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Volkmer B, Marchetti T, Aichele P, Schmid JP. Murine Models of Familial Cytokine Storm Syndromes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1448:481-496. [PMID: 39117835 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory disease caused by mutations in effectors and regulators of cytotoxicity in cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. The complexity of the immune system means that in vivo models are needed to efficiently study diseases like HLH. Mice with defects in the genes known to cause primary HLH (pHLH) are available. However, these mice only develop the characteristic features of HLH after the induction of an immune response (typically through infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus). Nevertheless, murine models have been invaluable for understanding the mechanisms that lead to HLH. For example, the cytotoxic machinery (e.g., the transport of cytotoxic vesicles and the release of granzymes and perforin after membrane fusion) was first characterized in the mouse. Experiments in murine models of pHLH have emphasized the importance of cytotoxic cells, antigen-presenting cells (APC), and cytokines in hyperinflammatory positive feedback loops (e.g., cytokine storms). This knowledge has facilitated the development of treatments for human HLH, some of which are now being tested in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Volkmer
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Marchetti
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Aichele
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Pachlopnik Schmid
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Analysis of differential gene expression by RNA-seq data in ABCG1 knockout mice. Gene 2018; 689:24-33. [PMID: 30528268 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The previous studies on ABCG1 using genetically modified mice showed inconsistent results on atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether accurate target knockout of ABCG1 would result in transcriptional changes of other atherosclerosis-related genes. METHODS ABCG1 knockout mouse model was obtained by precise gene targeting without affecting non-target DNA sequences in C57BL/6 background. The wildtype C57BL/6 mice were regarded as control group. 12-week-old male mice were used in current study. We performed whole transcriptome analysis on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from ABCG1 knockout mice (n = 3) and their wildtype controls (n = 3) by RNA-seq. RESULTS Compared with wildtype group, 605 genes were modified at the time of ABCG1 knockout and expressed differentially in knockout group, including 306 up-regulated genes and 299 down-regulated genes. 54 genes were associated with metabolism regulation, of which 13 were related to lipid metabolism. We also found some other modified genes in knockout mice involved in cell adhesion, leukocyte transendothelial migration and apoptosis, which might also play roles in the process of atherosclerosis. 7 significantly enriched GO terms and 19 significantly enriched KEGG pathways were identified, involving fatty acid biosynthesis, immune response and intracellular signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS ABCG1 knockout mice exhibited an altered expression of multiple genes related to many aspects of atherosclerosis, which might affect the further studies to insight into the effect of ABCG1 on atherosclerosis with this animal model.
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Fisher CL, Marks H, Cho LTY, Andrews R, Wormald S, Carroll T, Iyer V, Tate P, Rosen B, Stunnenberg HG, Fisher AG, Skarnes WC. An efficient method for generation of bi-allelic null mutant mouse embryonic stem cells and its application for investigating epigenetic modifiers. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e174. [PMID: 28981838 PMCID: PMC5716182 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are a popular model system to study biological processes, though uncovering recessive phenotypes requires inactivating both alleles. Building upon resources from the International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC), we developed a targeting vector for second allele inactivation in conditional-ready IKMC 'knockout-first' ES cell lines. We applied our technology to several epigenetic regulators, recovering bi-allelic targeted clones with a high efficiency of 60% and used Flp recombinase to restore expression in two null cell lines to demonstrate how our system confirms causality through mutant phenotype reversion. We designed our strategy to select against re-targeting the 'knockout-first' allele and identify essential genes in ES cells, including the histone methyltransferase Setdb1. For confirmation, we exploited the flexibility of our system, enabling tamoxifen inducible conditional gene ablation while controlling for genetic background and tamoxifen effects. Setdb1 ablated ES cells exhibit severe growth inhibition, which is not rescued by exogenous Nanog expression or culturing in naive pluripotency '2i' media, suggesting that the self-renewal defect is mediated through pluripotency network independent pathways. Our strategy to generate null mutant mouse ES cells is applicable to thousands of genes and repurposes existing IKMC Intermediate Vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Fisher
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences and Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hendrik Marks
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lily Ting-yin Cho
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Robert Andrews
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sam Wormald
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas Carroll
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences and Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Vivek Iyer
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peri Tate
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Barry Rosen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hendrik G. Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda G. Fisher
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences and Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - William C. Skarnes
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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Rytlewski JA, Beronja S. RNAi in the mouse: rapid and affordable gene function studies in a vertebrate system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 4:45-57. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Rytlewski
- Human Biology Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle WA USA
| | - Slobodan Beronja
- Human Biology Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle WA USA
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Eastmond DA, Vulimiri SV, French JE, Sonawane B. The use of genetically modified mice in cancer risk assessment: challenges and limitations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 43:611-31. [PMID: 23985072 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.822844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of genetically modified (GM) mice to assess carcinogenicity is playing an increasingly important role in the safety evaluation of chemicals. While progress has been made in developing and evaluating mouse models such as the Trp53⁺/⁻, Tg.AC and the rasH2, the suitability of these models as replacements for the conventional rodent cancer bioassay and for assessing human health risks remains uncertain. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of accelerated cancer bioassays with GM mice for assessing the potential health risks associated with exposure to carcinogenic agents. We compared the published results from the GM bioassays to those obtained in the National Toxicology Program's conventional chronic mouse bioassay for their potential use in risk assessment. Our analysis indicates that the GM models are less efficient in detecting carcinogenic agents but more consistent in identifying non-carcinogenic agents. We identified several issues of concern related to the design of the accelerated bioassays (e.g., sample size, study duration, genetic stability and reproducibility) as well as pathway-dependency of effects, and different carcinogenic mechanisms operable in GM and non-GM mice. The use of the GM models for dose-response assessment is particularly problematic as these models are, at times, much more or less sensitive than the conventional rodent cancer bioassays. Thus, the existing GM mouse models may be useful for hazard identification, but will be of limited use for dose-response assessment. Hence, caution should be exercised when using GM mouse models to assess the carcinogenic risks of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Eastmond
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Contribution of protein Z and protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor in generalized Shwartzman reaction. Crit Care Med 2014; 41:e447-56. [PMID: 23963134 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318298a562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sepsis, a leading cause of mortality in critically ill patients, is closely linked to the excessive activation of coagulation and inflammation. Protein Z, a cofactor for the protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor, enhances the inhibition of coagulation factor Xa, and protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor inhibits factor XIa in a protein Z-independent fashion. The functions of protein Z and protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor in the inflammatory and coagulant responses to septic illness have not been evaluated. DESIGN For induction of generalized Shwartzman reaction, dorsal skinfold chamber-equipped mice were challenged twice with lipopolysaccharide (0.05 mg/kg on day -1 and 5 mg/kg body weight 24 hr later). Time-matched control animals received equal volumes of saline. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND MEASUREMENTS Using intravital fluorescence microscopy in protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor deficient (ZPI) and protein Z deficient (PZ) mice, as well as their wild-type littermates (ZPI, PZ), kinetics of light/dye-induced thrombus formation and microhemodynamics were assessed in randomly chosen venules. Plasma concentrations of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 were measured. Liver and lung were harvested for quantitative analysis of leukocytic tissue infiltration and thrombus formation. MAIN RESULTS After induction of generalized Shwartzman reaction, all mice showed significant impairment of microhemodynamics, including blood flow velocity, volumetric blood flow, and functional capillary density, as well as leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. Thrombus formation time was markedly prolonged after induction of generalized Shwartzman reaction in all mice, except of ZPI mice, which also had a significantly higher fraction of occluded vessels in liver sections. PZ mice developed the highest concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in response to generalized Shwartzman reaction and showed greater leukocytic tissue infiltration than their wild-type littermates. CONCLUSIONS In this murine model of generalized Shwartzman reaction, protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor deficiency enhanced the thrombotic response to vascular injury, whereas protein Z deficiency increased inflammatory response.
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Patient-derived xenografts of non small cell lung cancer: resurgence of an old model for investigation of modern concepts of tailored therapy and cancer stem cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:568567. [PMID: 22547927 PMCID: PMC3324927 DOI: 10.1155/2012/568567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current chemotherapy regimens have unsatisfactory results in most advanced solid tumors. It is therefore imperative to devise novel therapeutic strategies and to optimize selection of patients, identifying early those who could benefit from available treatments. Mouse models are the most valuable tool for preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies in cancer and, among them, patient-derived xenografts models (PDX) have made a recent comeback in popularity. These models, obtained by direct implants of tissue fragments in immunocompromised mice, have great potential in drug development studies because they faithfully reproduce the patient's original tumor for both immunohistochemical markers and genetic alterations as well as in terms of response to common therapeutics They also maintain the original tumor heterogeneity, allowing studies of specific cellular subpopulations, including their modulation after drug treatment. Moreover PDXs maintain at least some aspects of the human microenvironment for weeks with the complete substitution with murine stroma occurring only after 2-3 passages in mouse and represent therefore a promising model for studies of tumor-microenvironment interaction. This review summarizes our present knowledge on mouse preclinical cancer models, with a particular attention on patient-derived xenografts of non small cell lung cancer and their relevance for preclinical and biological studies.
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Marsden IT, Minamide LS, Bamburg JR. Amyloid-β-induced amyloid-β secretion: a possible feed-forward mechanism in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 24:681-91. [PMID: 21297255 PMCID: PMC4447202 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, 36-43 amino acids in length, are produced from β- and γ-secretase cleavage of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), and are one of the causative agents of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we show that an ELISA can detect total rodent Aβ without interference from physiological concentrations of human Aβ. In cultured dissociated rat cortical neurons and rat and mouse hippocampal organotypic slices, we apply the assay to measure the production of Aβ in response to treatment with hydrogen peroxide, a known stimulator of Aβ secretion, or human Aβ dimer/trimer (Aβd/t), fractionated from the culture medium of 7PA2 cells. Peroxide increases Aβ secretion by about 2 fold, similar to results from previous reports that used a different assay. Of greater significance is that physiologically relevant concentrations (~250 pM) of human Aβd/t increase rodent Aβ secretion from cultured rat cortical neurons by >3 fold over 4 days. Surprisingly, neither treatment with peroxide nor human Aβd/t leads to accumulation of intracellular Aβ. Human Aβd/t increased >2 fold the Aβ secreted by organotypic hippocampal slices from tau knock-out mice whether or not they expressed a human tau transgene, suggesting tau plays no role in enhanced Aβ secretion. Together, these results support an Aβ-mediated feed-forward mechanism in AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Marsden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Schubert S, Schmidtke J. Transgenic Mouse Studies to Understand the Regulation, Expression and Function of the Testis-Specific Protein Y-Encoded (TSPY) Gene. Genes (Basel) 2010; 1:244-62. [PMID: 24710044 PMCID: PMC3954093 DOI: 10.3390/genes1020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The TSPY gene, which encodes the testis-specific protein, Y-encoded, was first discovered and characterized in humans, but orthologous genes were subsequently identified on the Y chromosome of many other placental mammals. TSPY is expressed in the testis and to a much lesser extent in the prostate gland, and it is assumed that TSPY serves function in spermatogonial proliferation and/or differentiation. It is further supposed that TSPY is involved in male infertility and exerts oncogenic effects in gonadal and prostate tumor formation. As a member of the TSPY/SET/NAP protein family, TSPY is able to bind cyclin B types, and stimulates the cyclin B1-CDK1 kinase activity, thereby accelerating the G2/M phase transition of the cell cycle of target cells. Because the laboratory mouse carries only a nonfunctional Y-chromosomal Tspy-ps pseudogene, a knockout mouse model for functional research analyses is not a feasible approach. In the last decade, three classical transgenic mouse models have been developed to contribute to our understanding of TSPY regulation, expression and function. The different transgenic mouse approaches and their relevance for studying TSPY regulation, expression and function are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schubert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jörg Schmidtke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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