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Deng W, Qi D, Tang XM, Deng XY, He J, Wang DX. THE WNK4/SPAK PATHWAY STIMULATES ALVEOLAR FLUID CLEARANCE BY UPREGULATION OF EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNEL IN MICE WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME. Shock 2022; 58:68-77. [PMID: 35670456 PMCID: PMC9415224 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT With-No lysine Kinases (WNKs) have been newly implicated in alveolar fluid clearance (AFC). Epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) serve a vital role in AFC. The potential protective effect of WNK4 in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), mediated by ENaC-associated AFC was investigated in the study. A model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS was established in C57BL/6 mice. WNK4, Sterile 20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), small interfering RNA (siRNA)-WNK4 or siRNA-SPAK were transfected into mouse lung or primary alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells. AFC, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung histomorphology were determined. The expression of ENaC was determined to investigate the regulation of AFC by WNK4-SPAK signaling pathway. Activation of WNK4-SPAK signaling improved lung injury and survival rate, with enhanced AFC and reduced pulmonary edema via the upregulation of ENaC in ARDS. In primary rat ATII cells, gene-silencing by siRNA transfection reduced ENaC expression and the level of WNK4-associated SPAK phosphorylation. Immunoprecipitation revealed that the level of neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated gene 4 (Nedd4-2) binding to ENaC was decreased as a result of WNK4-SPAK signaling. The present study demonstrated that the WNK4/SPAK pathway improved AFC during LPS-induced ARDS, which is mainly dependent on the upregulation of ENaC with Nedd4-2-mediated ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical Research Center for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Qi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical Research Center for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu-Mao Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical Research Center for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical Research Center for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical Research Center for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Dao-Xin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical Research Center for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing, China
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Kocyigit I, Taheri S, Eroglu E, Zararsiz G, Sener EF, Uzun I, Imamoglu H, Mehmetbeyoglu E, Unal A, Korkmaz K, Sipahioglu MH, Oymak O, Tokgoz B. Association of OSR-1 With Vascular Dysfunction and Hypertension in Polycystic Kidney Disease. Ther Apher Dial 2019; 24:64-71. [PMID: 31020807 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is associated with oxidative stress and hypertension development before renal function decline and cardiovascular disease development. Oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1 (OSR-1) participates in the signaling regulating Na+ transport during oxidative stress and also plays a role in the regulation of cell volume and blood pressure. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential role of OSR-1 in ADPKD patients. Eighty ADPKD patients, 80 healthy controls, and 80 non-ADPKD patients with hypertension were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was conducted in all participants. Blood samples were taken after 12-h fasting for the measurement of biochemical parameters and OSR-1 gene expression. Vascular dysfunction was assessed using ischemia-induced forearm flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). Briefly, of the 80 ADPKD patients, 41(51%) were male, and 53(66%) of them were hypertensive. The mean age of the 80 controls was 35.3 ± 12.6 years, and 37(46%) of them were male. The mean age of the 80 non-ADPKD patients with hypertension was 44.6 ± 11.9 years, and 38(47.5) of them were male. There were significant differences in serum OSR-1 gene expression between the ADPKD patients and the control subjects. Serum OSR-1 gene expression was also significantly increased in hypertensive ADPKD patients in comparison with both normotensive ADPKD counterparts and non-ADPKD hypertensive subjects. Serum OSR-1 gene expression was increased in patients with ADPKD than healthy subjects. Low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), OSR-1 gene expression, total kidney volume (TKV), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were also independently associated with hypertension in ADPKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Kocyigit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serpil Taheri
- Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Eray Eroglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gokmen Zararsiz
- Department of Biostatistics, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Elif Funda Sener
- Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Uzun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hakan Imamoglu
- Department of Radiology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ecmel Mehmetbeyoglu
- Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aydin Unal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Keziban Korkmaz
- Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Hayri Sipahioglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Oktay Oymak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Bulent Tokgoz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
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Wang MX, Cuevas CA, Su XT, Wu P, Gao ZX, Lin DH, McCormick JA, Yang CL, Wang WH, Ellison DH. Potassium intake modulates the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) activity via the Kir4.1 potassium channel. Kidney Int 2018; 93:893-902. [PMID: 29310825 PMCID: PMC6481177 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kir4.1 in the distal convoluted tubule plays a key role in sensing plasma potassium and in modulating the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC). Here we tested whether dietary potassium intake modulates Kir4.1 and whether this is essential for mediating the effect of potassium diet on NCC. High potassium intake inhibited the basolateral 40 pS potassium channel (a Kir4.1/5.1 heterotetramer) in the distal convoluted tubule, decreased basolateral potassium conductance, and depolarized the distal convoluted tubule membrane in Kcnj10flox/flox mice, herein referred to as control mice. In contrast, low potassium intake activated Kir4.1, increased potassium currents, and hyperpolarized the distal convoluted tubule membrane. These effects of dietary potassium intake on the basolateral potassium conductance and membrane potential in the distal convoluted tubule were completely absent in inducible kidney-specific Kir4.1 knockout mice. Furthermore, high potassium intake decreased, whereas low potassium intake increased the abundance of NCC expression only in the control but not in kidney-specific Kir4.1 knockout mice. Renal clearance studies demonstrated that low potassium augmented, while high potassium diminished, hydrochlorothiazide-induced natriuresis in control mice. Disruption of Kir4.1 significantly increased basal urinary sodium excretion but it abolished the natriuretic effect of hydrochlorothiazide. Finally, hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis in kidney-specific Kir4.1 knockout mice were exacerbated by potassium restriction and only partially corrected by a high-potassium diet. Thus, Kir4.1 plays an essential role in mediating the effect of dietary potassium intake on NCC activity and potassium homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Alkalosis/genetics
- Alkalosis/metabolism
- Alkalosis/physiopathology
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Homeostasis
- Hydrochlorothiazide/pharmacology
- Hypokalemia/genetics
- Hypokalemia/metabolism
- Hypokalemia/physiopathology
- Kidney Tubules, Distal/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules, Distal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Distal/physiopathology
- Male
- Membrane Potentials
- Mice, Knockout
- Natriuresis
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/deficiency
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/genetics
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/metabolism
- Potassium, Dietary/metabolism
- Renal Elimination
- Sodium/urine
- Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3/genetics
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3/metabolism
- Kir5.1 Channel
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiao Wang
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China; Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Catherina A Cuevas
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Xiao-Tong Su
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Zhong-Xiuzi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Dao-Hong Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - James A McCormick
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Chao-Ling Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
| | - David H Ellison
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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4
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Yamada K, Levell J, Yoon T, Kohls D, Yowe D, Rigel DF, Imase H, Yuan J, Yasoshima K, DiPetrillo K, Monovich L, Xu L, Zhu M, Kato M, Jain M, Idamakanti N, Taslimi P, Kawanami T, Argikar UA, Kunjathoor V, Xie X, Yagi YI, Iwaki Y, Robinson Z, Park HM. Optimization of Allosteric With-No-Lysine (WNK) Kinase Inhibitors and Efficacy in Rodent Hypertension Models. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7099-7107. [PMID: 28771350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The observed structure-activity relationship of three distinct ATP noncompetitive With-No-Lysine (WNK) kinase inhibitor series, together with a crystal structure of a previously disclosed allosteric inhibitor bound to WNK1, led to an overlay hypothesis defining core and side-chain relationships across the different series. This in turn enabled an efficient optimization through scaffold morphing, resulting in compounds with a good balance of selectivity, cellular potency, and pharmacokinetic profile, which were suitable for in vivo proof-of-concept studies. When dosed orally, the optimized compound reduced blood pressure in mice overexpressing human WNK1, and induced diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), confirming that this mechanism of inhibition of WNK kinase activity is effective at regulating cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yamada
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma K.K. , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Julian Levell
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Taeyong Yoon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Darcy Kohls
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - David Yowe
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Dean F Rigel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , East Hanover, New Jersey 07936-1080, United States
| | - Hidetomo Imase
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Jun Yuan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Kayo Yasoshima
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma K.K. , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Keith DiPetrillo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , East Hanover, New Jersey 07936-1080, United States
| | - Lauren Monovich
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Lingfei Xu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , East Hanover, New Jersey 07936-1080, United States
| | - Meicheng Zhu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Mitsunori Kato
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma K.K. , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Monish Jain
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Neeraja Idamakanti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Paul Taslimi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Toshio Kawanami
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma K.K. , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Vidya Kunjathoor
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Xiaoling Xie
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Yukiko I Yagi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma K.K. , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Yuki Iwaki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Zachary Robinson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Hyi-Man Park
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma K.K. , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
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5
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Small-molecule WNK inhibition regulates cardiovascular and renal function. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:896-898. [PMID: 27595330 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The With-No-Lysine (K) (WNK) kinases play a critical role in blood pressure regulation and body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Herein, we introduce the first orally bioavailable pan-WNK-kinase inhibitor, WNK463, that exploits unique structural features of the WNK kinases for both affinity and kinase selectivity. In rodent models of hypertension, WNK463 affects blood pressure and body fluid and electro-lyte homeostasis, consistent with WNK-kinase-associated physiology and pathophysiology.
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6
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Jacobs ME, Kathpalia PP, Chen Y, Thomas SV, Noonan EJ, Pao AC. SGK1 regulation by miR-466g in cortical collecting duct cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1251-7. [PMID: 26911843 PMCID: PMC4935769 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00024.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that bind target mRNA transcripts and modulate gene expression. In the cortical collecting duct (CCD), aldosterone stimulates the expression of genes that increase activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC); in the early phase of aldosterone induction, one such gene is serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1). We hypothesized that aldosterone regulates the expression of miRNAs in the early phase of induction to control the expression of target genes that stimulate ENaC activity. We treated mpkCCDc14 cells with aldosterone or vehicle for 1 h and used a miRNA microarray to analyze differential miRNA expression. We identified miR-466g as a miRNA that decreased by 57% after 1 h of aldosterone treatment. Moreover, we identified a putative miR-466g binding site in the 3'-untranslated region of SGK1. We constructed an SGK1 3'-untranslated region luciferase reporter and found that cotransfection of miR-466g suppressed luciferase activity in human embryonic kidney-293 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Deletion or introduction of point mutations that disrupt the miR-466g target site attenuated miR-466g-directed suppression of luciferase activity. Finally, we generated stably transduced mpkCCDc14 cell lines overexpressing miR-466g. Cells overexpressing miR-466g demonstrated 12.9-fold lower level of SGK1 mRNA compared with control cells after 6 h of aldosterone induction; moreover, cells overexpressing miR-466g exhibited 25% decrease in amiloride-sensitive current after 6 h of aldosterone induction and complete loss of amiloride-sensitive current after 24 h of aldosterone induction. Our findings implicate miR-466g as a novel early-phase aldosterone responsive miRNA that regulates SGK1 and ENaC in CCD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie E Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and
| | - Paru P Kathpalia
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and
| | - Yu Chen
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Sheela V Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and
| | - Emily J Noonan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Alan C Pao
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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7
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With-No-Lysine Kinase 4 Mediates Alveolar Fluid Regulation in Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury. Crit Care Med 2015; 43:e412-9. [PMID: 26035408 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate mechanisms involved in the regulation of epithelial ion channels and alveolar fluid clearance in hyperoxia-induced lung injury. DESIGN Laboratory animal experiments. SETTING Animal care facility procedure room in a medical center. SUBJECTS Wild-type, STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase knockout (SPAK(-/-)), and with-no-lysine kinase 4 knockin (WNK4(D561A/+)) mice. INTERVENTIONS Mice were exposed to room air or 95% hyperoxia for 60 hours. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Exposure to hyperoxia for 60 hours increased the lung expression of with-no-lysine kinase 4 and led to STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter phosphorylation, which resulted in the suppression of alveolar fluid clearance and increase of lung edema. WNK4(D561A/+) mice at the baseline presented an abundance of epithelium sodium channel and high levels of STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter phosphorylation. Compared with the wild-type group, hyperoxia caused greater epithelium sodium channel expression in WNK4(D561A/+) mice, but no significant difference in STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter phosphorylation. The functional inactivation of sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter by gene knockout in SPAK(-/-) mice yielded a lower severity of lung injury and longer animal survival, whereas constitutive expression of with-no-lysine kinase 4 exacerbated the hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Pharmacologic inhibition of sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter by inhaled furosemide improved animal survival in WNK4(D561A/+) mice. By contrast, inhibition of epithelium sodium channel exacerbated the hyperoxia-induced lung injury and animal death. CONCLUSIONS With-no-lysine kinase 4 plays a crucial role in the regulation of epithelial ion channels and alveolar fluid clearance, mainly via phosphorylation and activation of STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter.
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8
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Fezai M, Elvira B, Warsi J, Ben-Attia M, Hosseinzadeh Z, Lang F. Up-Regulation of Intestinal Phosphate Transporter NaPi-IIb (SLC34A2) by the Kinases SPAK and OSR1. Kidney Blood Press Res 2015; 40:555-64. [PMID: 26506223 DOI: 10.1159/000368531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1), kinases controlled by WNK (with-no-K[Lys] kinase), are powerful regulators of cellular ion transport and blood pressure. Observations in gene-targeted mice disclosed an impact of SPAK/OSR1 on phosphate metabolism. The present study thus tested whether SPAK and/or OSR1 contributes to the regulation of the intestinal Na(+)-coupled phosphate co-transporter NaPi-IIb (SLC34A2). METHODS cRNA encoding NaPi-IIb was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes without or with additional injection of cRNA encoding wild-type SPAK, constitutively active (T233E)SPAK, WNK insensitive (T233A)SPAK, catalytically inactive (D212A)SPAK, wild-type OSR1, constitutively active (T185E)OSR1, WNK insensitive (T185A)OSR1 or catalytically inactive (D164A)OSR1. The phosphate (1 mM)-induced inward current (I(Pi)) was taken as measure of phosphate transport. RESULTS I(Pi) was observed in NaPi-IIb expressing oocytes but not in water injected oocytes, and was significantly increased by co-expression of SPAK, (T233E)SPAK, OSR1, (T185E)OSR1 or SPAK+OSR1, but not by co-expression of (T233A)SPAK, (D212A)SPAK, (T185A)OSR1, or (D164A)OSR1. SPAK and OSR1 both increased the maximal transport rate of the carrier. CONCLUSIONS SPAK and OSR1 are powerful stimulators of the intestinal Na+-coupled phosphate co-transporter NaPi-IIb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Fezai
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tx00FC;bingen, Tx00FC;bingen, Germany
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9
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Roles of Akt and SGK1 in the Regulation of Renal Tubular Transport. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:971697. [PMID: 26491696 PMCID: PMC4600925 DOI: 10.1155/2015/971697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A serine/threonine kinase Akt is a key mediator in various signaling pathways including regulation of renal tubular transport. In proximal tubules, Akt mediates insulin signaling via insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) and stimulates sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCe1), resulting in increased sodium reabsorption. In insulin resistance, the IRS2 in kidney cortex is exceptionally preserved and may mediate the stimulatory effect of insulin on NBCe1 to cause hypertension in diabetes via sodium retention. Likewise, in distal convoluted tubules and cortical collecting ducts, insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation mediates several hormonal signals to enhance sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) and epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activities, resulting in increased sodium reabsorption. Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) mediates aldosterone signaling. Insulin can stimulate SGK1 to exert various effects on renal transporters. In renal cortical collecting ducts, SGK1 regulates the expression level of ENaC through inhibition of its degradation. In addition, SGK1 and Akt cooperatively regulate potassium secretion by renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK). Moreover, sodium-proton exchanger 3 (NHE3) in proximal tubules is possibly activated by SGK1. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding of the roles of Akt and SGK1 in the regulation of renal tubular transport.
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10
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Abousaab A, Warsi J, Elvira B, Alesutan I, Hoseinzadeh Z, Lang F. Down-Regulation of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2 by the Kinases SPAK and OSR1. J Membr Biol 2015; 248:1107-19. [PMID: 26233565 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-015-9826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1) are cell volume-sensitive kinases regulated by WNK (with-no-K[Lys]) kinases. SPAK/OSR1 regulate several channels and carriers. SPAK/OSR1 sensitive functions include neuronal excitability. Orchestration of neuronal excitation involves the excitatory glutamate transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2. Sensitivity of those carriers to SPAK/OSR1 has never been shown. The present study thus explored whether SPAK and/or OSR1 contribute to the regulation of EAAT1 and/or EAAT2. To this end, cRNA encoding EAAT1 or EAAT2 was injected into Xenopus oocytes without or with additional injection of cRNA encoding wild-type SPAK or wild-type OSR1, constitutively active (T233E)SPAK, WNK insensitive (T233A)SPAK, catalytically inactive (D212A)SPAK, constitutively active (T185E)OSR1, WNK insensitive (T185A)OSR1 or catalytically inactive (D164A)OSR1. The glutamate (2 mM)-induced inward current (I Glu) was taken as a measure of glutamate transport. As a result, I Glu was observed in EAAT1- and in EAAT2-expressing oocytes but not in water-injected oocytes, and was significantly decreased by coexpression of SPAK and OSR1. As shown for EAAT2, SPAK, and OSR1 decreased significantly the maximal transport rate but significantly enhanced the affinity of the carrier. The effect of wild-type SPAK/OSR1 on EAAT1 and EAAT2 was mimicked by (T233E)SPAK and (T185E)OSR1, but not by (T233A)SPAK, (D212A)SPAK, (T185A)OSR1, or (D164A)OSR1. Coexpression of either SPAK or OSR1 decreased the EAAT2 protein abundance in the cell membrane of EAAT2-expressing oocytes. In conclusion, SPAK and OSR1 are powerful negative regulators of the excitatory glutamate transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Abousaab
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jamshed Warsi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernat Elvira
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zohreh Hoseinzadeh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Friedel P, Kahle KT, Zhang J, Hertz N, Pisella LI, Buhler E, Schaller F, Duan J, Khanna AR, Bishop PN, Shokat KM, Medina I. WNK1-regulated inhibitory phosphorylation of the KCC2 cotransporter maintains the depolarizing action of GABA in immature neurons. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra65. [PMID: 26126716 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Cl(-)-permeable γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors elicits synaptic inhibition in mature neurons but excitation in immature neurons. This developmental "switch" in the GABA function depends on a postnatal decrease in intraneuronal Cl(-) concentration mediated by KCC2, a Cl(-)-extruding K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter. We showed that the serine-threonine kinase WNK1 [with no lysine (K)] forms a physical complex with KCC2 in the developing mouse brain. Dominant-negative mutation, genetic depletion, or chemical inhibition of WNK1 in immature neurons triggered a hyperpolarizing shift in GABA activity by enhancing KCC2-mediated Cl(-) extrusion. This increase in KCC2 activity resulted from reduced inhibitory phosphorylation of KCC2 at two C-terminal threonines, Thr(906) and Thr(1007). Phosphorylation of both Thr(906) and Thr(1007) was increased in immature versus mature neurons. Together, these data provide insight into the mechanism regulating Cl(-) homeostasis in immature neurons, and suggest that WNK1-regulated changes in KCC2 phosphorylation contribute to the developmental excitatory-to-inhibitory GABA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Friedel
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), INSERM Unité 901, 13273 Marseille, France. Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- UK Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Nicholas Hertz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0450, USA
| | - Lucie I Pisella
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), INSERM Unité 901, 13273 Marseille, France. Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Buhler
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France. Plateforme Post-Génomique, INMED, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Schaller
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France. Plateforme Post-Génomique, INMED, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - JingJing Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul N Bishop
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0450, USA
| | - Igor Medina
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), INSERM Unité 901, 13273 Marseille, France. Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France.
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12
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Borrás J, Salker MS, Elvira B, Warsi J, Fezai M, Hoseinzadeh Z, Lang F. SPAK and OSR1 Sensitivity of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter EAAT3. Nephron Clin Pract 2015; 130:221-8. [PMID: 26112741 DOI: 10.1159/000433567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Kinases involved in the regulation of epithelial transport include SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1). SPAK and OSR1 are both regulated by WNK (with-no-K(Lys)) kinases. The present study explored whether SPAK and/or OSR1 influence the excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3, which accomplishes glutamate and aspartate transport in kidney, intestine and brain. METHODS cRNA encoding EAAT3 was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes with or without additional injection of cRNA encoding wild-type SPAK, constitutively active (T233E)SPAK, WNK insensitive (T233A)SPAK, catalytically inactive (D212A)SPAK, wild-type OSR1, constitutively active (T185E)OSR1, WNK insensitive (T185A)OSR1 and catalytically inactive (D164A)OSR1. Glutamate-induced current was taken as measure of electrogenic glutamate transport and was quantified utilizing dual electrode voltage clamp. Furthermore, Ussing chamber was employed to determine glutamate transport in the intestine from gene-targeted mice carrying WNK insensitive SPAK (spak(tg/tg)) and from corresponding wild-type mice (spak(+/+)). RESULTS EAAT3 activity was significantly decreased by wild-type SPAK and (T233E)SPAK, but not by (T233A)SPAK and (D212A)SPAK. SPAK decreased maximal transport rate without affecting significantly affinity of the carrier. Similarly, EAAT3 activity was significantly downregulated by wild-type OSR1 and (T185E)OSR1, but not by (T185A)OSR1 and (D164A)OSR1. Again OSR1 decreased maximal transport rate without affecting significantly affinity of the carrier. Intestinal electrogenic glutamate transport was significantly lower in spak(+/+) than in spak(tg/tg) mice. CONCLUSION Both, SPAK and OSR1 are negative regulators of EAAT3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Borrás
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
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13
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Borschewski A, Himmerkus N, Boldt C, Blankenstein KI, McCormick JA, Lazelle R, Willnow TE, Jankowski V, Plain A, Bleich M, Ellison DH, Bachmann S, Mutig K. Calcineurin and Sorting-Related Receptor with A-Type Repeats Interact to Regulate the Renal Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ Cotransporter. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:107-19. [PMID: 25967121 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014070728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The furosemide-sensitive Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-)-cotransporter (NKCC2) is crucial for NaCl reabsorption in kidney thick ascending limb (TAL) and drives the urine concentrating mechanism. NKCC2 activity is modulated by N-terminal phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Serine-threonine kinases that activate NKCC2 have been identified, but less is known about phosphatases that deactivate NKCC2. Inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase has been shown to stimulate transport in the TAL and the distal convoluted tubule. Here, we identified NKCC2 as a target of the calcineurin Aβ isoform. Short-term cyclosporine administration in mice augmented the abundance of phospho-NKCC2, and treatment of isolated TAL with cyclosporine increased the chloride affinity and transport activity of NKCC2. Because sorting-related receptor with A-type repeats (SORLA) may affect NKCC2 phosphoregulation, we used SORLA-knockout mice to test whether SORLA is involved in calcineurin-dependent modulation of NKCC2. SORLA-deficient mice showed more calcineurin Aβ in the apical region of TAL cells and less NKCC2 phosphorylation and activity compared with littermate controls. In contrast, overexpression of SORLA in cultured cells reduced the abundance of endogenous calcineurin Aβ. Cyclosporine administration rapidly normalized the abundance of phospho-NKCC2 in SORLA-deficient mice, and a functional interaction between calcineurin Aβ and SORLA was further corroborated by binding assays in rat kidney extracts. In summary, we have shown that calcineurin Aβ and SORLA are key components in the phosphoregulation of NKCC2. These results may have clinical implications for immunosuppressive therapy using calcineurin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljona Borschewski
- Department of Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christin Boldt
- Department of Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University and VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Rebecca Lazelle
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University and VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Allein Plain
- Institute of Physiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University and VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sebastian Bachmann
- Department of Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Kerim Mutig
- Department of Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
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Warsi J, Elvira B, Bissinger R, Shumilina E, Hosseinzadeh Z, Lang F. Downregulation of peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2 by oxidative stress responsive kinase OSR1. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:591-9. [PMID: 25531100 DOI: 10.1159/000368469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS OSR1 (oxidative-stress-responsive kinase 1) participates in the regulation of renal tubular ion transport, cell volume and blood pressure. Whether OSR1 contributes to the regulation of organic solute transport remained; however, elusive. The present study thus explored the OSR1 sensitivity of the peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. METHODS cRNA encoding PEPT1 or PEPT2 were injected into Xenopus oocytes without or with additional injection of cRNA encoding wild-type OSR1, WNK1 insensitive inactive (T185A)OSR1, constitutively active (T185E)OSR1, and catalytically inactive (D164A)OSR1. Electrogenic peptide (glycine-glycine) transport was determined by dual electrode voltage clamp, the abundance of hemagglutinin-tagged PEPT2 (PEPT2-HA) by chemiluminescence. RESULTS In Xenopus oocytes injected with cRNA encoding PEPT1 or PEPT2, but not in oocytes injected with water, the dipeptide gly-gly (2 mM) generated an appreciable inward current (I(gly-gly)). Coexpression of OSR1 significantly decreased Igly-gly in both PEPT1 and PEPT2 expressing oocytes. The effect of OSR1 coexpression on Igly-gly in PEPT1 expressing oocytes was mimicked by coexpression of (T185E)OSR1, but not of (D164A)OSR1 or (T185A)OSR1. Kinetic analysis revealed that coexpression of OSR1 decreased maximal Igly-gly. OSR1 further decreased the PEPT2-HA protein abundance in the cell membrane. CONCLUSION OSR1 has the capacity to downregulate the peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2 by decreasing the carrier protein abundance in the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshed Warsi
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Fezai M, Elvira B, Borras J, Ben-Attia M, Hoseinzadeh Z, Lang F. Negative regulation of the creatine transporter SLC6A8 by SPAK and OSR1. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:546-54. [PMID: 25531585 DOI: 10.1159/000368465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Transport regulation involves several kinases including SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1), which are under control of WNK (with-no-K[Lys]) kinases. The present study explored whether SPAK and/or OSR1 participate in the regulation of the creatine transporter CreaT (SLC6A8), which accomplishes Na+ coupled cellular uptake of creatine in several tissues including kidney, intestine, heart, skeletal muscle and brain. METHODS cRNA encoding SLC6A8 was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes with or without additional injection of cRNA encoding wild-type SPAK, constitutively active (T233E)SPAK, WNK insensitive (T233A)SPAK, catalytically inactive (D212A)SPAK, wild-type OSR1, constitutively active (T185E)OSR1, WNK insensitive (T185A)OSR1 and catalytically inactive (D164A)OSR1. Transporter activity was determined from creatine (1 mM) induced current utilizing dual electrode voltage clamp. RESULTS Coexpression of wild-type SPAK and of (T233E)SPAK, but not of (T233A)SPAK or of (D212A)SPAK was followed by a significant decrease of creatine induced current in SLC6A8 expressing oocytes. Coexpression of SPAK significantly decreased maximal transport rate. Coexpression of wild-type OSR1, (T185E)OSR1 and (T185A)OSR1 but not of (D164A)OSR1 significantly negatively regulated SLC6A8 activity. OSR1 again decreased significantly maximal transport rate. CONCLUSIONS Both, SPAK and OSR1, are negative regulators of the creatine transporter SLC6A8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Fezai
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Kikuchi E, Mori T, Zeniya M, Isobe K, Ishigami-Yuasa M, Fujii S, Kagechika H, Ishihara T, Mizushima T, Sasaki S, Sohara E, Rai T, Uchida S. Discovery of Novel SPAK Inhibitors That Block WNK Kinase Signaling to Cation Chloride Transporters. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:1525-36. [PMID: 25377078 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014060560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon activation by with-no-lysine kinases, STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK) phosphorylates and activates SLC12A transporters such as the Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) and Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter type 1 (NKCC1) and type 2 (NKCC2); these transporters have important roles in regulating BP through NaCl reabsorption and vasoconstriction. SPAK knockout mice are viable and display hypotension with decreased activity (phosphorylation) of NCC and NKCC1 in the kidneys and aorta, respectively. Therefore, agents that inhibit SPAK activity could be a new class of antihypertensive drugs with dual actions (i.e., NaCl diuresis and vasodilation). In this study, we developed a new ELISA-based screening system to find novel SPAK inhibitors and screened >20,000 small-molecule compounds. Furthermore, we used a drug repositioning strategy to identify existing drugs that inhibit SPAK activity. As a result, we discovered one small-molecule compound (Stock 1S-14279) and an antiparasitic agent (Closantel) that inhibited SPAK-regulated phosphorylation and activation of NCC and NKCC1 in vitro and in mice. Notably, these compounds had structural similarity and inhibited SPAK in an ATP-insensitive manner. We propose that the two compounds found in this study may have great potential as novel antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kikuchi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Moko Zeniya
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Kiyoshi Isobe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | | | - Shinya Fujii
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Chemical Biology Screening Center, and Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Tomoaki Ishihara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Mizushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei Sasaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Tatemitsu Rai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences,
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Warsi J, Dong L, Elvira B, Salker MS, Shumilina E, Hosseinzadeh Z, Lang F. SPAK dependent regulation of peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:388-98. [PMID: 25376088 DOI: 10.1159/000368451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS SPAK (STE20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) is a powerful regulator of renal tubular ion transport and blood pressure. Moreover, SPAK contributes to the regulation of cell volume. Little is known, however, about a role of SPAK in the regulation or organic solutes. The present study thus addressed the influence of SPAK on the peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. METHODS To this end, cRNA encoding PEPT1 or PEPT2 were injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes without or with additional injection of cRNA encoding wild-type, SPAK, WNK1 insensitive inactive (T233A)SPAK, constitutively active (T233E)SPAK, and catalytically inactive (D212A)SPAK. Electrogenic peptide (glycine-glycine) transport was determined by dual electrode voltage clamp and PEPT2 protein abundance in the cell membrane by chemiluminescence. Intestinal electrogenic peptide transport was estimated from peptide induced current in Ussing chamber experiments of jejunal segments isolated from gene targeted mice expressing SPAK resistant to WNK-dependent activation (spak(tg/tg)) and respective wild-type mice (spak(+/+)). RESULTS In PEPT1 and in PEPT2 expressing oocytes, but not in oocytes injected with water, the dipeptide gly-gly (2 mM) generated an inward current, which was significantly decreased following coexpression of SPAK. The effect of SPAK on PEPT1 was mimicked by (T233E)SPAK, but not by (D212A)SPAK or (T233A)SPAK. SPAK decreased maximal peptide induced current of PEPT1. Moreover, SPAK decreased carrier protein abundance in the cell membrane of PEPT2 expressing oocytes. In intestinal segments gly-gly generated a current, which was significantly higher in spak(tg/tg) than in spak(+/+) mice. CONCLUSION SPAK is a powerful regulator of peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshed Warsi
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 70276 Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Elvira B, Warsi J, Munoz C, Lang F. SPAK and OSR1 sensitivity of voltage-gated K+ channel Kv1.5. J Membr Biol 2014; 248:59-66. [PMID: 25315612 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) are potent regulators of several transporters and ion channels. The kinases are under regulation of with-no-K(Lys) (WNK) kinases. The present study explored whether SPAK and/or OSR1 modify the expression and/or activity of the voltage-gated K(+) channel Kv1.5, which participates in the regulation of diverse functions including atrial cardiac action potential and tumor cell proliferation. cRNA encoding Kv1.5 was injected into Xenopus oocytes with or without additional injection of cRNA encoding wild-type SPAK, constitutively active (T233E)SPAK, WNK insensitive (T233A)SPAK, catalytically inactive (D212A)SPAK, wild-type OSR1, constitutively active (T185E)OSR1, WNK insensitive (T185A)OSR1, and catalytically inactive (D164A)OSR1. Voltage-gated K(+) channel activity was quantified utilizing dual electrode voltage clamp and Kv1.5 channel protein abundance in the cell membrane utilizing chemiluminescence of Kv1.5 containing an extracellular hemagglutinin epitope (Kv1.5-HA). Kv1.5 activity and Kv1.5-HA protein abundance were significantly decreased by wild-type SPAK and (T233E)SPAK, but not by (T233A)SPAK and (D212A)SPAK. Similarly, Kv1.5 activity and Kv1.5-HA protein abundance were significantly down-regulated by wild-type OSR1 and (T185E)OSR1, but not by (T185A)OSR1 and (D164A)OSR1. Both, SPAK and OSR1 decrease cell membrane Kv1.5 protein abundance and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Elvira
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Warsi J, Hosseinzadeh Z, Elvira B, Bissinger R, Shumilina E, Lang F. Regulation of ClC-2 Activity by SPAK and OSR1. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:378-87. [DOI: 10.1159/000355816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Elvira B, Munoz C, Borras J, Chen H, Warsi J, Ajay SS, Shumilina E, Lang F. SPAK and OSR1 dependent down-regulation of murine renal outer medullary K channel ROMK1. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:353-60. [PMID: 25322850 DOI: 10.1159/000355812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The kinases SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1) participate in the regulation of the NaCl cotransporter NCC and the Na+, K+, 2Cl- cotransporter NKCC2. The kinases are regulated by WNK (with-no-K[Lys]) kinases. Mutations of genes encoding WNK kinases underly Gordon's syndrome, a monogenic disease leading to hypertension and hyperkalemia. WNK kinases further regulate the renal outer medullary K+ channel ROMK1. The present study explored, whether SPAK and/or OSR1 have similarly the potential to modify the activity of ROMK1. METHODS ROMK1 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes with or without additional expression of wild-type SPAK, constitutively active (T233E)SPAK, catalytically inactive (D212A)SPAK, wild-type OSR1, constitutively active (T185E)OSR1 and catalytically inactive (D164A)OSR1. Channel activity was determined utilizing dual electrode voltage clamp and ROMK1 protein abundance in the cell membrane utilizing chemiluminescence of ROMK1 containing an extracellular hemagglutinin epitope (ROMK1-HA). RESULTS ROMK1 activity and ROMK1-HA protein abundance were significantly down-regulated by wild-type SPAK and (T233E)SPAK, but not by (D212A)SPAK. Similarly, ROMK1 activity and ROMK1-HA protein abundance were significantly down-regulated by wild-type OSR1 and (T185E)OSR1, but not by (D164A)OSR1. CONCLUSION ROMK1 protein abundance and activity are down-regulated by SPAK and OSR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Elvira
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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21
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SPAK-sensitive regulation of glucose transporter SGLT1. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:1191-7. [PMID: 25161031 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The WNK-dependent STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase SPAK is a powerful regulator of ion transport. The study explored whether SPAK similarly regulates nutrient transporters, such as the Na(+)-coupled glucose transporter SGLT1 (SLC5A1). To this end, SGLT1 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes with or without additional expression of wild-type SPAK, constitutively active (T233E)SPAK, WNK-insensitive (T233A)SPAK or catalytically inactive (D212A)SPAK, and electrogenic glucose transport determined by dual-electrode voltage-clamp experiments. Moreover, Ussing chamber was employed to determine the electrogenic glucose transport in intestine from wild-type mice (spak(wt/wt)) and from gene-targeted mice carrying WNK-insensitive SPAK (spak(tg/tg)). In SGLT1-expressing oocytes, but not in water-injected oocytes, the glucose-dependent current (I(g)) was significantly decreased following coexpression of wild-type SPAK and (T233E)SPAK, but not by coexpression of (T233A)SPAK or (D212A)SPAK. Kinetic analysis revealed that SPAK decreased maximal I(g) without significantly modifying the glucose concentration required for halfmaximal I(g) (K(m)). According to the chemiluminescence experiments, wild-type SPAK but not (D212A)SPAK decreased SGLT1 protein abundance in the cell membrane. Inhibition of SGLT1 insertion by brefeldin A (5 μM) resulted in a decline of I(g), which was similar in the absence and presence of SPAK, suggesting that SPAK did not accelerate the retrieval of SGLT1 protein from the cell membrane but rather down-regulated carrier insertion into the cell membrane. Intestinal electrogenic glucose transport was significantly lower in spak(wt/wt) than in spak(tg/tg) mice. In conclusion, SPAK is a powerful negative regulator of SGLT1 protein abundance in the cell membrane and thus of electrogenic glucose transport.
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Liu Y, Song X, Shi Y, Shi Z, Niu W, Feng X, Gu D, Bao HF, Ma HP, Eaton DC, Zhuang J, Cai H. WNK1 activates large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels through modulation of ERK1/2 signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:844-54. [PMID: 25145935 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With no lysine (WNK) kinases are members of the serine/threonine kinase family. We previously showed that WNK4 inhibits renal large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channel activity by enhancing its degradation through a lysosomal pathway. In this study, we investigated the effect of WNK1 on BK channel activity. In HEK293 cells stably expressing the α subunit of BK (HEK-BKα cells), siRNA-mediated knockdown of WNK1 expression significantly inhibited both BKα channel activity and open probability. Knockdown of WNK1 expression also significantly inhibited BKα protein expression and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas overexpression of WNK1 significantly enhanced BKα expression and decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293 cells. Knockdown of ERK1/2 prevented WNK1 siRNA-mediated inhibition of BKα expression. Similarly, pretreatment of HEK-BKα cells with the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A1 reversed the inhibitory effects of WNK1 siRNA on BKα expression in a dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of WNK1 expression also increased the ubiquitination of BKα channels. Notably, mice fed a high-K(+) diet for 10 days had significantly higher renal protein expression levels of BKα and WNK1 and lower levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation compared with mice fed a normal-K(+) diet. These data suggest that WNK1 enhances BK channel function by reducing ERK1/2 signaling-mediated lysosomal degradation of the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Liu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, and Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Xiang Song
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China; and
| | | | - Zhen Shi
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihui Niu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuyan Feng
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, and Renal Section, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Dingying Gu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui-Fang Bao
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - He-Ping Ma
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Douglas C Eaton
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jieqiu Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Hui Cai
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, and Renal Section, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia;
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23
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Chemical library screening for WNK signalling inhibitors using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Biochem J 2014; 455:339-45. [PMID: 23981180 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
WNKs (with-no-lysine kinases) are the causative genes of a hereditary hypertensive disease, PHAII (pseudohypoaldosteronism type II), and form a signal cascade with OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive 1)/SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich protein kinase) and Slc12a (solute carrier family 12) transporters. We have shown that this signal cascade regulates blood pressure by controlling vascular tone as well as renal NaCl excretion. Therefore agents that inhibit this signal cascade could be a new class of antihypertensive drugs. Since the binding of WNK to OSR1/SPAK kinases was postulated to be important for signal transduction, we sought to discover inhibitors of WNK/SPAK binding by screening chemical compounds that disrupt the binding. For this purpose, we developed a high-throughput screening method using fluorescent correlation spectroscopy. As a result of screening 17000 compounds, we discovered two novel compounds that reproducibly disrupted the binding of WNK to SPAK. Both compounds mediated dose-dependent inhibition of hypotonicity-induced activation of WNK, namely the phosphorylation of SPAK and its downstream transporters NKCC1 (Na/K/Cl cotransporter 1) and NCC (NaCl cotransporter) in cultured cell lines. The two compounds could be the promising seeds of new types of antihypertensive drugs, and the method that we developed could be applied as a general screening method to identify compounds that disrupt the binding of two molecules.
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24
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Zahedi K, Barone S, Xu J, Soleimani M. Potentiation of the effect of thiazide derivatives by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: molecular mechanisms and potential clinical implications. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79327. [PMID: 24260196 PMCID: PMC3832474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI) are mild diuretics, hence not widely used in fluid overloaded states. They are however the treatment of choice for certain non-kidney conditions. Thiazides, specific inhibitors of Na-Cl cotransport (NCC), are mild agents and the most widely used diuretics in the world for control of mild hypertension. HYPOTHESIS In addition to inhibiting the salt reabsorption in the proximal tubule, CAIs down-regulate pendrin, therefore leaving NCC as the major salt absorbing transporter in the distal nephron, and hence allowing for massive diuresis by the inhibitors of NCC in the setting of increased delivery of salt from the proximal tubule. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOLS AND RESULTS Daily treatment of rats with acetazolamide (ACTZ), a known CAI, for 10 days caused mild diuresis whereas daily treatment with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) for 4 days caused hardly any diuresis. However, treatment of rats that were pretreated with ACTZ for 6 days with a combination of ACTZ plus HCTZ for 4 additional days increased the urine output by greater than 2 fold (p<0.001, n = 5) compared to ACTZ-treated animals. Sodium excretion increased by 80% in the ACTZ plus HCTZ group and animals developed significant volume depletion, metabolic alkalosis and pre-renal failure. Molecular studies demonstrated ∼75% reduction in pendrin expression by ACTZ. The increased urine output in ACTZ/HCTZ treated rats was associated with a significant reduction in urine osmolality and reduced membrane localization of AQP-2 (aquaporin2). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that ACTZ down-regulates pendrin expression and leaves NCC as the major salt absorbing transporter in the distal nephron in the setting of increased delivery of salt from the proximal tubule. Despite being considered mild agents individually, we propose that the combination of ACTZ and HCTZ is a powerful diuretic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Center on Genetics of Transport and the Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sharon Barone
- Center on Genetics of Transport and the Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jie Xu
- Center on Genetics of Transport and the Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Center on Genetics of Transport and the Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- * E-mail:
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25
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Picard N, Trompf K, Yang CL, Miller RL, Carrel M, Loffing-Cueni D, Fenton RA, Ellison DH, Loffing J. Protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor-1 deficiency reduces phosphorylation of renal NaCl cotransporter and causes arterial hypotension. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 25:511-22. [PMID: 24231659 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012121202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) of the renal distal convoluted tubule (DCT) controls ion homeostasis and arterial BP. Loss-of-function mutations of NCC cause renal salt wasting with arterial hypotension (Gitelman syndrome). Conversely, mutations in the NCC-regulating WNK kinases or kelch-like 3 protein cause familial hyperkalemic hypertension. Here, we performed automated sorting of mouse DCTs and microarray analysis for comprehensive identification of novel DCT-enriched gene products, which may potentially regulate DCT and NCC function. This approach identified protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor-1 (I-1) as a DCT-enriched transcript, and immunohistochemistry revealed I-1 expression in mouse and human DCTs and thick ascending limbs. In heterologous expression systems, coexpression of NCC with I-1 increased thiazide-dependent Na(+) uptake, whereas RNAi-mediated knockdown of endogenous I-1 reduced NCC phosphorylation. Likewise, levels of phosphorylated NCC decreased by approximately 50% in I-1 (I-1(-/-)) knockout mice without changes in total NCC expression. The abundance and phosphorylation of other renal sodium-transporting proteins, including NaPi-IIa, NKCC2, and ENaC, did not change, although the abundance of pendrin increased in these mice. The abundance, phosphorylation, and subcellular localization of SPAK were similar in wild-type (WT) and I-1(-/-) mice. Compared with WT mice, I-1(-/-) mice exhibited significantly lower arterial BP but did not display other metabolic features of NCC dysregulation. Thus, I-1 is a DCT-enriched gene product that controls arterial BP, possibly through regulation of NCC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Picard
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Pathare G, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM, San-Cristobal P. A molecular update on pseudohypoaldosteronism type II. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1513-20. [PMID: 24107425 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00440.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The DCT (distal convoluted tubule) is the site of microregulation of water reabsorption and ion handling in the kidneys, which is mainly under the control of aldosterone. Aldosterone binds to and activates mineralocorticoid receptors, which ultimately lead to increased sodium reabsorption in the distal part of the nephron. Impairment of mineralocorticoid signal transduction results in resistance to aldosterone and mineralocorticoids, and, therefore, causes disturbances in electrolyte balance. Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) or familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) is a rare, autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by hypertension, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, elevated or low aldosterone levels, and decreased plasma renin activity. PHAII is caused by mutations in the WNK isoforms (with no lysine kinase), which regulate the Na-Cl and Na-K-Cl cotransporters (NCC and NKCC2, respectively) and the renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel in the DCT. This review focuses on new candidate genes such as KLHL3 and Cullin3, which are instrumental to unraveling novel signal transductions pathways involving NCC, to better understand the cause of PHAII along with the molecular mechanisms governing the pathophysiology of PHAII and its clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Pathare
- 286, Dept. of Physiology, Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Saritas T, Borschewski A, McCormick JA, Paliege A, Dathe C, Uchida S, Terker A, Himmerkus N, Bleich M, Demaretz S, Laghmani K, Delpire E, Ellison DH, Bachmann S, Mutig K. SPAK differentially mediates vasopressin effects on sodium cotransporters. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:407-18. [PMID: 23393317 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-)-cotransporter (NKCC2) and the Na(+)-Cl(-)-cotransporter (NCC) by vasopressin includes their phosphorylation at defined, conserved N-terminal threonine and serine residues, but the kinase pathways that mediate this action of vasopressin are not well understood. Two homologous Ste20-like kinases, SPS-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress responsive kinase (OSR1), can phosphorylate the cotransporters directly. In this process, a full-length SPAK variant and OSR1 interact with a truncated SPAK variant, which has inhibitory effects. Here, we tested whether SPAK is an essential component of the vasopressin stimulatory pathway. We administered desmopressin, a V2 receptor-specific agonist, to wild-type mice, SPAK-deficient mice, and vasopressin-deficient rats. Desmopressin induced regulatory changes in SPAK variants, but not in OSR1 to the same degree, and activated NKCC2 and NCC. Furthermore, desmopressin modulated both the full-length and truncated SPAK variants to interact with and phosphorylate NKCC2, whereas only full-length SPAK promoted the activation of NCC. In summary, these results suggest that SPAK mediates the effect of vasopressin on sodium reabsorption along the distal nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Saritas
- Department of Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Pasham V, Pathare G, Fajol A, Rexhepaj R, Michael D, Pakladok T, Alesutan I, Rotte A, Föller M, Lang F. OSR1-sensitive small intestinal Na+ transport. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G1212-9. [PMID: 23019198 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00367.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) contributes to WNK (with no K)-dependent regulation of renal tubular salt transport, renal salt excretion, and blood pressure. Little is known, however, about a role of OSR1 in the regulation of intestinal salt transport. The present study thus explored whether OSR1 is expressed in intestinal tissue and whether small intestinal Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE), small intestinal Na(+)-glucose cotransport (SGLT1), and/or colonic epithelium Na(+) channel (ENaC) differ between knockin mice carrying one allele of WNK-resistant OSR1 (osr1(+/KI)) and wild-type mice (osr1(+/+)). OSR1 protein abundance was determined by Western blotting, cytosolic pH from BCECF fluorescence, NHE activity from Na(+)-dependent realkalinization following an ammonium pulse, SGLT1 activity from glucose-induced current, and colonic ENaC activity from amiloride-sensitive transepithelial current in Ussing chamber experiments. As a result, OSR1 protein was expressed in small intestine of both osr1(+/KI) mice and osr1(+/+) mice. Daily fecal Na(+), K(+), and H(2)O excretion and jejunal SGLT1 activity were lower, whereas small intestinal NHE activity and colonic ENaC activity were higher in osr1(+/KI) mice than in osr1(+/+) mice. NHE3 inhibitor S-3226 significantly reduced NHE activity in both genotypes but did not abrogate the difference between the genotypes. Plasma osmolarity, serum antidiuretic hormone, plasma aldosterone, and plasma corticosterone concentrations were similar in both genotypes. Small intestinal NHE3 and colonic α-ENaC protein abundance were not significantly different between genotypes, but colonic phospho-β-ENaC (ser633) was significantly higher in osr1(+/KI) mice. In conclusion, OSR1 is expressed in intestine and partial WNK insensitivity of OSR1 increases intestinal NHE activity and colonic ENaC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkanna Pasham
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Susa K, Sohara E, Isobe K, Chiga M, Rai T, Sasaki S, Uchida S. WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC signal cascade has circadian rhythm dependent on aldosterone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:743-7. [PMID: 23044422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blood pressure and renal salt excretion show circadian rhythms. Recently, it has been clarified that clock genes regulate circadian rhythms of renal transporter expression in the kidney. Since we discovered the WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NaCl cotransporter (NCC) signal cascade, which is important for regulating salt balance and blood pressure, we have sought to determine whether NCC protein expression or phosphorylation shows diurnal rhythms in the mouse kidneys. Male C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed every 4h (at 20:00, 0:00, 4:00, 8:00, 12:00, and 16:00), and the expression and phosphorylation of WNK4, OSR1, SPAK, and NCC were determined by immunoblot. (Lights were turned on at 8:00, which was the start of the rest period, and turned off at 20:00, which was the start of the active period, since mice are nocturnal.) Although expression levels of each protein did not show diurnal rhythm, the phosphorylation levels of OSR1, SPAK, and NCC were increased around the start of the active period and decreased around the start of the rest period. Oral administration of eplerenone (10mg/day) attenuated the phosphorylation levels of these proteins and also diminished the diurnal rhythm of NCC phosphorylation. Thus, the activity of the WNK4-OSR1/SPAK-NCC cascade was shown to have a diurnal rhythm in the kidney that may be governed by aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Susa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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30
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Susa K, Kita S, Iwamoto T, Yang SS, Lin SH, Ohta A, Sohara E, Rai T, Sasaki S, Alessi DR, Uchida S. Effect of heterozygous deletion of WNK1 on the WNK-OSR1/ SPAK-NCC/NKCC1/NKCC2 signal cascade in the kidney and blood vessels. Clin Exp Nephrol 2012; 16:530-8. [PMID: 22294159 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-012-0590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We found that a mechanism of hypertension in pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) caused by a WNK4 missense mutation (D561A) was activation of the WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC signal cascade. However, the pathogenic effect of intronic deletions in WNK1 genes also observed in PHAII patients remains unclear. To understand the pathophysiological roles of WNK1 in vivo, WNK1(+/-)mice have been analyzed, because homozygous WNK1 knockout is embryonic lethal. Although WNK1(+/-) mice have been reported to have hypotension, detailed analyses of the WNK signal cascade in the kidney and other organs of WNK1(+/-) mice have not been performed. METHOD We assess the effect of heterozygous deletion of WNK1 on the WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC/NKCC1/NKCC2 signal cascade in the kidney and blood vessels. RESULTS Contrary to the previous report, the blood pressure of WNK1(+/-) mice was not decreased, even under a low-salt diet. Under a WNK4(D561A/+) background, the heterozygous deletion of the WNK1 gene did not reduce the high blood pressure either. We then evaluated the phosphorylation status of OSR1, SPAK, NCC, NKCC1, and NKCC2 in the kidney, but no significant decrease in the phosphorylation was observed in WNK1(+/-) mice or WNK1(+/-)WNK4(D561A/+) mice. In contrast, a significant decrease in NKCC1 phosphorylation in the aorta and a decreased pressure-induced myogenic response in the mesenteric arteries were observed in WNK1(+/-) mice. CONCLUSION The contribution of WNK1 to total WNK kinase activity in the kidney may be small, but that WNK1 may play a substantial role in the regulation of blood pressure in the arteries.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Blood Vessels/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Gene Deletion
- Heterozygote
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Kidney/blood supply
- Kidney/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Pseudohypoaldosteronism/physiopathology
- Receptors, Drug/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters/physiology
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 1
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3
- Symporters/physiology
- WNK Lysine-Deficient Protein Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Susa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
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31
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Hossain Khan MZ, Sohara E, Ohta A, Chiga M, Inoue Y, Isobe K, Wakabayashi M, Oi K, Rai T, Sasaki S, Uchida S. Phosphorylation of Na-Cl cotransporter by OSR1 and SPAK kinases regulates its ubiquitination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:456-61. [PMID: 22846565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) is phosphorylated in its amino terminus based on salt intake under the regulation of the WNK-OSR1/SPAK kinase cascade. We have observed that total protein abundance of NCC and its apical membrane expression varies in the kidney based on the phosphorylation status. To clarify the mechanism, we examined NCC ubiquitination status in mice fed low, normal and high salt diets, as well as in a model mouse of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) where NCC phosphorylation is constitutively elevated. Low-salt diet decreased NCC ubiquitination, while high-salt diet increased NCC ubiquitination in the kidney, and this was inversely correlated with total and phosphorylated NCC abundance. In the PHAII model, the ubiquitination of NCC in kidney was also lower when compared to that in wild-type littermates. To evaluate the relationship between phosphorylation and ubiquitination of NCC, we expressed wild-type, phospho-deficient and -mimicking NCC in COS7 cells, and the ubiquitination of immunoprecipitated total and biotinylated surface NCC was evaluated. NCC ubiquitination was increased in the phospho-deficient NCC and decreased in phospho-mimicking NCC in both total and surface NCC. Thus, we demonstrated that NCC phosphorylation decreased NCC ubiquitination, which may contribute to the increase of NCC abundance mostly on plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zakir Hossain Khan
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Pasham V, Rotte A, Yang W, Zelenak C, Bhandaru M, Föller M, Lang F. OSR1-sensitive regulation of Na+/H+ exchanger activity in dendritic cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C416-26. [PMID: 22648948 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00420.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) is activated by WNK (with no K kinases) and in turn stimulates the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) and the furosemide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC), thus contributing to transport and cell volume regulation. Little is known about extrarenal functions of OSR1. The present study analyzed the impact of decreased OSR1 activity on the function of dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells linking innate and adaptive immunity. DCs were cultured from bone marrow of heterozygous WNK-resistant OSR1 knockin mice (osr(KI)) and wild-type mice (osr(WT)). Cell volume was estimated from forward scatter in FACS analysis, ROS production from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate fluorescence, cytosolic pH (pH(i)) from 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein fluorescence, and Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity from Na(+)-dependent realkalinization following ammonium pulse and migration utilizing transwell chambers. DCs expressed WNK1, WNK3, NCC, NKCC1, and OSR1. Phosphorylated NKCC1 was reduced in osr(KI) DCs. Cell volume and pH(i) were similar in osr(KI) and osr(WT) DCs, but Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity and ROS production were higher in osr(KI) than in osr(WT) DCs. Before LPS treatment, migration was similar in osr(KI) and osr(WT) DCs. LPS (1 μg/ml), however, increased migration of osr(WT) DCs but not of osr(KI) DCs. Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 inhibitor cariporide (10 μM) decreased cell volume, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity, and pH(i) to a greater extent in osr(KI) than in osr(WT) DCs. LPS increased cell volume, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity, and ROS formation in osr(WT) DCs but not in osr(KI) DCs and blunted the difference between osr(KI) and osr(WT) DCs. Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity in osr(WT) DCs was increased by the NKCC1 inhibitor furosemide (100 nM) to values similar to those in osr(KI) DCs. Oxidative stress (10 μM tert-butyl-hydroperoxide) increased Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity in osr(WT) DCs but not in osr(KI) DCs and reversed the difference between genotypes. Cariporide virtually abrogated Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity in both genotypes and blunted LPS-induced cell swelling and ROS formation in osr(WT) mice. In conclusion, partial OSR1 deficiency influences Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity, ROS formation, and migration of dendritic cells.
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Chen D, Coffman TM. The Kidney and Hypertension: Lessons From Mouse Models. Can J Cardiol 2012; 28:305-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Pathar G, Föller M, Daryadel A, Mutig K, Bogatikov E, Fajol A, Almilaji A, Michael D, Stange G, Voelkl J, Wagner CA, Bachmann S, Lang F. OSR1-Sensitive Renal Tubular Phosphate Reabsorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 36:149-61. [DOI: 10.1159/000343405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kostakis ID, Cholidou KG, Perrea D. Syndromes of impaired ion handling in the distal nephron: pseudohypoaldosteronism and familial hyperkalemic hypertension. Hormones (Athens) 2012; 11:31-53. [PMID: 22450343 DOI: 10.1007/bf03401536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The distal nephron, which is the site of the micro-regulation of water absorption and ion handling in the kidneys, is under the control of aldosterone. Impairment of the mineralocorticoid signal transduction pathway results in resistance to the action of aldosterone and of mineralocorticoids in general. Herein, we review two syndromes in which ion handling in the distal nephron is impaired: pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) and familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHH). PHA is a rare inherited syndrome characterized by mineralocorticoid resistance, which leads to salt loss, hypotension, hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis. There are two types of this syndrome: a renal (autosomal dominant) type due to mutations of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and a systemic (autosomal recessive) type due to mutations of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). There is also a transient form of PHA, which may be due to urinary tract infections, obstructive uropathy or several medications. FHH is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome, characterized by salt retention, hypertension, hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis. In FHH, mutations of WNK (with-no-lysine kinase) 4 and 1 alter the activity of several ion transportation systems in the distal nephron. The study of the pathophysiology of PHA and FHH greatly elucidated our understanding of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system function and ion handling in the distal nephron. The physiological role of the distal nephron and the pathophysiology of diseases in which the renal tubule is implicated may hence be better understood and, based on this understanding, new drugs can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Kostakis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research N.S. Christeas, National and Kapodistrian University, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:106-18. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834ee42b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pathare G, Föller M, Michael D, Walker B, Hierlmeier M, Mannheim JG, Pichler BJ, Lang F. Enhanced FGF23 Serum Concentrations and Phosphaturia in Gene Targeted Mice Expressing WNK-Resistant Spak. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 36:355-64. [DOI: 10.1159/000343393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kraja AT, Hunt SC, Rao DC, Dávila-Román VG, Arnett DK, Province MA. Genetics of hypertension and cardiovascular disease and their interconnected pathways: lessons from large studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13:46-54. [PMID: 21128019 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-010-0174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP), hypertension (HT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are common complex phenotypes, which are affected by multiple genetic and environmental factors. This article describes recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that have reported causative variants for BP/HT and CVD/heart traits and analyzes the overlapping associated gene polymorphisms. It also examines potential replication of findings from the HyperGEN data on African Americans and whites. Several genes involved in BP/HT regulation also appear to be involved in CVD. A better picture is emerging, with overlapping hot-spot regions and with interconnected pathways between BP/HT and CVD. A systemic approach to full understanding of BP/HT and CVD development and their progression to disease may lead to the identification of gene targets and pathways for the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldi T Kraja
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Chiga M, Rafiqi FH, Alessi DR, Sohara E, Ohta A, Rai T, Sasaki S, Uchida S. Phenotypes of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II caused by the WNK4 D561A missense mutation are dependent on the WNK-OSR1/SPAK kinase cascade. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1391-5. [PMID: 21486947 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.084111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported increased phosphorylation of the NaCl cotransporter (NCC) in Wnk4(D561A/+) knock-in mice, an ideal model of the human hereditary hypertensive disease pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII). Although previous in vitro studies had suggested the existence of a phosphorylation cascade involving the WNK, OSR1 and SPAK kinases, whether the WNK-OSR1/SPAK cascade is in fact fully responsible for NCC phosphorylation in vivo and whether the activation of this cascade is the sole mediator of PHAII remained to be determined. To clarify these issues, we mated the Wnk4(D561A/+) knock-in mice with Spak and Osr1 knock-in mice in which the T-loop threonine residues in SPAK and OSR1 (243 and 185, respectively) were mutated to alanine to prevent activation by WNK kinases. We found that NCC phosphorylation was almost completely abolished in Wnk4(D561A/+)Spak(T)(243A/T243A)Osr1(T185A/+) triple knock-in mice, clearly demonstrating that NCC phosphorylation in vivo is dependent on the WNK-OSR1/SPAK cascade. In addition, the high blood pressure, hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis observed in Wnk4(D561A/+) mice were corrected in the triple knock-in mice. These results clearly establish that PHAII caused by the WNK4 D561A mutation is dependent on the activation of the WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC cascade and that the contribution of other mechanisms to PHAII (independent of the WNK-OSR1/SPAK cascade) could be minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Chiga
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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