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Rabineau J, Issertine M, Hoffmann F, Gerlach D, Caiani EG, Haut B, van de Borne P, Tank J, Migeotte PF. Cardiovascular deconditioning and impact of artificial gravity during 60-day head-down bed rest—Insights from 4D flow cardiac MRI. Front Physiol 2022; 13:944587. [PMID: 36277205 PMCID: PMC9586290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.944587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity has deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system. We evaluated some parameters of blood flow and vascular stiffness during 60 days of simulated microgravity in head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest. We also tested the hypothesis that daily exposure to 30 min of artificial gravity (1 g) would mitigate these adaptations. 24 healthy subjects (8 women) were evenly distributed in three groups: continuous artificial gravity, intermittent artificial gravity, or control. 4D flow cardiac MRI was acquired in horizontal position before (−9 days), during (5, 21, and 56 days), and after (+4 days) the HDT period. The false discovery rate was set at 0.05. The results are presented as median (first quartile; third quartile). No group or group × time differences were observed so the groups were combined. At the end of the HDT phase, we reported a decrease in the stroke volume allocated to the lower body (−30% [−35%; −22%]) and the upper body (−20% [−30%; +11%]), but in different proportions, reflected by an increased share of blood flow towards the upper body. The aortic pulse wave velocity increased (+16% [+9%; +25%]), and so did other markers of arterial stiffness (CAVI; CAVI0). In males, the time-averaged wall shear stress decreased (−13% [−17%; −5%]) and the relative residence time increased (+14% [+5%; +21%]), while these changes were not observed among females. Most of these parameters tended to or returned to baseline after 4 days of recovery. The effects of the artificial gravity countermeasure were not visible. We recommend increasing the load factor, the time of exposure, or combining it with physical exercise. The changes in blood flow confirmed the different adaptations occurring in the upper and lower body, with a larger share of blood volume dedicated to the upper body during (simulated) microgravity. The aorta appeared stiffer during the HDT phase, however all the changes remained subclinical and probably the sole consequence of reversible functional changes caused by reduced blood flow. Interestingly, some wall shear stress markers were more stable in females than in males. No permanent cardiovascular adaptations following 60 days of HDT bed rest were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Rabineau
- LPHYS, Département de Cardiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- TIPs, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Jeremy Rabineau,
| | - Margot Issertine
- LPHYS, Département de Cardiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabian Hoffmann
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Darius Gerlach
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Enrico G. Caiani
- Electronic, Information and Biomedical Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Benoit Haut
- TIPs, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jens Tank
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
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Navasiolava N, Yuan M, Murphy R, Robin A, Coupé M, Wang L, Alameddine A, Gauquelin-Koch G, Gharib C, Li Y, Custaud MA. Vascular and Microvascular Dysfunction Induced by Microgravity and Its Analogs in Humans: Mechanisms and Countermeasures. Front Physiol 2020; 11:952. [PMID: 32973543 PMCID: PMC7468431 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Weightlessness and physical inactivity have deleterious cardiovascular effects. The space environment and its ground-based models offer conditions to study the cardiovascular effects of physical inactivity in the absence of other vascular risk factors, particularly at the macro- and microcirculatory levels. However, the mechanisms involved in vascular dysfunction and remodeling are not sufficiently studied in the context of weightlessness and its analogs including models of physical inactivity. Here, we summarize vascular and microvascular changes induced by space flight and observed in models of microgravity and physical inactivity and review the effects of prophylactic strategies (i.e., countermeasures) on vascular and microvascular function. We discuss physical (e.g., exercise, vibration, lower body negative pressure, and artificial gravity) and nutritional/pharmacological (e.g., caloric restriction, resveratrol, and other vegetal extracts) countermeasures. Currently, exercise countermeasure appears to be the most effective to protect vascular function. Although pharmacological countermeasures are not currently considered to fight vascular changes due to microgravity, nutritional countermeasures are very promising. Dietary supplements/natural health products, especially plant extracts, should be extensively studied. The best prophylactic strategy is likely a combination of countermeasures that are effective not only at the cardiovascular level but also for the organism as a whole, but this strategy remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center (ACC), Beijing, China
| | - Ronan Murphy
- School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Science & Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrien Robin
- Clinical Research Center, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.,Mitovasc, UMR INSERM 1083-CNRS 6015, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Mickael Coupé
- Mitovasc, UMR INSERM 1083-CNRS 6015, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Linjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center (ACC), Beijing, China
| | - Asmaa Alameddine
- Mitovasc, UMR INSERM 1083-CNRS 6015, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Claude Gharib
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center (ACC), Beijing, China
| | - Marc-Antoine Custaud
- Clinical Research Center, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.,Mitovasc, UMR INSERM 1083-CNRS 6015, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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Yuan M, Custaud MA, Xu Z, Wang J, Yuan M, Tafforin C, Treffel L, Arbeille P, Nicolas M, Gharib C, Gauquelin-Koch G, Arnaud L, Lloret JC, Li Y, Navasiolava N. Multi-System Adaptation to Confinement During the 180-Day Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Experiment. Front Physiol 2019; 10:575. [PMID: 31164833 PMCID: PMC6536695 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Confinement experiments are essential to prepare long-term space exploration. The 180-day Chinese CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support System) study is unique in its design, including a closed-loop system and mid-mission simulation of Mars-like day-night cycle of 24 h 40 min for 36 days (days 72-108). Our aim was to study physiological and psychological consequences of this confinement in four healthy volunteers (one female). CELSS platform consisted of six interconnected modules including four greenhouses. Life support systems were controlled automatically. Body composition, fluid compartments, metabolic state, heart, large vessels, endothelial function, and muscle tone were studied using biological, functional, and/or morphological measurements. Behavioral activities were studied by ethological monitoring; psychological state was assessed by questionnaires. Body weight decreased by ∼2 kg mostly due to lean mass loss. Plasma volume and volume-regulating hormones were mostly stable. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) increased by 10-15%. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation decreased. Masseter tone increased by 6-14% suggesting stress, whereas paravertebral muscle tone diminished by 10 ± 6%. Behavioral flow reflecting global activity decreased 1.5- to 2-fold after the first month. Psychological questionnaires revealed decrease in hostility and negative emotions but increase in emotional adaptation suggesting boredom and monotony. One subject was clearly different with lower fitness, higher levels of stress and anxiety, and somatic signs as back pain, peak in masseter tone, increased blood cortisol and C-reactive protein. Comparison of CELSS experiment with Mars500 confinement program suggests the need for countermeasures to prevent increased IMT and endothelial deconditioning. Daily activity in greenhouse could act as countermeasure against psycho-physiological deconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
- Space Institute of Southern China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Marc-Antoine Custaud
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers, Angers, France
- MitoVasc UMR INSERM 1083-CNRS 6015, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Zi Xu
- Space Institute of Southern China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Carole Tafforin
- Research and Study Group in Human and Space Ethology, Ethospace, Toulouse, France
| | - Loïc Treffel
- Institut Toulousain d’Ostéopathie, Toulouse, France
- Centre de Recherche International en Biomécanique, Lagarde, France
| | - Philippe Arbeille
- Faculté de Médecine, Unité de Médecine et Physiologie Spatiales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Trousseau de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Michel Nicolas
- Laboratory of Psychology Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), Sport Sciences Department, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Claude Gharib
- Institut NeuroMyogène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Nastassia Navasiolava
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers, Angers, France
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Wang L, Li Z, Tan C, Liu S, Zhang J, He S, Zou P, Liu W, Li Y. Physiological effects of weightlessness: countermeasure system development for a long-term Chinese manned spaceflight. Front Med 2018; 13:202-212. [PMID: 29693211 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese space station will be built around 2020. As a national space laboratory, it will offer unique opportunities for studying the physiological effects of weightlessness and the efficacy of the countermeasures against such effects. In this paper, we described the development of countermeasure systems in the Chinese space program. To emphasize the need of the Chinese space program to implement its own program for developing countermeasures, we reviewed the literature on the negative physiological effects of weightlessness, the challenges of completing missions, the development of countermeasure devices, the establishment of countermeasure programs, and the efficacy of the countermeasure techniques in American and Russian manned spaceflights. In addition, a brief overview was provided on the Chinese research and development on countermeasures to discuss the current status and goals of the development of countermeasures against physiological problems associated with weightlessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | - Zhili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Cheng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Siyang He
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Peng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Weibo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
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De Abreu S, Amirova L, Murphy R, Wallace R, Twomey L, Gauquelin-Koch G, Raverot V, Larcher F, Custaud MA, Navasiolava N. Multi-System Deconditioning in 3-Day Dry Immersion without Daily Raise. Front Physiol 2017; 8:799. [PMID: 29081752 PMCID: PMC5645726 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry immersion (DI) is a Russian-developed, ground-based model to study the physiological effects of microgravity. It accurately reproduces environmental conditions of weightlessness, such as enhanced physical inactivity, suppression of hydrostatic pressure and supportlessness. We aimed to study the integrative physiological responses to a 3-day strict DI protocol in 12 healthy men, and to assess the extent of multi-system deconditioning. We recorded general clinical data, biological data and evaluated body fluid changes. Cardiovascular deconditioning was evaluated using orthostatic tolerance tests (Lower Body Negative Pressure + tilt and progressive tilt). Metabolic state was tested with oral glucose tolerance test. Muscular deconditioning was assessed via muscle tone measurement. Results: Orthostatic tolerance time dropped from 27 ± 1 to 9 ± 2 min after DI. Significant impairment in glucose tolerance was observed. Net insulin response increased by 72 ± 23% on the third day of DI compared to baseline. Global leg muscle tone was approximately 10% reduced under immersion. Day-night changes in temperature, heart rate and blood pressure were preserved on the third day of DI. Day-night variations of urinary K+ diminished, beginning at the second day of immersion, while 24-h K+ excretion remained stable throughout. Urinary cortisol and melatonin metabolite increased with DI, although within normal limits. A positive correlation was observed between lumbar pain intensity, estimated on the second day of DI, and mean 24-h urinary cortisol under DI. In conclusion, DI represents an accurate and rapid model of gravitational deconditioning. The extent of glucose tolerance impairment may be linked to constant enhanced muscle inactivity. Muscle tone reduction may reflect the reaction of postural muscles to withdrawal of support. Relatively modest increases in cortisol suggest that DI induces a moderate stress effect. In prospect, this advanced ground-based model is extremely suited to test countermeasures for microgravity-induced deconditioning and physical inactivity-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven De Abreu
- Mitovasc, UMR Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1083, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6015, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Liubov Amirova
- Mitovasc, UMR Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1083, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6015, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,Russian Federation State Research Center, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ronan Murphy
- Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Wallace
- Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Twomey
- Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Françoise Larcher
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Marc-Antoine Custaud
- Mitovasc, UMR Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1083, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6015, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Nastassia Navasiolava
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
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7
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Cheng YP, Zhang HJ, Su YT, Meng XX, Xie XP, Chang YM, Bao JX. Acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide regulates carotid intima-media thickness in simulated weightless rats. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:751-765. [PMID: 28357491 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural adaptation of arteries to weightlessness might lower the working ability or even threaten the physical health of astronauts, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) catalyzes ceramide (Cer) generation controlling arterial remodeling through multiple signaling pathways. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the contribution of ASM/Cer to the changes of common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) induced by simulated weightlessness. Hindlimb-unloaded tail-suspended (HU) rats were used to simulate the effect of weightlessness. Morphology of the carotid artery (CA) was examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Protein content of ASM or proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was detected by Western blot. Cer level was measured by immunohistochemistry analysis. Apoptosis events were observed by transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. During 4 weeks of tail suspension, CIMT was increased gradually in HU but not in their synchronous control rats (P < 0.05). Correspondingly, the CA of HU rats had a lower apoptosis and higher proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). As compared to the control, both ASM protein expression and Cer content were reduced significantly in CA of HU rats (P < 0.05), incubation of which with permeable Cer reversed the changes in apoptosis and proliferation substantially. Furthermore, when the ASM protein content as well as Cer level in CA of control rats was diminished by using an ASM inhibitor, an increase of CIMT along with reduced apoptosis and enhanced proliferation of VSMCs was found. Our results suggest that by controlling the balance between apoptosis and proliferation, ASM/Cer plays an important role in the regulation of CIMT during simulated weightlessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ping Cheng
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Su
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Xing Meng
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Xie
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Ming Chang
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xiang Bao
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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