens, Greece; 5First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - George I Lambrou
- 18 Orthopedic Department, Shoulder Surgery Unit, General Hospital " Asklepieio", Vassileos Pavlou Av. 1, 16673, Voula, Athens, Greece; 2Graduate Program "Metabolic Bones Diseases", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Mikras Asias 75, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece; 3Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Nikaia "Aghios Panteleimon", Andrea Petrou Mantouvalou Str. 3, 18454, Nikaia, Piraeus, Greece; 4Laboratory for the Research of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Nikis 2, 14561, Kifissia, Athens, Greece; 5First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
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Identification of potential therapeutic targets of deer antler extract on bone regulation based on serum proteomic analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4861-4872. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yi L, Hu N, Mu H, Sun J, Yin J, Dai K, Xu F, Yang N, Ding D. Identification of Cofilin-1 and Destrin as Potential Early-warning Biomarkers for Gamma Radiation in Mouse Liver Tissues. HEALTH PHYSICS 2019; 116:749-759. [PMID: 30913056 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gamma radiation causes cell injury and leads to an increased risk of cancer, so it is of practical significance to identify biomarkers for gamma radiation. We used proteomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins in liver tissues of C57BL/6J mice treated with gamma radiation from Cs for 360 d. We confirmed obvious pathological changes in mouse liver tissues after irradiation. Compared with the control group, 74 proteins showed a fold change of ≥1.5 in the irradiated groups. We selected 24 proteins for bioinformatics analysis and peptide mass fingerprinting and found that 20 of the identified proteins were meaningful. These proteins were associated with tumorigenesis, tumor suppression, catalysis, cell apoptosis, cytoskeleton, metabolism, gene transcription, T-cell response, and other pathways. We confirmed that both cofilin-1 and destrin were up regulated in the irradiated groups by western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our findings indicate that cofilin-1 and destrin are sensitive to gamma radiation and may be potential biomarkers for gamma radiation. Whether these proteins are involved in radiation-induced tumorigenesis requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yi
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, University of South China
| | - Nan Hu
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China
| | - Hongxiang Mu
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, University of South China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, University of South China
| | - Jie Yin
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, University of South China
| | - Keren Dai
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, University of South China
| | - Fanghui Xu
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, University of South China
| | - Nanyang Yang
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, University of South China
| | - Dexin Ding
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China
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Lien TG, Borgan Ø, Reppe S, Gautvik K, Glad IK. Integrated analysis of DNA-methylation and gene expression using high-dimensional penalized regression: a cohort study on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:24. [PMID: 29514638 PMCID: PMC5842543 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using high-dimensional penalized regression we studied genome-wide DNA-methylation in bone biopsies of 80 postmenopausal women in relation to their bone mineral density (BMD). The women showed BMD varying from severely osteoporotic to normal. Global gene expression data from the same individuals was available, and since DNA-methylation often affects gene expression, the overall aim of this paper was to include both of these omics data sets into an integrated analysis. METHODS The classical penalized regression uses one penalty, but we incorporated individual penalties for each of the DNA-methylation sites. These individual penalties were guided by the strength of association between DNA-methylations and gene transcript levels. DNA-methylations that were highly associated to one or more transcripts got lower penalties and were therefore favored compared to DNA-methylations showing less association to expression. Because of the complex pathways and interactions among genes, we investigated both the association between DNA-methylations and their corresponding cis gene, as well as the association between DNA-methylations and trans-located genes. Two integrating penalized methods were used: first, an adaptive group-regularized ridge regression, and secondly, variable selection was performed through a modified version of the weighted lasso. RESULTS When information from gene expressions was integrated, predictive performance was considerably improved, in terms of predictive mean square error, compared to classical penalized regression without data integration. We found a 14.7% improvement in the ridge regression case and a 17% improvement for the lasso case. Our version of the weighted lasso with data integration found a list of 22 interesting methylation sites. Several corresponded to genes that are known to be important in bone formation. Using BMD as response and these 22 methylation sites as covariates, least square regression analyses resulted in R2=0.726, comparable to an average R2=0.438 for 10000 randomly selected groups of DNA-methylations with group size 22. CONCLUSIONS Two recent types of penalized regression methods were adapted to integrate DNA-methylation and their association to gene expression in the analysis of bone mineral density. In both cases predictions clearly benefit from including the additional information on gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje G. Lien
- University of Oslo, Department of Mathematics, P.O Box 1053, Oslo, 0316 Norway
| | - Ørnulf Borgan
- University of Oslo, Department of Mathematics, P.O Box 1053, Oslo, 0316 Norway
| | - Sjur Reppe
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo, Norway
- Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaare Gautvik
- Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Xu H, Wu F, Zhang H, Yang C, Li K, Wang H, Yang H, Liu Y, Ding B, Tan Y, Yuan M, Li Y, Dai Z. Actin cytoskeleton mediates BMP2-Smad signaling via calponin 1 in preosteoblast under simulated microgravity. Biochimie 2017; 138:184-193. [PMID: 28457943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity influences the activity of osteoblast, induces actin microfilament disruption and leads to bone loss during spaceflight. Mechanical stress such as gravity, regulates cell function, response and differentiation through dynamic cytoskeleton changes, but the mechanotransduction mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. Previous, we demonstrated actin microfilament mediated osteoblast Cbfa1 responsiveness to BMP2 under simulated microgravity (SMG). Here, we explored a potential molecular and its detailed mechanism of actin cytoskeleton functioning on BMP2-Smad signaling in MC3T3-E1 under SMG. Results showed that the actin microfilament-disrupting agent, cytochalasin B (CB), reduced BMP2-induced activation, translocation of Smad1/5/8 and Runx2 expression. SMG also inhibited BMP2-Smad signaling, which was rescued by actin cytoskeleton stabilizing agent, Jasplakinolide (JAS). Furthermore, we found that siRNA mediated knockdown of calponin 1 (CNN1), an actin binding protein, markedly promoted BMP2-Smad signaling and abolished both inhibition of CB, SMG on BMP2-Smad signaling and the rescue action of JAS. Overexpression of CNN1 inhibited the p-Smad induced by BMP2. Bidirectional Co-IP experiments demonstrated CNN1 could interacted with Smad or p-Smad protein. Furthermore, CB or SMG decreased the phosphorylated CNN1 and increased its interaction with Smad or p-Smad. Combined with the phosphorylation of CNN1 inhibites its actin binding activity, these results indicate that actin cytoskeleton depolymerization inhibites BMP2 signaling via blocking of Smad by dephosphorylated CNN1 in osteoblast cells. Thus, we provide new important insights into the mechanism of mechanotransduction under SMG condition, which probably contribute to bone formation decrease induced by SMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Honghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bai Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongquan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.
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Chen L, Shi K, Frary CE, Ditzel N, Hu H, Qiu W, Kassem M. Inhibiting actin depolymerization enhances osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in human stromal stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2015. [PMID: 26209815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton through actin dynamics is involved in a number of biological processes, but its role in human stromal (skeletal) stem cells (hMSCs) differentiation is poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrated that stabilizing actin filaments by inhibiting gene expression of the two main actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs): Cofilin 1 (CFL1) and Destrin (DSTN) in hMSCs, enhanced cell viability and differentiation into osteoblastic cells (OB) in vitro, as well as heterotopic bone formation in vivo. Similarly, treating hMSC with Phalloidin, which is known to stabilize polymerized actin filaments, increased hMSCs viability and OB differentiation. Conversely, Cytocholasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, reduced cell viability and inhibited OB differentiation of hMSC. At a molecular level, preventing Cofilin phosphorylation through inhibition of LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1) decreased cell viability and impaired OB differentiation of hMSCs. Moreover, depolymerizing actin reduced FAK, p38 and JNK activation during OB differentiation of hMSCs, while polymerizing actin enhanced these signaling pathways. Our results demonstrate that the actin dynamic reassembly and Cofilin phosphorylation loop is involved in the control of hMSC proliferation and osteoblasts differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital, University of South Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Kaikai Shi
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital, University of South Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Charles Edward Frary
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital, University of South Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Ditzel
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital, University of South Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Huimin Hu
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital, University of South Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University College of Medicine, 710054 Xi'an, China
| | - Weimin Qiu
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital, University of South Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital, University of South Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Brommage R, Liu J, Hansen GM, Kirkpatrick LL, Potter DG, Sands AT, Zambrowicz B, Powell DR, Vogel P. High-throughput screening of mouse gene knockouts identifies established and novel skeletal phenotypes. Bone Res 2014; 2:14034. [PMID: 26273529 PMCID: PMC4472125 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening gene function in vivo is a powerful approach to discover novel drug targets. We present high-throughput screening (HTS) data for 3 762 distinct global gene knockout (KO) mouse lines with viable adult homozygous mice generated using either gene-trap or homologous recombination technologies. Bone mass was determined from DEXA scans of male and female mice at 14 weeks of age and by microCT analyses of bones from male mice at 16 weeks of age. Wild-type (WT) cagemates/littermates were examined for each gene KO. Lethality was observed in an additional 850 KO lines. Since primary HTS are susceptible to false positive findings, additional cohorts of mice from KO lines with intriguing HTS bone data were examined. Aging, ovariectomy, histomorphometry and bone strength studies were performed and possible non-skeletal phenotypes were explored. Together, these screens identified multiple genes affecting bone mass: 23 previously reported genes (Calcr, Cebpb, Crtap, Dcstamp, Dkk1, Duoxa2, Enpp1, Fgf23, Kiss1/Kiss1r, Kl (Klotho), Lrp5, Mstn, Neo1, Npr2, Ostm1, Postn, Sfrp4, Slc30a5, Slc39a13, Sost, Sumf1, Src, Wnt10b), five novel genes extensively characterized (Cldn18, Fam20c, Lrrk1, Sgpl1, Wnt16), five novel genes with preliminary characterization (Agpat2, Rassf5, Slc10a7, Slc26a7, Slc30a10) and three novel undisclosed genes coding for potential osteoporosis drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Liu
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , The Woodlands, TX, USA
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Arfat Y, Xiao WZ, Iftikhar S, Zhao F, Li DJ, Sun YL, Zhang G, Shang P, Qian AR. Physiological effects of microgravity on bone cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 94:569-79. [PMID: 24687524 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Life on Earth developed under the influence of normal gravity (1g). With evidence from previous studies, scientists have suggested that normal physiological processes, such as the functional integrity of muscles and bone mass, can be affected by microgravity during spaceflight. During the life span, bone not only develops as a structure designed specifically for mechanical tasks but also adapts for efficiency. The lack of weight-bearing forces makes microgravity an ideal physical stimulus to evaluate bone cell responses. One of the most serious problems induced by long-term weightlessness is bone mineral loss. Results from in vitro studies that entailed the use of bone cells in spaceflights showed modification in cell attachment structures and cytoskeletal reorganization, which may be involved in bone loss. Humans exposed to microgravity conditions experience various physiological changes, including loss of bone mass, muscle deterioration, and immunodeficiency. In vitro models can be used to extract valuable information about changes in mechanical stress to ultimately identify the different pathways of mechanotransduction in bone cells. Despite many in vivo and in vitro studies under both real microgravity and simulated conditions, the mechanism of bone loss is still not well defined. The objective of this review is to summarize the recent research on bone cells under microgravity conditions based on advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Arfat
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
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