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Bi Y, Xing Y, Gui C, Tian Y, Zhang M, Yao Y, Hu G, Han L, He F, Zhang Y. Potential Involvement of Organic Anion Transporters in Drug Interactions with Shuganning Injection, a Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:940-951. [PMID: 37236232 DOI: 10.1055/a-2085-2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine injections have been widely used in China for the treatment of various diseases. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions are a major contributor to adverse drug reactions. However, the research on transporter-mediated Traditional Chinese medicine injection-drug interactions is limited. Shuganning injection is a widely used Traditional Chinese medicine injection for treating various liver diseases. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Shuganning injection and its four main ingredients (baicalin, geniposide, chlorogenic acid, and oroxylin A) on 9 drug transporters. Shuganning injection strongly inhibited organic anion transporter 1 and organic anion transporter 3 with IC50 values < 0.1% (v/v), and moderately inhibited organic anion transporter 2, organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B1, and organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B3 with IC50 values < 1.0%. Baicalin, the most abundant bioactive ingredient in the Shuganning injection, was identified as both an inhibitor and substrate of organic anion transporter 1, organic anion transporter 3, and organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B3. Oroxylin A had the potential to act as both an inhibitor and substrate of organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B1 and organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B3. In contrast, geniposide and chlorogenic acid had no significant inhibitory effect on drug transporters. Notably, Shuganning injection markedly altered the pharmacokinetics of furosemide and atorvastatin in rats. Using Shuganning injection as an example, our findings support the implementation of transporter-mediated Traditional Chinese medicine injection-drug interactions in the development of Traditional Chinese medicine injection standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yanchao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yiqing Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhe Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ge Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Feng He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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Gomez MV, Dutta M, Suvorov A, Shi X, Gu H, Mani S, Yue Cui J. Early Life Exposure to Environmental Contaminants (BDE-47, TBBPA, and BPS) Produced Persistent Alterations in Fecal Microbiome in Adult Male Mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 179:14-30. [PMID: 33078840 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a pivotal player in toxicological responses. We investigated the effects of maternal exposure to 3 human health-relevant toxicants (BDE-47, tetrabromobisphenol [TBBPA], and bisphenol S [BPS]) on the composition and metabolite levels (bile acids [BAs] and short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) of the gut microbiome in adult pups. CD-1 mouse dams were orally exposed to vehicle (corn oil, 10 ml/kg), BDE-47 (0.2 mg/kg), TBBPA (0.2 mg/kg), or BPS (0.2 mg/kg) once daily from gestational day 8 to the end of lactation (postnatal day 21). 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics were performed in feces of 20-week-old adult male pups (n = 14 - 23/group). Host gene expression and BA levels were quantified in liver. BPS had the most prominent effect on the beta-diversity of the fecal microbiome compared with TBPPA and BDE-47 (QIIME). Seventy-three taxa were persistently altered by at least 1 chemical, and 12 taxa were commonly regulated by all chemicals (most of which were from the Clostridia class and were decreased). The most distinct microbial biomarkers were S24-7 for BDE-47, Rikenellaceae for TBBPA, and Lactobacillus for BPS (LefSe). The community-wide contributions to the shift in microbial pathways were predicted using FishTaco. Consistent with FishTaco predictions, BDE-47 persistently increased fecal and hepatic BAs within the 12α hydroxylation pathway, corresponding to an up-regulation with the hepatic BA-synthetic enzyme Cyp7a1. Fecal BAs were also persistently up-regulated by TBBPA and BPS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). TBBPA increased propionic acid and succinate, whereas BPS decreased acetic acid (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). There was a general trend in the hepatic down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and the oxidative stress sensor target gene (Nqo1), and a decrease in G6Pdx (the deficiency of which leads to dyslipidemia). In conclusion, maternal exposure to these toxicants persistently modified the gut-liver axis, which may produce an immune-suppressive and dyslipidemia-prone signature later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V Gomez
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Sun X, Tang S, Hou B, Duan Z, Liu Z, Li Y, He S, Wang Q, Chang Q. Overexpression of P-glycoprotein, MRP2, and CYP3A4 impairs intestinal absorption of octreotide in rats with portal hypertension. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:2. [PMID: 33407159 PMCID: PMC7789354 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Portal hypertension (PH) is the main cause of complications and death in liver cirrhosis. The effect of oral administration of octreotide (OCT), a drug that reduces PH by the constriction of mesenteric arteries, is limited by a remarkable intestinal first-pass elimination.
Methods The bile duct ligation (BDL) was used in rats to induce liver cirrhosis with PH to examine the kinetics and molecular factors such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) influencing the intestinal OCT absorption via in situ and in vitro experiments on jejunal segments, transportation experiments on Caco-2 cells and experiments using intestinal microsomes and recombinant human CYP3A4. Moreover, RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were performed. Results Both in situ and in vitro experiments in jejunal segments showed that intestinal OCT absorption in both control and PH rats was largely controlled by P-gp and, to a lesser extent, by MRP2. OCT transport mediated by P-gp and MRP2 was demonstrated on Caco-2 cells. The results of RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry suggested that impaired OCT absorption in PH was in part due to the jejunal upregulation of these two transporters. The use of intestinal microsomes and recombinant human CYP3A4 revealed that CYP3A4 metabolized OCT, and its upregulation in PH likely contributed to impaired drug absorption. Conclusions Inhibition of P-gp, MRP2, and CYP3A4 might represent a valid option for decreasing intestinal first-pass effects on orally administered OCT, thereby increasing its bioavailability to alleviate PH in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 0086-116011, China
| | - Shunxiong Tang
- Department of Invasive Technology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Binbin Hou
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhijun Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 0086-116011, China.
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 0086-116011, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Hospital of Chinese Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Cancer Institute and Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Shoucheng He
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 0086-116011, China
| | - Qiuming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 0086-116011, China
| | - Qingyong Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
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Liu L, Miao M, Chen Y, Wang Z, Sun B, Liu X. Altered Function and Expression of ABC Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier and Increased Brain Distribution of Phenobarbital in Acute Liver Failure Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:190. [PMID: 29559914 PMCID: PMC5845647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated alterations in the function and expression of P-glycoprotein (P-GP), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) of acute liver failure (ALF) mice and its clinical significance. ALF mice were developed using intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide. P-GP, BCRP, and MRP2 functions were determined by measuring the ratios of brain-to-plasma concentration of rhodamine 123, prazosin, and dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione, respectively. The mRNA and proteins expression levels of P-GP, BCRP, and MRP2 were evaluated with quantitative real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. MDCK-MDR1 and HCMEC/D3 cells were used to document the effects of the abnormally altered components in serum of ALF mice on the function and expression of P-GP. The clinical significance of alteration in P-GP function and expression was investigated by determining the distribution of the P-GP substrate phenobarbital (60 mg/kg, intravenous administration) in the brain and loss of righting reflex (LORR) induced by the drug (100 mg/kg). The results showed that ALF significantly downregulated the function and expression of both P-GP and BCRP, but increased the function and expression of MRP2 in the brain of mice. Cell study showed that increased chenodeoxycholic acid may be a reason behind the downregulated P-GP function and expression. Compared with control mice, ALF mice showed a significantly higher brain concentration of phenobarbital and higher brain-to-plasma concentration ratios. In accordance, ALF mice showed a significantly larger duration of LORR and shorter latency time of LORR by phenobarbital, inferring the enhanced pharmacological effect of phenobarbital on the central nervous system (CNS). In conclusion, the function and expression of P-GP and BCRP decreased, while the function and expression of MRP2 increased in the brain of ALF mice. The attenuated function and expression of P-GP at the BBB might enhance phenobarbital distribution in the brain and increase phenobarbital efficacy on the CNS of ALF mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxing Miao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongjian Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Yano K, Shimizu S, Tomono T, Ogihara T. Gastrointestinal Hormone Cholecystokinin Increases P-Glycoprotein Membrane Localization and Transport Activity in Caco-2 Cells. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2650-2656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sun XY, Duan ZJ, Liu Z, Tang SX, Li Y, He SC, Wang QM, Chang QY. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and cytochrome P450 3A4 improves the oral absorption of octreotide in rats with portal hypertension. Exp Ther Med 2017; 12:3716-3722. [PMID: 28105103 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to increase the intestinal transport of octreotide (OCT) by targeting the first-pass impact to identify a potential method for decreasing portal vein pressure (PVP) using oral OCT. Thus, the bioavailability of intestinally absorbed OCT was evaluated in normal rats and rats with portal hypertension (PH) that had been administered P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance-associated protein 2/cytochrome P450 3A4 (P-gp/MRP2/CYP3A4) inhibitors. The mRNA and protein expression levels of P-gp, MRP2 and CYP3A4 were evaluated in normal and PH rats with or without OCT and the inhibitors using RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. The potential effects of the inhibitor administration on PVP were also examined. The results suggest that P-gp, MRP2 and CYP3A4 play important roles in prohibiting the enteral absorption of OCT, particularly under a PH environment. Moreover, inhibitors of P-gp, MRP2 and CYP3A4 decrease the first-pass effects of OCT and effectively reduce PVP under PH conditions. Therefore, the present results suggest P-gp, MRP2 and CYP3A4 are key factors in the intestinal absorption of OCT. The inhibition of P-gp, MRP2 and CYP3A4 can markedly decrease the first-pass effects of OCT, and their use may facilitate the use of orally administered OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Shun-Xiong Tang
- Department of Invasive Technology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China; Department of Breast Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Shou-Cheng He
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Ming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Yong Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
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Halwachs S, Schäfer I, Kneuer C, Seibel P, Honscha W. Assessment of ABCG2-mediated transport of pesticides across the rabbit placenta barrier using a novel MDCKII in vitro model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 305:66-74. [PMID: 27288731 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the ATP-binding cassette efflux transporter ABCG2 contributes to the fetoprotective barrier function of the placenta, potentially limiting the toxicity of transporter substrates to the fetus. During testing of chemicals including pesticides, developmental toxicity studies are performed in rabbit. Despite its toxicological relevance, ABCG2-mediated transport of pesticides in rabbit placenta has not been yet elucidated. We therefore generated polarized MDCK II cells expressing the ABCG2 transporter from rabbit placenta (rbABCG2) and evaluated interaction of the efflux transporter with selected insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides. The Hoechst H33342 accumulation assay indicated that 13 widely used pesticidal active substances including azoxystrobin, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, chlormequat, diflufenican, dimethoate, dimethomorph, dithianon, ioxynil, methiocarb, propamocarb, rimsulfuron and toclofos-methyl may be rbABCG2 inhibitors and/or substrates. No such evidence was obtained for chlorpyrifos-methyl, epoxiconazole, glyphosate, imazalil and thiacloprid. Moreover, chlorpyrifos (CPF), dimethomorph, tolclofos-methyl and rimsulfuron showed concentration-dependent inhibition of H33342 excretion in rbABCG2-transduced MDCKII cells. To further evaluate the role of rbABCG2 in pesticide transport across the placenta barrier, we generated polarized MDCKII-rbABCG2 monolayers. Confocal microscopy confirmed correct localization of rbABCG2 protein in the apical plasma membrane. In transepithelial flux studies, we showed the time-dependent preferential basolateral to apical (B>A) directed transport of [(14)C] CPF across polarized MDCKII-rbABCG2 monolayers which was significantly inhibited by the ABCG2 inhibitor fumitremorgin C (FTC). Using this novel in vitro cell culture model, we altogether showed functional secretory activity of the ABCG2 transporter from rabbit placenta and identified several pesticides like the insecticide CPF as potential rbABCG2 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Halwachs
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Schäfer
- Molecular Cell Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Kneuer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Pesticide Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Seibel
- Molecular Cell Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Walther Honscha
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Yano K, Mita S, Morimoto K, haraguchi T, arakawa H, Yoshida M, Yamashita F, Uchida T, Ogihara T. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Indicates Association of P-Glycoprotein Substrate or Inhibitor Character with Bitterness Intensity Measured with a Sensor. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2789-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Veterinary Oncology- A Review with an Emphasis on Canine Lymphoma. Vet Sci 2015; 2:150-184. [PMID: 29061939 PMCID: PMC5644636 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2030150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance (DR) is the major limiting factor in the successful treatment of systemic neoplasia with cytotoxic chemotherapy. DR can be either intrinsic or acquired, and although the development and clinical implications are different, the underlying mechanisms are likely to be similar. Most causes for DR are pharmacodynamic in nature, result from adaptations within the tumor cell and include reduced drug uptake, increased drug efflux, changes in drug metabolism or drug target, increased capacity to repair drug-induced DNA damage or increased resistance to apoptosis. The role of active drug efflux transporters, and those of the ABC-transporter family in particular, have been studied extensively in human oncology and to a lesser extent in veterinary medicine. Methods reported to assess ABC-transporter status include detection of the actual protein (Western blot, immunohistochemistry), mRNA or ABC-transporter function. The three major ABC-transporters associated with DR in human oncology are ABCB1 or P-gp, ABCC1 or MRP1, and ABCG2 or BCRP, and have been demonstrated in canine cell lines, healthy dogs and dogs with cancer. Although this supports a causative role for these ABC-transporters in DR cytotoxic agents in the dog, the relative contribution to the clinical phenotype of DR in canine cancer remains an area of debate and requires further prospective studies.
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Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits overexpression of P-glycoprotein induced by doxorubicin in HepG2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 724:161-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Yano K, Tomono T, Sakai R, Kano T, Morimoto K, Kato Y, Ogihara T. Contribution of Radixin to P-Glycoprotein Expression and Transport Activity in Mouse Small Intestine In Vivo. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2875-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Knops N, Levtchenko E, van den Heuvel B, Kuypers D. From gut to kidney: transporting and metabolizing calcineurin-inhibitors in solid organ transplantation. Int J Pharm 2013; 452:14-35. [PMID: 23711732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since their introduction circa 35 years ago, calcineurin-inhibitors (CNI) have become the cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplantation. However, CNI's possess a narrow therapeutic index with potential severe consequences of drug under- or overexposure. This demands a meticulous policy of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) to optimize outcome. In clinical practice optimal dosing is difficult to achieve due to important inter- and intraindividual variation in CNI pharmacokinetics. A complex and often interdependent set of factors appears relevant in determining drug exposure. These include recipient characteristics such as age, race, body composition, organ function, and food intake, but also graft-related characteristics such as: size, donor-age, and time after transplantation can be important. Fundamental (in vitro) and clinical studies have pointed out the intrinsic relation between the aforementioned variables and the functional capacity of enzymes and transporters involved in CNI metabolism, primarily located in intestine, liver and kidney. Commonly occurring polymorphisms in genes responsible for CNI metabolism (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, PXR, POR, ABCB1 (P-gp) and possibly UGT) are able to explain an important part of interindividual variability. In particular, a highly prevalent SNP in CYP3A5 has proven to be an important determinant of CNI dose requirements and drug-dose-interactions. In addition, a discrepancy in genotype between graft and receptor has to be taken into account. Furthermore, common phenomena in solid organ transplantation such as inflammation, ischemia- reperfusion injury, graft function, co-medication, altered food intake and intestinal motility can have a differential effect on the expression enzymes and transporters involved in CNI metabolism. Notwithstanding the built-up knowledge, predicting individual CNI pharmacokinetics and dose requirements on the basis of current clinical and experimental data remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël Knops
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Solid Organ Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.
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Martin P, Riley R, Back DJ, Owen A. Comparison of the induction profile for drug disposition proteins by typical nuclear receptor activators in human hepatic and intestinal cells. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:805-19. [PMID: 18037906 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Certain nuclear receptors (NRs) such as the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) mediate induction of some cytochrome P450 enzymes and ABC transporters but conflicting reports exist. The purpose of this study was to assess the reasons for these discrepancies and use a standardized approach to compare activators of NRs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Dexamethasone, pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile, rifampicin, phenobarbital and chenodeoxycholic acid were incubated with HepG2, Caco-2 and cryopreserved human hepatocytes prior to analysis of mRNA and protein for CYP2B6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, PXR, CAR and FXR. KEY RESULTS Dexamethasone significantly up-regulated PXR, CYP3A4 and ABCB1 expression in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. As a result, including dexamethasone as a media supplement masked the induction of these genes by pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile, which may explain discrepancies between previous reports. In the absence of dexamethasone, significant activator-dependent induction was observed in all cell types. Significant correlations were observed between the fold increase in mRNA and in protein, which were, for most instances, logarithmic. Changes in mRNA expression were greater in cell lines than primary cells but for most transcripts correlations were observed between fold increases in HepG2 and hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Clearly, no in vitro system can imitate the physiology of a hepatocyte or intestinal cell within an intact organ in vivo, but these data explain some of the discrepancies reported between laboratories and have important implications for study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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