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Li Z, Li W, Lin PJ, Jia T, Ji L, Li C. Motor-Respiratory Coupling Improves Endurance Performance during Rhythmic Isometric Handgrip Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:536-544. [PMID: 37882076 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate whether motor-respiratory coupling exists in rhythmic isometric handgrip exercises and its effect on endurance performance. In addition, the mechanism underlying observed effects was to be investigated if higher motor-respiratory coupling rate could enhance endurance performance. METHODS Eleven subjects completed three rhythmic isometric handgrip trials to task failure in a randomized manner. After one pretraining session to determine personal grip frequency, one trial was performed without respiration requirement (CON), and two trials were performed with inspiration-motor coupling (IMC) or expiration-motor coupling. Changes in maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and EMG were used to measure neuromuscular fatigue. Force data during test were used to assess exercise intensity. Another 10 subjects completed electrical stimulation-induced finger flexion and extension during normal inspiration, normal expiration, fast inspiration, fast expiration, and breath holding. Force changes of different breathing conditions were compared. RESULTS Normalized exercise time to exhaustion was significantly longer in IMC (1.27 ± 0.23) compared with expiration-motor coupling (0.82 ± 0.18) and CON (0.91 ± 0.18, P < 0.001). ΔMVC, grip frequency, force, and EMG indices were not different among conditions (all P > 0.05). Electrical stimulation-induced finger extensor force was significant higher during fast inspiration (1.11 ± 0.09) than normal respiration (1.00 ± 0.05) and fast expiration (0.94 ± 0.08, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS IMC is an effective way to improve endurance performance of rhythmic handgrip exercise. This is likely due to a reduction in the energy consumption of motion control, as evidenced by similar peripheral fatigue in different conditions and modulation of corticospinal excitability by respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Li
- Lab of Intelligent and Bio-mimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Wei Li
- Lab of Intelligent and Bio-mimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Ping-Ju Lin
- Lab of Intelligent and Bio-mimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Tianyu Jia
- Lab of Intelligent and Bio-mimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Linhong Ji
- Lab of Intelligent and Bio-mimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CHINA
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Hérent C, Diem S, Fortin G, Bouvier J. Absent phasing of respiratory and locomotor rhythms in running mice. eLife 2020; 9:61919. [PMID: 33258770 PMCID: PMC7707822 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining whether and how the rhythms of limb and breathing movements interact is highly informative about the mechanistic origin of hyperpnoea during running exercise. However, studies have failed to reveal regularities. In particular, whether breathing frequency is inherently proportional to limb velocity and imposed by a synchronization of breaths to strides is still unclear. Here, we examined respiratory changes during running in the resourceful mouse model. We show that, for a wide range of trotting speeds on a treadmill, respiratory rate increases to a fixed and stable value irrespective of trotting velocities. Respiratory rate was yet further increased during escape-like running and most particularly at gallop. However, we found no temporal coordination of breaths to strides at any speed, intensity, or gait. Our work thus highlights that exercise hyperpnoea can operate, at least in mice and in the presently examined running regimes, without phasic constraints from limb movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Hérent
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Séverine Diem
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilles Fortin
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Julien Bouvier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Stickford ASL, Stickford JL, Fulton TJ, Lovci TL, Chapman RF. Attentional focus does not impact locomotor-respiratory coupling in trained runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2477-2486. [PMID: 32833052 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between attentional strategies and LRC, running economy, perceived exertion, and dyspnea. METHODS 25 endurance-trained males ([Formula: see text]O2max = 68.2 ± 4.7 mL kg-1 min-1) ran for 5 min each at two different submaximal speeds, during which LRC and oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2) were measured. The degree of LRC was calculated as the percentage of breaths occurring during the same decile of the step cycle. Attentional focus was assessed at the end of exercise using an Attentional Focusing Questionnaire, with subscales for association, dissociation, and distress. RESULTS We found no significant relationships between attentional focus measures and LRC. However, dissociation scores were positively correlated with [Formula: see text]O2 (r = 0.404), as well as %[Formula: see text]O2max (r = 0.474), at the slower running speed. Distress scores were the only attentional focus subscale related to perceived exertion and dyspnea (r = 0.378 to 0.654). CONCLUSION These findings suggest attentional focus is not driving the high levels of LRC seen in trained endurance athletes but may relate to running economy and perceptual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S L Stickford
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Beaver College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA.
| | - Jonathon L Stickford
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Beaver College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Timothy J Fulton
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Taylor L Lovci
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Beaver College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Robert F Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Fulton TJ, Paris HL, Stickford ASL, Gruber AH, Mickleborough TD, Chapman RF. Locomotor-respiratory coupling is maintained in simulated moderate altitude in trained distance runners. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01122.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether acute exposure to simulated moderate altitude alters locomotor-respiratory coupling (LRC) patterns in runners, 13 trained male distance runners performed a running economy and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) test in normoxia (NORM) and hypoxia (HYP) ([Formula: see text]= 15.8%; ~2,400 m/8,000 ft) on separate days. Running economy (RE), the degree of LRC, stride frequency-to-breathing frequency quotients (SF/fb), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and dyspnea were assessed at three common submaximal speeds and V̇o2max. SF/fb were significantly lower at each submaximal speed in HYP (12.9 km/h: 2.91 ± 0.20 vs. 2.45 ± 0.17, 14.3 km/h: 2.53 ± 0.17 vs. 2.21 ± 0.14, 16.1 km/h: 2.22 ± 0.14 vs. 1.95 ± 0.09; P < 0.05). The degree of LRC (range: 36–99%) in HYP was not significantly different than NORM at any of the three common submaximal speeds. However, the degree of LRC was significantly higher at V̇o2max in HYP than NORM (43.8 ± 3.4% vs. 57.1 ± 3.8%; P < 0.05). RE and RPE were similar at all running speeds. Dyspnea was significantly greater in HYP compared with NORM at 16.1 km/h ( P < 0.05). Trained distance runners are able to maintain LRC in HYP, despite increases in breathing frequency. Within this unique population, years of training may enhance and optimize the ability to maintain LRC to minimize metabolic costs and dyspnea. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exposure to acute altitude causes increases in ventilation at rest and any submaximal exercising workload, which may alter locomotor-respiratory coupling (LRC). Our data suggest that trained distance runners can maintain LRC during acute exposure to simulated moderate altitude, even when breathing frequency is increased at any submaximal pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Fulton
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Hunter L. Paris
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Abigail S. L. Stickford
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
| | - Allison H. Gruber
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Timothy D. Mickleborough
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Robert F. Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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Tiller NB, Price MJ, Campbell IG, Romer LM. Effect of cadence on locomotor-respiratory coupling during upper-body exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 117:279-287. [PMID: 28032253 PMCID: PMC5313582 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Asynchronous arm-cranking performed at high cadences elicits greater cardiorespiratory responses compared to low cadences. This has been attributed to increased postural demand and locomotor–respiratory coupling (LRC), and yet, this has not been empirically tested. This study aimed to assess the effects of cadence on cardiorespiratory responses and LRC during upper-body exercise. Methods Eight recreationally-active men performed arm-cranking exercise at moderate and severe intensities that were separated by 10 min of rest. At each intensity, participants exercised for 4 min at each of three cadences (50, 70, and 90 rev min−1) in a random order, with 4 min rest-periods applied in-between cadences. Exercise measures included LRC via whole- and half-integer ratios, cardiorespiratory function, perceptions of effort (RPE and dyspnoea), and diaphragm EMG using an oesophageal catheter. Results The prevalence of LRC during moderate exercise was highest at 70 vs. 50 rev min−1 (27 ± 10 vs. 13 ± 9%, p = 0.000) and during severe exercise at 90 vs. 50 rev min−1 (24 ± 7 vs. 18 ± 5%, p = 0.034), with a shorter inspiratory time and higher mean inspiratory flow (p < 0.05) at higher cadences. During moderate exercise, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2} $$\end{document}V˙O2 and fC were higher at 90 rev min−1 (p < 0.05) relative to 70 and 50 rev min−1 (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2} $$\end{document}V˙O2 1.19 ± 0.25 vs. 1.05 ± 0.21 vs. 0.97 ± 0.24 L min−1; fC 116 ± 11 vs. 101 ± 13 vs. 101 ± 12 b min−1), with concomitantly elevated dyspnoea. There were no discernible cadence-mediated effects on diaphragm EMG. Conclusion Participants engage in LRC to a greater extent at moderate-high cadences which, in turn, increase respiratory airflow. Cadence rate should be carefully considered when designing aerobic training programmes involving the upper-limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Tiller
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK. .,Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK.
| | - Mike J Price
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Ian G Campbell
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lee M Romer
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
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