1
|
Korad S, Mündel T, Perry BG. The effects of habitual resistance exercise training on cerebrovascular responses to lower body dynamic resistance exercise: A cross-sectional study. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:1478-1491. [PMID: 38888986 PMCID: PMC11363110 DOI: 10.1113/ep091707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic resistance exercise (RE) produces sinusoidal fluctuations in blood pressure with simultaneous fluctuations in middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv). Some evidence indicates that RE may alter cerebrovascular function. This study aimed to examine the effects of habitual RE training on the within-RE cerebrovascular responses. RE-trained (n = 15, Female = 4) and healthy untrained individuals (n = 15, Female = 12) completed four sets of 10 paced repetitions (15 repetitions per minute) of unilateral leg extension exercise at 60% of predicted 1 repetition maximum. Beat-to-beat blood pressure, MCAv and end-tidal carbon dioxide were measured throughout. Zenith, nadir and zenith-to-nadir difference in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and mean MCAv (MCAvmean) for each repetition were averaged across each set. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyse dependent variables (training × sets), Bonferroni corrected t-tests were used for post hoc pairwise comparisons. Group age (26 ± 7 trained vs. 25 ± 6 years untrained, P = 0.683) and weight (78 ± 15 vs. 71 ± 15 kg, P = 0.683) were not different. During exercise average MAP was greater for the RE-trained group in sets 2, 3 and 4 (e.g., set 4: 101 ± 11 vs. 92 ± 7 mmHg for RE trained and untrained, respectively, post hoc tests all P = < 0.012). Zenith MAP and zenith-to-nadir MAP difference demonstrated a training effect (P < 0.039). Average MCAvmean and MCAvmean zenith-to-nadir difference was not different between groups (interaction effect P = 0.166 and P = 0.459, respectively). Despite RE-trained individuals demonstrating greater fluctuations in MAP during RE compared to untrained, there were no differences in MCAvmean. Regular RE may lead to vascular adaptations that stabilise MCAv during RE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Korad
- School of Health SciencesMassey UniversityWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport, Exercise and NutritionMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Blake G. Perry
- School of Health SciencesMassey UniversityWellingtonNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Batman GB, Cooper CB, Traylor MK, Ransom KV, Hill EC, Hill BD, Keller JL. Various modalities of resistance exercise promote similar acute cognitive improvements and hemodynamic increases in young, healthy adults. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 7:100363. [PMID: 39252851 PMCID: PMC11381452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2024.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The aim was to examine the effects of modalities of acute resistance exercise (RE) on cognition and hemodynamics including internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow (BF). Twenty adults completed familiarization and experimental visits. One-repetition maximum (1RM) for bilateral leg extension was quantified, and baseline executive functioning was determined from three run-in visits. Subsequent visits included three randomized, volume-equated, acute exercise bouts of 30 %1RM+blood flow restriction (BFR), 30 %1RM, and 70 %1RM. Both 30 %1RM trials completed four sets of exercise (1 × 30, 3 × 15), and the 70 %1RM condition completed four sets of 8 repetitions. BFR was induced with 40 % of the pressure to occlude the femoral arteries. 11 min following each exercise, participants completed the Stroop and Shifting Attention Tests. Baseline and post-exercise values were used to calculate change scores. The resulting mean change scores were evaluated with mixed factorial ANOVAs. A p≤0.05 was considered significant. All measured outcome variables increased in response to exercise. The ANOVAs for cognitive scores indicated no significant (p>0.05) interactions. For cognitive flexibility and executive function index, there were main effects of Sex. Change scores of the females were significantly greater than the males for cognitive flexibility (7.6 ± 5.9 vs. -2.6 ± 8.4 au; p=0.007) and executive function index (7.4 ± 4.6 vs. -2.5 ± 6.5 au; p=0.001). For ICA BF, there was no significant interaction or any main effect. The females exhibited a smaller exercise-induced increase in blood pressure compared to the males (17.7 ± 5.9 vs. 11.0 ± 4.1 mmHg; p=0.010). Each RE modality yielded acute improvements in cognition, but only for females. There were no cognitive improvements related to BFR such that each RE bout yielded similar results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve B Batman
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Christian B Cooper
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Miranda K Traylor
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Kyndall V Ransom
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin D Hill
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Joshua L Keller
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Executive Function: A Systematic Review of the Moderating Role of Intensity and Executive Function Domain. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:141. [PMID: 36480075 PMCID: PMC9732176 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has demonstrated that there is a beneficial effect of acute exercise on cognitive function; however, the moderators of the acute resistance exercise (RE) effect on executive function (EF) are underestimated. This systematic review aims to clarify the effects of acute RE on EF by examining the moderating effect of exercise intensity (light, moderate, and vigorous) and EF domains (inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility), as well as their interactions. METHODS The search strategy was conducted in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, PsycARTICLES, and Cochrane Library) prior to January 29, 2022. Included studies had to: (1) investigate acute RE in adults with normal cognition and without diagnosed disease; (2) include a control group or control session for comparison; (3) include outcomes related to the core EF domains; and (4) be published in English. The methodological quality of the included studies was judged according to the PEDro scale guidelines. RESULTS Nineteen studies were included which included a total of 692 participants. More than half of the outcomes (24/42, 57.14%) indicate that acute RE had a statistically significant positive effect on overall EF. In terms of RE intensity and EF domain, moderate intensity acute RE benefited EF more consistently than light and vigorous intensity acute RE. Acute RE-induced EF benefits were more often found for inhibitory control than for working memory and cognitive flexibility. When considering moderators simultaneously, measuring inhibitory control after light or moderate intensity RE and measuring working memory or cognitive flexibility after moderate intensity RE most often resulted in statistically significant positive outcomes. CONCLUSION Acute RE has a beneficial effect on EF, observed most consistently for inhibitory control following moderate intensity RE. Future studies should include all exercise intensities and EF domains as well as investigate other potential moderators to enable a better understanding of the benefits of acute RE on EF.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tabaie EA, Reddy AJ, Mamidi D, Khalil N, Yu Z, Arakji GH, Brahmbhatt H. The Relationship Between Arterial Stiffness and Resistance Training. Cureus 2021; 13:e20213. [PMID: 35004033 PMCID: PMC8731674 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
5
|
Lefferts WK, Rosenberg AJ, Schroeder EC, Grigoriadis G, Sandroff BM, Motl RW, Baynard T. Assessment of Cerebrovascular Dynamics and Cognitive Function with Acute Aerobic Exercise in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis. Int J MS Care 2021; 23:162-169. [PMID: 34483755 DOI: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS) may partially stem from inadequate cerebral blood flow. Cerebral blood flow and cognitive function improve with aerobic exercise in healthy adults. The effect of aerobic exercise on cerebrovascular hemodynamics and cognitive performance in persons with MS is unclear. The acute effect of aerobic exercise versus quiet rest on cerebrovascular hemodynamics and cognitive performance in relapsing-remitting MS was examined. Methods Sixteen adults with relapsing-remitting MS underwent cerebrovascular hemodynamics and cognitive performance testing before, 2 minutes after, and 30 minutes after aerobic exercise (20-minute treadmill walking, 60% peak oxygen consumption) and a time-matched seated control. Brachial blood pressure was obtained via an oscillometric cuff. Right middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood velocity was measured via transcranial Doppler and used to calculate mean velocity, pulsatility index (PI), and conductance. Carotid artery stiffness was measured via ultrasonography and tonometry. Cognitive performance (accuracy, reaction time) was assessed using a modified flanker task. Results Exercise elicited significant increases in mean pressure and carotid artery stiffness and decreases in MCA conductance at 2 minutes after exercise, which subsided by 30 minutes (P < .05). Exercise did not significantly alter MCA PI. Flanker reaction time decreased during posttesting in both conditions (P < .05). There were no condition × time interactions for cognitive performance. Conclusions Persons with MS seem resilient to exercise-induced acute changes in MCA PI despite transient carotid stiffening, potentially via reductions in MCA conductance. These data suggest that changes in cognitive performance after acute aerobic exercise are not directly related to transient cerebrovascular responses in persons with MS.
Collapse
|
6
|
Haverkamp BF, Wiersma R, Vertessen K, van Ewijk H, Oosterlaan J, Hartman E. Effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive outcomes and academic performance in adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2637-2660. [PMID: 32783695 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1794763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to provide a meta-analysis of studies investigating the effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive outcomes and academic performance in adolescents or young adults. A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed using the following databases: Embase, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Studies had to meet the following criteria: controlled study design, investigating the effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive outcomes and academic performance in healthy adolescents or young adults (12-30 years). Results showed that acute interventions (n=44) significantly improved processing speed (ES=0.39), attention (ES=0.34) and, inhibition (ES=0.32). In a subsequent meta-regression, shorter duration of intervention was significantly associated with greater improvements in attention (β=-0.02) and cognitive flexibility (β=-0.04), whereas age, percentage of boys, intensity and dose were not. Chronic interventions (n=27) significantly improved processing speed (ES=0.30), attention (ES=0.50), cognitive flexibility (ES=0.19), working memory (ES=0.59) and language skills (ES=0.31). In the meta-regression, higher percentage of boys was significantly associated with greater improvements in attention (β=0.02) and working memory (β=0.01) whereas age, duration, frequency, dose and load were not. In conclusion, acute and chronic physical activity interventions might be a promising way to improve several cognitive outcomes and language skills in adolescents and young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Franca Haverkamp
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural an Movement Sciences, Clinical Neuropsychology Section , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rikstje Wiersma
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Vertessen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke van Ewijk
- Curium-LUMC, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center , Oegstgeest, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, the Netherlands and Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences , Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|