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Chow PH, Bowen J, Yool AJ. Combined Systematic Review and Transcriptomic Analyses of Mammalian Aquaporin Classes 1 to 10 as Biomarkers and Prognostic Indicators in Diverse Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1911. [PMID: 32679804 PMCID: PMC7409285 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin (AQP) channels enable regulated transport of water and solutes essential for fluid homeostasis, but they are gaining attention as targets for anticancer therapies. Patterns of AQP expression and survival rates for patients were evaluated by systematic review (PubMed and Embase) and transcriptomic analyses of RNAseq data (Human Protein Atlas database). Meta-analyses confirmed predominantly negative associations between AQP protein and RNA expression levels and patient survival times, most notably for AQP1 in lung, breast and prostate cancers; AQP3 in esophageal, liver and breast cancers; and AQP9 in liver cancer. Patterns of AQP expression were clustered for groups of cancers and associated with risk of death. A quantitative transcriptomic analysis of AQP1-10 in human cancer biopsies similarly showed that increased transcript levels of AQPs 1, 3, 5 and 9 were most frequently associated with poor survival. Unexpectedly, increased AQP7 and AQP8 levels were associated with better survival times in glioma, ovarian and endometrial cancers, and increased AQP11 with better survival in colorectal and breast cancers. Although molecular mechanisms of aquaporins in pathology or protection remain to be fully defined, results here support the hypothesis that overexpression of selected classes of AQPs differentially augments cancer progression. Beyond fluid homeostasis, potential roles for AQPs in cancers (suggested from an expanding appreciation of their functions in normal tissues) include cell motility, membrane process extension, transport of signaling molecules, control of proliferation and apoptosis, increased mechanical compliance, and gas exchange. AQP expression also has been linked to differences in sensitivity to chemotherapy treatments, suggesting possible roles as biomarkers for personalized treatments. Development of AQP pharmacological modulators, administered in cancer-specific combinations, might inspire new interventions for controlling malignant carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea J Yool
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia; (P.H.C.); (J.B.)
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Leslie TK, James AD, Zaccagna F, Grist JT, Deen S, Kennerley A, Riemer F, Kaggie JD, Gallagher FA, Gilbert FJ, Brackenbury WJ. Sodium homeostasis in the tumour microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:188304. [PMID: 31348974 PMCID: PMC7115894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of sodium ions (Na+) is raised in solid tumours and can be measured at the cellular, tissue and patient levels. At the cellular level, the Na+ gradient across the membrane powers the transport of H+ ions and essential nutrients for normal activity. The maintenance of the Na+ gradient requires a large proportion of the cell's ATP. Na+ is a major contributor to the osmolarity of the tumour microenvironment, which affects cell volume and metabolism as well as immune function. Here, we review evidence indicating that Na+ handling is altered in tumours, explore our current understanding of the mechanisms that may underlie these alterations and consider the potential consequences for cancer progression. Dysregulated Na+ balance in tumours may open opportunities for new imaging biomarkers and re-purposing of drugs for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa K Leslie
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrew D James
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Fulvio Zaccagna
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James T Grist
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Surrin Deen
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Aneurin Kennerley
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Frank Riemer
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joshua D Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona J Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - William J Brackenbury
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Chung C, Pethig R, Smith S, Waterfall M. Intracellular potassium under osmotic stress determines the dielectrophoresis cross-over frequency of murine myeloma cells in the MHz range. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:989-997. [PMID: 29274244 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been widely studied for its potential as a biomarker-free method of sorting and characterizing cells based upon their dielectric properties. Most studies have employed voltage signals from ∼1 kHz to no higher than ∼30 MHz. Within this range a transition from negative to positive DEP can be observed at the cross-over frequency fx01 . The value of fx01 is determined by the conductivity of the suspending medium, as well as the size and shape of the cell and the dielectric properties (capacitance, conductivity) of its plasma membrane. In this work DEP measurements were performed up to 400 MHz, where the transition from positive to negative DEP can be observed at a higher cross-over frequency fx02 . SP2/O murine myeloma cells were suspended in buffer media of different osmolarities and measurements taken of cell volume, fx01 and fx02 . Potassium-binding benzofuran isophthalate (PBFI), a potassium-sensitive fluorophore, and flow cytometry was employed to monitor relative changes in intracellular potassium concentration. In agreement with theory, it was found that fx02 is independent of the cell parameters that control fx01 and is predominantly determined by intracellular conductivity. In particular, the value of fx02 is highly correlated to that of the intracellular potassium concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Chung
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro & Nanosystems, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ronald Pethig
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro & Nanosystems, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stewart Smith
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin Waterfall
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Martial S. Involvement of ion channels and transporters in carcinoma angiogenesis and metastasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C710-27. [PMID: 26791487 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00218.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a finely tuned process, which is the result of the equilibrium between pro- and antiangiogenic factors. In solid tumor angiogenesis, the balance is highly in favor of the production of new, but poorly functional blood vessels, initially intended to provide growing tumors with nutrients and oxygen. Among the numerous proteins involved in tumor development, several types of ion channels are overexpressed in tumor cells, as well as in stromal and endothelial cells. Ion channels thus actively participate in the different hallmarks of cancer, especially in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Indeed, from their strategic localization in the plasma membrane, ion channels are key operators of cell signaling, as they sense and respond to environmental changes. This review aims to decipher how ion channels of different families are intricately involved in the fundamental angiogenesis and metastasis hallmarks, which lead from a nascent tumor to systemic dissemination. An overview of the possible use of ion channels as therapeutic targets will also be given, showing that ion channel inhibitors or specific antibodies may provide effective tools, in the near future, in the treatment of carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Martial
- Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U1081, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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Murphy MJ, Crewther SG. Ouabain inhibition of Na/K-ATPase across the retina prevents signed refractive compensation to lens-induced defocus, but not default ocular growth in young chicks. F1000Res 2013; 2:97. [PMID: 25506418 PMCID: PMC4257142 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-97.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The relevance of retinal integrity and energy pathways to ocular growth and induction of refractive errors has seldom been investigated. Thus, we used ouabain to target the channels that are essential for the maintenance of membrane potentials in cells, sodium potassium ATPase (Na/K-ATPase), to examine refractive compensation and ocular growth in response to lens-induced defocus in the chick. Methods: A single intravitreal injection of 1 mM ouabain in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) carrier or DMSO alone was followed by monocular defocus with positive or negative 10 D lens (or no lens) from post-hatching days 5-9 under 12/12 hr light/dark conditions. Biometry and dark-adapted flash and electroretinography (ERG) were conducted on day 9, followed by immunohistological analyses. Results: Ouabain inhibited differential ocular growth and refractive compensation to signed defocus compared to DMSO. By 4-days post-ouabain injection all components of the typical ERG responses to light had been eliminated, and widespread histological damage was apparent, though some ‘default state’ ocular growth was measurable. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated reduction in the specialized water channel Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression and increased evidence of caspase 3 expression (a cell death associated protein) in ouabain-treated eyes compared with DMSO alone. Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that blockade of photoreceptor and inner retinal responses to light onset and offset by ouabain inhibits differential refractive compensation to optical blur, but does not prevent ocular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Murphy
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
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Dubois JM, Rouzaire-Dubois B. Roles of cell volume in molecular and cellular biology. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 108:93-7. [PMID: 22192789 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular tonicity and volume regulation control a great number of molecular and cellular functions including: cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, hormone and neuromediator release, gene expression, ion channel and transporter activity and metabolism. The aim of this review is to describe these effects and to determine if they are direct or are secondarily the result of the activity of second messengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Dubois
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard-FRC2118, Gif sur Yvette F-91198, France.
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Iitaka D, Shiozaki A, Ichikawa D, Kosuga T, Komatsu S, Okamoto K, Fujiwara H, Ishii H, Nakahari T, Marunaka Y, Otsuji E. Blockade of chloride ion transport enhances the cytocidal effect of hypotonic solution in gastric cancer cells. J Surg Res 2011; 176:524-34. [PMID: 22261593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells that are exfoliated into the peritoneal cavity during surgery are viable and have the potential to produce peritoneal recurrence. Although peritoneal lavage with distilled water is applied in some cancer surgeries to kill tumor cells, there is no consensus regarding the optimal methodology and its effects. METHODS Three human gastric cancer cell lines, MKN28, MKN45, and Kato-III, were exposed to distilled water, and the resultant morphologic changes were observed using a microscope. Analysis of cell volume changes was performed using a flow cytometer. To investigate the cytocidal effects of the water, re-incubation of the cells was performed after exposing them to hypotonic solution. Additionally, the effects of 5-nitro-2-3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB), a Cl(-) channel blocker, and R(+)-[(dihydroindenyl)oxy] alkanoic acid (DIOA), a blocker of the K(+)/Cl(-) co-transporter, on the cells during their exposure to hypotonic solution were analyzed. RESULTS After the cells had been exposed to the distilled water, a rapid increase in cell volume occurred followed by cell rupture. In the MKN45 and Kato-III cells, treatment with NPPB increased cell volume by inhibiting regulatory volume decrease and enhanced the cytocidal effects of the hypotonic solution, whereas no such effects were observed in the MKN28 cells. On the other hand, treatment of the MKN28 cells with DIOA inhibited RVD and enhanced the cytocidal effects of hypotonic shock. CONCLUSION These findings support the efficacy of peritoneal lavage with distilled water during surgery for gastric cancer and suggest that the regulation of Cl(-) transport enhances the cytocidal effects of hypotonic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Iitaka
- Department of Surgery, Division of Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Rodighiero S, Bottà G, Bazzini C, Meyer G. Pendrin overexpression affects cell volume recovery, intracellular pH and chloride concentration after hypotonicity-induced cell swelling. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:559-70. [PMID: 22116371 DOI: 10.1159/000335120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pendrin (SLC26A4 or PDS) gene is responsible, when mutated, for the Pendred syndrome, a recessive disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss often accompanied by thyroid dysfunctions. Pendrin protein is an anion exchanger and we focused on a still unexplored function that it might play in view of its importance in the inner ear: Cl(-) fluxes regulation during cellular volume control. We challenged HEK-293 Phoenix cells over-expressing wild type pendrin (PDS HEK cells) together with the EYFP (Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein) or over-expressing the EYFP alone (control HEK cells) with hypo-osmolar solutions. Taking advantage of the confocal optical sectioning we measured the cell volume. In addition, we determined the intracellular pH and chloride concentration with fluorescent probes (EYFP and seminaphthorhodafluor-5F, SNARF-5F). Consequently, we could estimate simultaneously Cl(-) fluxes, cellular volume and intracellular pH variations. Cl(-) movements markedly differed between PDS and control HEK cells upon hypotonic shock and are accompanied by an attenuation of the swelling induced pH drop in PDS HEK cells. The contemporary measurements of the three variables not yet reported in living cells, allowed to assess a possible influence of pendrin upregulation in volume homeostasis and evidenced its participation to Cl(-) fluxes.
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Wang F, Zhu Y. Aquaporin-1: a potential membrane channel for facilitating the adaptability of rabbit nucleus pulposus cells to an extracellular matrix environment. J Orthop Sci 2011; 16:304-12. [PMID: 21451971 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-011-0055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the process of degenerative aging of the intervertebral disc (IVD), the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment changes, with osmolarity and oxygen (O(2)) concentration important components of such changes. The IVD cells respond to maintain the homeostasis and function of the IVD by several mechanisms. Aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) is a transmembrane channel protein that is permeable to water and O(2), which prevents rapid volume deformation under osmotic stress and facilitates O(2) diffusion across the plasma membrane. One hypothesis is that AQP-1 has potential roles in aging degeneration of IVDs. METHODS In this study, AQP-1 expression levels were investigated in aging rabbit nucleus pulposus (NP) cells using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting in vivo, and different osmolarities and O(2) concentrations in vitro by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The results showed that AQP-1 was expressed at different levels in aging rabbit's NPs and AQP-1 was regulated by the NP cells in different ECM environmental conditions. AQP-1 was downregulated under hypo-osmotic stress to prevent rapid swelling deformation and was upregulated under hypoxic stress to facilitate O(2) utilization. CONCLUSION It is suggested that AQP-1 may reflect the status of aged IVDs and have a potential role in reflecting the adaptability of NP cells under different adverse ECM environments in aging degenerated IVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjingbei Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
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Ochiai H, Onda K, Maruo T, Kanemaki N. Aquaporin-1 expression in canine peripheral erythrocytes and its relation to cell volume. Exp Anim 2011; 60:89-91. [PMID: 21325756 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.60.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the relationship between aquaporin-1 (AQP1) expression and the cell volume of red blood cells (RBCs), canine peripheral RBCs were separated according to specific gravity, and expression of the AQP1 protein on the membrane of RBCs was compared using anti-dog AQP1 polypeptide serum. Western blot analysis indicated that there was no significant difference in AQP1 expression between large and small cell fractions. In addition, the AQP1 expression of inherited high K/low Na RBCs which are known to be 20% larger than normal RBCs, was comparable to that of normal RBCs. These results suggest that AQP1, the major water channel in RBCs, does not determine the cell volume of peripheral canine RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Ochiai
- Research Institute of Biosciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Ion fluxes, transmembrane potential, and osmotic stabilization: a new dynamic electrophysiological model for eukaryotic cells. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2010; 40:235-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-010-0641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brain volume regulation: osmolytes and aquaporin perspectives. Neuroscience 2010; 168:871-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Harvey VL, Saul MW, Garner C, McDonald RL. A role for the volume regulated anion channel in volume regulation in the murine CNS cell line, CAD. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 198:159-68. [PMID: 19811460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2009.02050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The role of the volume regulated anion channel (VRAC) in a model CNS neuronal cell line, CAD, was investigated. METHODS Changes in cell volume following hypotonic challenges were measured using a video-imaging technique. The effect of the Cl(-) channel antagonists tamoxifen (10 microm) and 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS; 100 microm) on regulatory volume decrease (RVD) were measured. The whole-cell voltage-clamp technique was used to characterize ICl(swell), the current underlying the VRAC. RESULTS Using the video-imaging technique, CAD cells were found to swell and subsequently exhibit RVD when subjected to a sustained hypotonic challenge from 300 mOsmol kg(-1) H(2)O to 210 mOsmol kg(-1) H(2)O. In the presence of tamoxifen (10 microm) or DIDS (100 microm) RVD was abolished, suggesting a role for the VRAC. A hypotonic solution (230 mOsmol kg(-1) H(2)O) evoked ICl(swell), an outwardly rectifying current displaying time-independent activation, which reversed upon return to isotonic conditions. The reversal potential (E(rev)) for ICl(swell) was -14.7 + or - 1.4 mV, similar to the theoretical E(rev) for a selective Cl(-) conductance. ICl(swell) was inhibited in the presence of DIDS (100 microm) and tamoxifen (10 microm), the DIDS inhibition being voltage dependent. CONCLUSIONS Osmotic swelling elicits an outwardly rectifying Cl(-) conductance in CAD cells. The ICl(swell) observed in these cells is similar to that observed in other cells, and is likely to provide a pathway for the loss of Cl(-) which leads to water loss and RVD. As ischaemia, brain trauma, hypoxia and other brain pathologies can cause cell swelling, CAD cells represent a model cell line for the study of neuronal cell volume regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Harvey
- Neuroscience, Pharmacology & Physiology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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