1
|
Latif HM, Richardson SR, Marshall JM. Beneficial Effects of Cocoa Flavanols on Microvascular Responses in Young Men May Be Dependent on Ethnicity and Lifestyle. Nutrients 2024; 16:2911. [PMID: 39275227 PMCID: PMC11403714 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocoa flavan-3-ols affect endothelium-dependent responses in resistance vessels and microcirculation has received little attention. We tested the effects of dark chocolate consumption (396 mg total flavanols/day for 3 days) in two Groups of 10 men (18-25 years; non-smokers) each comprising equal numbers of White European (WE) and South Asian (SA) ethnicity. In Group 1, dark chocolate did not affect reactive hyperaemia in forearm muscle, but augmented muscle dilatation evoked by acute mental stress, and reactive hyperaemia and acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked dilatation in cutaneous microcirculation. Conversely, in Group 2, chocolate did not affect cutaneous reactive hyperaemia or ACh-evoked dilatation, but these responses were blunted in Group 1 relative to Group 2. Further, when Groups 1 and 2 were combined, responses were blunted in SAs relative to WEs, augmented by chocolate in SAs only. In Group 2 individuals whose ACh-evoked dilatation was attenuated by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition, ACh-evoked dilatation was not altered after chocolate, but the attenuating effect of NOS inhibition was lost. Conversely, in Group 2 individuals whose ACh-evoked dilatation was enhanced by NOS inhibition, ACh-evoked dilatation was also augmented by chocolate. We propose that in resistance and microvessels of young men, cocoa flavan-3-ols preferentially augment endothelium-dependent dilator responses whose responses are depressed by familial and lifestyle factors more prevalent in SAs than Wes. Flavan-3-ols may facilitate the NOS pathway but also influence other endothelium-dependent dilators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M Latif
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sophie R Richardson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Janice M Marshall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bainey KR, Gupta M, Ali I, Bangalore S, Chiu M, Kaila K, Kaul P, Khan N, King-Shier KM, Palaniappan L, Pare G, Ramanathan K, Ross S, Shah BR. The Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in South Asians Residing in Canada: A Reflection From the South Asian Heart Alliance. CJC Open 2019; 1:271-281. [PMID: 32159121 PMCID: PMC7063609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asians (SAs), originating from the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan), represent one quarter of the global population and are the largest visible minority in Canada. SAs experience the highest rates of coronary artery disease in Canada. Although conventional cardiovascular risk factors remain predictive in SA, the excess risk is not fully explained by these risk factors alone. Abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance likely contribute a greater risk in SAs than in other populations. The South Asian Heart Alliance has been recently formed to investigate and recommend the best strategies for the prevention of cardiometabolic disease in SAs in Canada. This topic review represents a comprehensive overview of the magnitude of cardiovascular disease in SAs in Canada, with a review of conventional and novel risk markers in the SA population. Both primary and secondary prevention strategies are suggested and when possible, adapted specifically for the SA population. The need for SAs and their healthcare professionals to be more aware of the problem and potential solutions, along with the need for population-specific research, is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Bainey
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author: Dr Kevin R. Bainey, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 2C2.12 WMC, 8440 112 St, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada. Tel.: +1-780-407-2176; fax: +1-780-4076452.
| | - Milan Gupta
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, and Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Imtiaz Ali
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sripal Bangalore
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Chiu
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Kendeep Kaila
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Padma Kaul
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nadia Khan
- Nursing and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Latha Palaniappan
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Guillaume Pare
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Population Health Research Institute and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krish Ramanathan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephanie Ross
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Baiju R. Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|