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Chen TC, Chen HL, Tseng WC, Chou TY, Tu JH, Parcell AC, Nosaka K. Contralateral versus ipsilateral protective effect against muscle damage of the elbow flexors and knee extensors induced by maximal eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2548-2560. [PMID: 37642310 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared the ipsilateral repeated bout effect (IL-RBE) and contralateral repeated bout effect (CL-RBE) of the elbow flexors (EF) and knee flexors (KF) for the same interval between bouts to shed light on their mechanisms. Fifty-two healthy sedentary young (20-28 years) men were randomly assigned to the IL-EF, IL-KF, CL-EF, and CL-KF groups (n = 13/group). Thirty maximal eccentric contractions of the EF were performed in IL-EF and CL-EF, and 60 maximal eccentric contractions of the KF were performed in IL-KF and CL-KF, with a 2-week interval between bouts. Changes in muscle damage markers such as maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase activity, and proprioception measures before to 5 days post-exercise were compared between groups. Changes in all variables were greater (p < 0.05) after the first than second bout for all groups, and the changes were greater (p < 0.05) for the EF than KF. The changes in all variables after the second bout were greater (p < 0.05) for the CL than IL condition for both EF and KF. The magnitude of the average protective effect was similar between CL-EF (33%) and CL-KF (32%), but slightly greater (p < 0.05) for IL-EF (67%) than IL-KF (61%). These demonstrate that the magnitude of CL-RBE relative to IL-RBE was similar between the EF and KF (approximately 50%), regardless of the greater muscle damage for the EF than KF. It appears that the CL-RBE is more associated with neural adaptations at cerebrum, cerebellum, interhemispheric inhibition, and coricospinal tract, but the IL-RBE is induced by additional adaptations at muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor C Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lian Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Tseng
- Department of Physical Education, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ying Chou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Tu
- Department of Physical Education, National Pingtung University, Pingtung City, Taiwan
| | - Allen C Parcell
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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2
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Palsson TS, Rubio-Peirotén A, Doménech-García V. Sleep deprivation increases pain sensitivity following acute muscle soreness. Sleep Med 2023; 109:75-81. [PMID: 37423022 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this cross-sectional group comparison study was to investigate whether sleep disturbance facilitates pain sensitivity caused by an acute muscle injury. METHODS Thirty-six healthy individuals were included and randomly assigned to one of three groups in a non-balanced manner: a control group (n = 11) and two groups who performed eccentric exercise for quadriceps to cause delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS). The difference between the DOMS groups was that one followed their habitual sleep pattern (Sleep group, n = 12) and the other had their sleep withdrawn for one night (No-Sleep group, n = 13). The level of DOMS was indicated using a 6-point Likert Scale and pain sensitivity was assessed using Pressure Pain Thresholds (PPT) at the lower legs and shoulder at baseline (Day-1) and after 48 h (Day-3). Additionally, pain distribution following suprathreshold pressure stimulation (STPS) on the quadriceps muscle was assessed on the same days. RESULTS PPTs were significantly reduced at Day-3 compared with Day-1 in both DOMS groups. The relative change between days was larger in the No-Sleep group compared with controls (P<0.05) whilst no significant change was seen in the Sleep group compared with controls. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between groups nor days for the subjective perception of DOMS (Likert Scale) and the size of the area of STPS. CONCLUSIONS The loss of sleep further increases pain sensitivity following an acute soft tissue injury, demonstrating a potential causative role of the lack of sleep on complex pain states following musculoskeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Palsson
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, SMI®, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - A Rubio-Peirotén
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - V Doménech-García
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
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Brown BA, Ye X, Xin L. The Contralateral Repeated Bout Effect of Elbow Flexors Is Not Observed in Young Women Following Mild Muscle Damage from Eccentric Exercises. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11030062. [PMID: 36976948 PMCID: PMC10056121 DOI: 10.3390/sports11030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of the contralateral repeated bout effect (CL-RBE) in women is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed at examining whether CL-RBE exists in women. Twelve healthy women (age: 20.9 ± 2.5 years) performed two bouts of maximal elbow flexor eccentric exercise (3 sets × 15 repetitions per bout) separated by 14 days, using the opposite arms. Surface Electromyography (EMG) was recorded during both exercise bouts. The isokinetic muscle strength (60°/s), muscle soreness, range of motion (ROM), limb girth, and blood creatine kinase activity were measured pre-exercise, and at 24 and 48 h post-exercise with the muscle strength being measured immediately post-exercise as well. Significant main effects of time were observed for muscle strength, muscle soreness and ROM (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between bouts for all the measured variables including the EMG median frequency (p > 0.05). These results suggest that the CL-RBE of elbow flexors was not evident in young healthy women. This was because the mild muscle damage induced by the initial bout of exercise was either not enough to initiate the CL-RBE or the CL-RBE in women lasted shorter than two weeks. This study provides important information for future studies on CL-RBE in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A Brown
- Snell Prosthetics and Orthotics, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Ling Xin
- Exercise Science Program, Biology Department, Simmons University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Jeon S, Kang M, Ye X. Contralateral protective effect against repeated bout of damaging exercise: A meta-analysis. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:137-156. [PMID: 34304646 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1954512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to summarize the studies examining the contralateral protective effect on the maximal strength in the subsequent bout of muscle-damaging exercise. The literature search was conducted through CINAHL plus, SportDiscus, and PubMed. Hedge's g effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using a random effects model. From 14 papers and 25 ESs, the mean ES for contralateral repeated bout effect (CL-RBE) on 1-, 2-, and 3-day post maximal strength were -0.61 (95% CI = -0.80, -0.41), -0.50 (95% CI = -0.67, -0.33), and -0.74 (95% CI = -1.01, -0.48), respectively. For moderator analyses, the mean ESs were not influenced by type (isometric vs. isokinetic) of strength, but CL-RBE on maximal strength was influenced by duration (≤6 weeks) between bouts. Therefore, the meta-analysis demonstrated that an initial bout of exercise induces the protective effect on contralateral limb muscles regardless of the different type of strength, but can be affected by different duration (≤6 weeks) between exercise bouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggun Jeon
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Health and Sport Analytics Lab, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA
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5
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Dhondt E, Van Oosterwijck S, Van Branteghem T, Rhudy JL, Danneels L, Van Oosterwijck J. Modulation of the nociceptive flexion reflex by conservative therapy in patients and healthy people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain 2022; 163:1446-1463. [PMID: 34813517 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) is a spinally mediated withdrawal response and is used as an electrophysiological marker of descending modulation of spinal nociception. Chemical and pharmacological modulation of nociceptive neurotransmission at the spinal level has been evidenced by direct effects of neurotransmitters and pharmacological agents on the NFR. Largely unexplored are, however, the effects of nonpharmacological noninvasive conservative interventions on the NFR. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed and reported following the PRISMA guidelines to determine whether and to what extent spinal nociception measured through the assessment of the NFR is modulated by conservative therapy in patients and healthy individuals. Five electronic databases were searched to identify relevant articles. Retrieved articles were screened on eligibility using the predefined inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was investigated according to Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool for randomized trials. The evidence synthesis for this review was conducted in accordance with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Thirty-six articles were included. Meta-analyses provided low-quality evidence showing that conservative therapy decreases NFR area and NFR magnitude and moderate-quality evidence for increases in NFR latency. This suggests that conservative interventions can exert immediate central effects by activating descending inhibitory pathways to reduce spinal nociception. Such interventions may help prevent and treat chronic pain characterized by enhanced spinal nociception. Furthermore, given the responsiveness of the NFR to conservative interventions, the NFR assessment seems to be an appropriate tool in empirical evaluations of treatment strategies.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020164495.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Dhondt
- Spine, Head and Pain Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Pain in Motion International Research Group
| | - Sophie Van Oosterwijck
- Spine, Head and Pain Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Pain in Motion International Research Group
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Branteghem
- Spine, Head and Pain Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jamie L Rhudy
- Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Lieven Danneels
- Spine, Head and Pain Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jessica Van Oosterwijck
- Spine, Head and Pain Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Pain in Motion International Research Group
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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Novel insights on the bottom–up rise strength transfer: investigating massed vs. distributed exercise training. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Henschke J, Zecher MM, Mayer F, Engel T. Contralateral repeated bout effect following preconditioning exercises: a systematic review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Dhondt E, Danneels L, Rijckaert J, Palmans T, Van Oosterwijck S, Van Oosterwijck J. Does muscular or mental fatigue have an influence on the nociceptive flexion reflex? A randomized cross-over study in healthy people. Eur J Pain 2021; 25:1508-1524. [PMID: 33721359 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) is a spinally-mediated withdrawal reflex occurring in response to noxious stimuli and is used as an electrophysiological marker of spinal nociception. Although it is well-documented that the NFR is subject to powerful modulation of several personal factors, the effects of experimentally induced fatigue on the NFR have not yet been examined. Hence, this study aimed to characterize if and how fatigue affects spinal nociception in healthy adults. METHODS The NFR of 58 healthy people was measured prior to and following rest and two fatiguing tasks performed in randomized order. The NFR was elicited by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the sural nerve and objectified by electromyographic recordings from the biceps femoris muscle. An isokinetic fatiguing protocol was used to induce localized muscle fatigue of the hamstrings. The modified incongruent Stroop-word task was used to provoke mental fatigue. A linear mixed model analysis was performed to assess the influence of fatigue on the NFR. RESULTS Low-to-moderate levels experimentally induced localized muscle and mental fatigue did not affect the NFR in healthy adults. These results suggest that descending pain inhibitory processes to dampen spinal nociception are resistant to the effects of localized muscle and mental fatigue. CONCLUSIONS The relative robustness of the NFR to fatigue may be beneficial in both clinical and research settings where the influence of confounders complicates interpretation. Furthermore, the findings possibly help enhance our understanding on why even demanding cognitive/physical exercise-based treatment programs form effective treatment strategies for patients with chronic pain. SIGNIFICANCE The present study unraveled that low-to-moderate levels experimentally induced localized muscle and mental fatigue did not affect the NFR. These results suggest that descending pain inhibitory processes to dampen spinal nociception are resistant to the effects of localized muscle and mental fatigue. This relative robustness of the NFR may be beneficial in a clinical setting in which the evaluation of spinal nociception that is unaffected by clinical symptoms of fatigue may be useful (e.g. chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer-related fatigue, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Dhondt
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Pain in Motion, International Research Group
| | - Lieven Danneels
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Rijckaert
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Audiology, Artevelde University College, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tanneke Palmans
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Van Oosterwijck
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Pain in Motion, International Research Group.,Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jessica Van Oosterwijck
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Pain in Motion, International Research Group.,Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Dhondt E, Danneels L, Van Oosterwijck S, Palmans T, Rijckaert J, Van Oosterwijck J. The influence of physical activity on the nociceptive flexion reflex in healthy people. Eur J Pain 2020; 25:774-789. [PMID: 33290578 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) is a spinal reflex induced by painful stimuli resulting in an appropriate withdrawal response. The NFR is considered to be an objective physiological correlate of spinal nociception. Previous research has already demonstrated that physical activity (PA) can influence pain assessments. To date, no studies have directly examined the relationship between PA and spinal nociception. Hence, this study aimed to investigate whether the NFR threshold can be predicted by report-based and monitor-based measures of PA in healthy adults. METHODS PA and the NFR threshold of 58 healthy adults were assessed. PA was evaluated by self-report using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and by monitor-based accelerometry data. The NFR threshold was elicited through transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the sural nerve and quantified by the biceps femoris muscle electromyogram. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between PA and the NFR, while controlling for confounders. RESULTS Monitor-based measured step count and activities of moderate- to vigorous-intensity predicted the NFR threshold accounting for 23.0% (p = .047) to 37.1% (p = .002) of the variance. Larger amounts of step counts and higher participation in moderate- to vigorous-intensity activities predicted higher NFR thresholds. Monitor-based activities of sedentary intensity predicted the NFR threshold accounting for 35.8% (p = .014) to 35.9% (p = .014) of the variance. Spending more time per day on activities of sedentary intensity predicted lower NFR thresholds. CONCLUSIONS The study provides preliminary evidence indicating that a physically active lifestyle may reduce spinal nociception in healthy adults, while a sedentary lifestyle enhances spinal nociception. SIGNIFICANCE The present study provides preliminary evidence that the influencing effects of physical activity on pain are the result of a strong descending control and do not purely rely on supraspinal mechanisms. These study results highlight the importance of considering physical activity levels when evaluating nociceptive processing, given the prognostic value of physical activity in spinal nociception. Furthermore, this study encourages future research to examine the effects of moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise programmes on spinal nociception in chronic pain populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Dhondt
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Pain in Motion, International Research Group
| | - Lieven Danneels
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Van Oosterwijck
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Pain in Motion, International Research Group.,Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tanneke Palmans
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Rijckaert
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Audiology, Artevelde University College, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jessica Van Oosterwijck
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Pain in Motion, International Research Group.,Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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Chen TC, Lin MJ, Chen HL, Yu HI, Nosaka K. Contralateral Repeated Bout Effect of the Knee Flexors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:542-550. [PMID: 29077637 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors (EF) confers protective effect against muscle damage of the same exercise performed by the opposite arm at 1, 7, or 28 d later. This is known as the contralateral repeated bout effect (CL-RBE), but it is not known whether CL-RBE is evident for the knee flexors (KF). The present study tested the hypothesis that KF CL-RBE would be observed at 1, 7, and 28 d after the initial bout. METHODS Young untrained men were assigned to a control or one of three experimental groups (n = 13 per group). The experimental groups performed 60 maximal KF eccentric contractions (60MaxEC) using one leg followed by the same exercise using the opposite leg at 1, 7, or 28 d later. The control group used the nondominant leg to repeat 60MaxEC separated by 14 d. Changes in several indirect muscle damage markers after 60MaxEC were compared between bouts and among the groups by using a mixed-design, two-way ANOVA. RESULTS Changes in maximal voluntary isokinetic concentric contraction torque, range of motion, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase activity after the first 60MaxEC were similar among the groups. These changes were smaller after the second than the first 60MaxEC for the control, 1-d, and 7-d groups, and the changes after the second 60MaxEC were smaller for the control than for both the 1- and 7-d groups (P < 0.05). When the KF CL-RBE was compared with the EF CL-RBE of the previous study, the magnitude was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that CL-RBE was evident for KF in a similar manner to that for EF, but did not last for 28 d, and the CL-RBE was smaller than the ipsilateral RBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor C Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - Ming-Ju Lin
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - Hsin-Lian Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - Hui-I Yu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
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11
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Chen TC, Lin MJ, Lai JH, Chen HL, Yu HI, Nosaka K. Low-intensity elbow flexion eccentric contractions attenuate maximal eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of the contralateral arm. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1068-1072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Pincheira PA, Hoffman BW, Cresswell AG, Carroll TJ, Brown NAT, Lichtwark GA. The repeated bout effect can occur without mechanical and neuromuscular changes after a bout of eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2123-2134. [PMID: 29790207 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in muscle fascicle mechanics have been postulated to underpin the repeated bout effect (RBE) observed following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). However, in the medial gastrocnemius (MG), mixed evidence exists on whether fascicle stretch amplitude influences the level of EIMD, thus questioning whether changes in fascicle mechanics underpin the RBE. An alternative hypothesis is that neural adaptations contribute to the RBE in this muscle. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuromechanical adaptations during and after repeated bouts of a highly controlled muscle lengthening exercise that aimed to maximize EIMD in MG. In all, 20 subjects performed two bouts of 500 active lengthening contractions (70% of maximal activation) of the triceps surae, separated by 7 days. Ultrasound constructed fascicle length-torque (L-T) curves of MG, surface electromyography (EMG), maximum torque production, and muscle soreness were assessed before, 2 hours and 2 days after each exercise bout. The drop in maximum torque (4%) and the increase in muscle soreness (24%) following the repeated bout were significantly less than following the initial bout (8% and 59%, respectively), indicating a RBE. However, neither shift in the L-T curve nor changes in EMG parameters were present. Furthermore, muscle properties during the exercise were not related to the EIMD or RBE. Our results show that there are no global changes in gastrocnemius mechanical behavior or neural activation that could explain the observed RBE in this muscle. We suggest that adaptations in the non-contractile elements of the muscle are likely to explain the RBE in the triceps surae.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Pincheira
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - B W Hoffman
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A G Cresswell
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - T J Carroll
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - N A T Brown
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - G A Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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