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Waddingham MT, Tsuchimochi H, Sonobe T, Asano R, Jin H, Ow CPC, Schwenke DO, Katare R, Aoyama K, Umetani K, Hoshino M, Uesugi K, Shirai M, Ogo T, Pearson JT. Using Synchrotron Radiation Imaging Techniques to Elucidate the Actions of Hexarelin in the Heart of Small Animal Models. Front Physiol 2022; 12:766818. [PMID: 35126171 PMCID: PMC8814524 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.766818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of the conventional techniques that are utilized for investigating the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in preclinical animal models do not permit microlevel assessment of in situ cardiomyocyte and microvascular functions. Therefore, it has been difficult to establish whether cardiac dysfunction in complex multiorgan disease states, such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension, have their origins in microvascular dysfunction or rather in the cardiomyocyte. Herein, we describe our approach of utilizing synchrotron radiation microangiography to, first, ascertain whether the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) hexarelin is a vasodilator in the coronary circulation of normal and anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, and next investigate if hexarelin is able to prevent the pathogenesis of right ventricle (RV) dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension in the sugen chronic hypoxia model rat. We show that acute hexarelin administration evokes coronary microvascular dilation through GHS-receptor 1a and nitric oxide, and through endothelium-derived hyperpolarization. Previous work indicated that chronic exogenous administration of ghrelin largely prevented the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in chronic hypoxia and in monocrotaline models. Unexpectedly, chronic hexarelin administration prior to sugen chronic hypoxia did not prevent RV hypertrophy or RV cardiomyocyte relaxation impairment. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that super relaxed myosin filaments contributed to diastolic dysfunction, and that length-dependent activation might contribute to sustained contractility of the RV. Thus, synchrotron-based imaging approaches can reveal novel insights into cardiac and coronary functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T. Waddingham
- Department of Advanced Medical Research for Pulmonary Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Takashi Sonobe
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Asano
- Department of Advanced Medical Research for Pulmonary Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Huiling Jin
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Connie P. C. Ow
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Daryl O. Schwenke
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Heart Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Heart Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kohki Aoyama
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Harima, Japan
| | - Keiji Umetani
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Harima, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshino
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Harima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Harima, Japan
| | - Mikiyasu Shirai
- Department of Advanced Medical Research for Pulmonary Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ogo
- Department of Advanced Medical Research for Pulmonary Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - James T. Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: James T. Pearson
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Qiu J, Ma C, Dai W, Fang E, Li W, Yang F. Ghrelin attenuates transforming growth factor-β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis via the miR-125a-5p/Kruppel-like factor 13 axis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 715:109082. [PMID: 34767797 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a severe condition with limited therapeutic options and characterized by increased fibroblast activation and progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix. Ghrelin, a gastrointestinal hormone, has been reported to possess protective roles in lung diseases including pulmonary fibrosis. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the protective effects of ghrelin remain unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of ghrelin on transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo and the possible mechanism of action. It was found that ghrelin significantly attenuated TGF-β1-induced fibrotic responses in human lung fibroblast (IMR-90) cells and bleomycin (BLM)-induced fibrotic lung tissues. Meanwhile, ghrelin decreased the expressions of miR-125a-5p and phosphorylated smad2/3 and increased protein expressions of Kruppel-like factor 13 (KLF13) in vivo and in vitro. Ghrelin-induced anti-fibrotic effects and smad2/3 downregulation in TGF-β1-stimulated IMR-90 cells were markedly reversed by miR-125a-5p mimics and KLF13 siRNA. Furthermore, miR-125a-5p directly targeted KLF13 in IMR-90 cells. Our findings suggest that ghrelin attenuates TGF-β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis via the miR-125a-5p/KLF13 axis, which supports ghrelin as a new therapeutic agent against pulmonary fibrosis by antagonizing the TGF-β1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qiu
- Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, No. 278, Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatic Respiratory Diseases of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, No. 278, Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu , 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunlan Ma
- Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, No. 278, Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatic Respiratory Diseases of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, No. 278, Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu , 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjing Dai
- Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, No. 278, Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatic Respiratory Diseases of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, No. 278, Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu , 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Enrong Fang
- Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, No. 278, Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatic Respiratory Diseases of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, No. 278, Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu , 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Wancheng Li
- Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, No. 278, Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatic Respiratory Diseases of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, No. 278, Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu , 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, No. 278, Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatic Respiratory Diseases of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, No. 278, Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu , 610500, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Norvik C, Westöö CK, Peruzzi N, Lovric G, van der Have O, Mokso R, Jeremiasen I, Brunnström H, Galambos C, Bech M, Tran-Lundmark K. Synchrotron-based phase-contrast micro-CT as a tool for understanding pulmonary vascular pathobiology and the 3-D microanatomy of alveolar capillary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 318:L65-L75. [PMID: 31596108 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00103.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the value of synchrotron-based phase-contrast microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) in pulmonary vascular pathobiology. The microanatomy of the lung is complex with intricate branching patterns. Tissue sections are therefore difficult to interpret. Recruited intrapulmonary bronchopulmonary anastomoses (IBAs) have been described in several forms of pulmonary hypertension, including alveolar capillary dysplasia with misaligned pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV). Here, we examine paraffin-embedded tissue using this nondestructive method for high-resolution three-dimensional imaging. Blocks of healthy and ACD/MPV lung tissue were used. Pulmonary and bronchial arteries in the ACD/MPV block had been preinjected with dye. One section per block was stained, and areas of interest were marked to allow precise beam-alignment during image acquisition at the X02DA TOMCAT beamline (Swiss Light Source). A ×4 magnifying objective coupled to a 20-µm thick scintillating material and a sCMOS detector yielded the best trade-off between spatial resolution and field-of-view. A phase retrieval algorithm was applied and virtual tomographic slices and video clips of the imaged volumes were produced. Dye injections generated a distinct attenuation difference between vessels and surrounding tissue, facilitating segmentation and three-dimensional rendering. Histology and immunohistochemistry post-imaging offered complementary information. IBAs were confirmed in ACD/MPV, and the MPVs were positioned like bronchial veins/venules. We demonstrate the advantages of using synchrotron-based phase-contrast micro-CT for three-dimensional characterization of pulmonary microvascular anatomy in paraffin-embedded tissue. Vascular dye injections add additional value. We confirm intrapulmonary shunting in ACD/MPV and provide support for the hypothesis that MPVs are dilated bronchial veins/venules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Norvik
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Niccolò Peruzzi
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Goran Lovric
- Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Oscar van der Have
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ida Jeremiasen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Brunnström
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Csaba Galambos
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Martin Bech
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Pearson JT, Shirai M, Sukumaran V, Du CK, Tsuchimochi H, Sonobe T, Waddingham MT, Katare R, Schwenke DO. Ghrelin and vascular protection. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 1:H97-H102. [PMID: 32923960 PMCID: PMC7439925 DOI: 10.1530/vb-19-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a small peptide with important roles in the regulation of appetite, gut motility, glucose homeostasis as well as cardiovascular protection. This review highlights the role that acyl ghrelin plays in maintaining normal endothelial function by maintaining the balance of vasodilator-vasoconstrictor factors, inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production and immune cell recruitment to sites of vascular injury and by promoting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mikiyasu Shirai
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vijayakumar Sukumaran
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cheng-Kun Du
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Sonobe
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mark T Waddingham
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Daryl O Schwenke
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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5
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Colldén G, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the Ghrelin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040798. [PMID: 28398233 PMCID: PMC5412382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth-hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a). Since then, ghrelin has been found to exert a plethora of physiological effects that go far beyond its initial characterization as a growth hormone (GH) secretagogue. Among the numerous well-established effects of ghrelin are the stimulation of appetite and lipid accumulation, the modulation of immunity and inflammation, the stimulation of gastric motility, the improvement of cardiac performance, the modulation of stress, anxiety, taste sensation and reward-seeking behavior, as well as the regulation of glucose metabolism and thermogenesis. Due to a variety of beneficial effects on systems’ metabolism, pharmacological targeting of the endogenous ghrelin system is widely considered a valuable approach to treat metabolic complications, such as chronic inflammation, gastroparesis or cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia. The aim of this review is to discuss and highlight the broad pharmacological potential of ghrelin pathway modulation for the treatment of anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, cardiopathy, neurodegenerative disorders, renal and pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, inflammatory disorders and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Colldén
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Business Campus Garching-Hochbrück, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Abstract
Ghrelin is a small peptide released primarily from the stomach. It is a potent stimulator of growth hormone secretion from the pituitary gland and is well known for its regulation of metabolism and appetite. There is also a strong relationship between ghrelin and the cardiovascular system. Ghrelin receptors are present throughout the heart and vasculature and have been linked with molecular pathways, including, but not limited to, the regulation of intracellular calcium concentration, inhibition of proapoptotic cascades, and protection against oxidative damage. Ghrelin shows robust cardioprotective effects including enhancing endothelial and vascular function, preventing atherosclerosis, inhibiting sympathetic drive, and decreasing blood pressure. After myocardial infarction, exogenous administration of ghrelin preserves cardiac function, reduces the incidence of fatal arrhythmias, and attenuates apoptosis and ventricular remodeling, leading to improvements in heart failure. It ameliorates cachexia in end-stage congestive heart failure patients and has shown clinical benefit in pulmonary hypertension. Nonetheless, since ghrelin's discovery is relatively recent, there remains a substantial amount of research needed to fully understand its clinical significance in cardiovascular disease.
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Kim HJ, Yoo HY. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular contractility in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertensive rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:641-647. [PMID: 27847441 PMCID: PMC5106398 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.6.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by vascular remodeling of pulmonary arteries (PAs) and increased vascular resistance in the lung. Monocrotaline (MCT), a toxic alkaloid, is widely used for developing rat models of PAH caused by injury to pulmonary endothelial cells; however, characteristics of vascular functions in MCT-induced PAH vary and are not fully understood. Here, we investigated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) responses and effects of various vasoconstrictors with isolated/perfused lungs of MCT-induced PAH (PAH-MCT) rats. Using hematoxylin and eosin staining, we confirmed vascular remodeling (i.e., medial thickening of PA) and right ventricle hypertrophy in PAH-MCT rats. The basal pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and PAP increase by a raised flow rate (40 mL/min) were higher in the PAH-MCT than in the control rats. In addition, both high K+ (40 mM KCl)- and angiotensin II-induced PAP increases were higher in the PAH-MCT than in the control rats. Surprisingly, application of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), induced a marked PAP increase in the PAH-MCT rats, suggesting that endothelial functions were recovered in the three-week PAH-MCT rats. In addition, the medial thickening of the PA was similar to that in chronic hypoxia-induced PAH (PAH-CH) rats. However, the HPV response (i.e., PAP increased by acute hypoxia) was not affected in the MCT rats, whereas HPV disappeared in the PAH-CH rats. These results showed that vascular contractility and HPV remain robust in the MCT-induced PAH rat model with vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hae Young Yoo
- Chung-Ang University Red Cross College of Nursing, Seoul 06974, Korea
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Katare R, Rawal S, Munasinghe PE, Tsuchimochi H, Inagaki T, Fujii Y, Dixit P, Umetani K, Kangawa K, Shirai M, Schwenke DO. Ghrelin Promotes Functional Angiogenesis in a Mouse Model of Critical Limb Ischemia Through Activation of Proangiogenic MicroRNAs. Endocrinology 2016; 157:432-45. [PMID: 26672806 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of critical limb ischemia (CLI) have only limited success. Recent in vitro evidence in the literature, using cell lines, proposes that the peptide hormone ghrelin may have angiogenic properties. In this study, we aim to investigate if ghrelin could promote postischemic angiogenesis in a mouse model of CLI and, further, identify the mechanistic pathway(s) that underpin ghrelin's proangiogenic properties. CLI was induced in male CD1 mice by femoral artery ligation. Animals were then randomized to receive either vehicle or acylated ghrelin (150 μg/kg sc) for 14 consecutive days. Subsequently, synchrotron radiation microangiography was used to assess hindlimb perfusion. Subsequent tissue samples were collected for molecular and histological analysis. Ghrelin treatment markedly improved limb perfusion by promoting the generation of new capillaries and arterioles (internal diameter less than 50 μm) within the ischemic hindlimb that were both structurally and functionally normal; evident by robust endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine. Molecular analysis revealed that ghrelin's angiogenic properties were linked to activation of prosurvival Akt/vascular endothelial growth factor/Bcl-2 signaling cascade, thus reducing the apoptotic cell death and subsequent fibrosis. Further, ghrelin treatment activated proangiogenic (miR-126 and miR-132) and antifibrotic (miR-30a) microRNAs (miRs) while inhibiting antiangiogenic (miR-92a and miR-206) miRs. Importantly, in vitro knockdown of key proangiogenic miRs (miR-126 and miR-132) inhibited the angiogenic potential of ghrelin. These results therefore suggest that clinical use of ghrelin for the early treatment of CLI may be a promising and potent inducer of reparative vascularization through modulation of key molecular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago (R.K., S.R., P.E.M., P.D., D.O.S.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand; Department of Cardiac Physiology (H.T., T.I., Y.F., M.S.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (K.U.), Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan; and Director (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Shruti Rawal
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago (R.K., S.R., P.E.M., P.D., D.O.S.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand; Department of Cardiac Physiology (H.T., T.I., Y.F., M.S.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (K.U.), Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan; and Director (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Pujika Emani Munasinghe
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago (R.K., S.R., P.E.M., P.D., D.O.S.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand; Department of Cardiac Physiology (H.T., T.I., Y.F., M.S.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (K.U.), Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan; and Director (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago (R.K., S.R., P.E.M., P.D., D.O.S.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand; Department of Cardiac Physiology (H.T., T.I., Y.F., M.S.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (K.U.), Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan; and Director (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Tadakatsu Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago (R.K., S.R., P.E.M., P.D., D.O.S.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand; Department of Cardiac Physiology (H.T., T.I., Y.F., M.S.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (K.U.), Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan; and Director (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Yutaka Fujii
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago (R.K., S.R., P.E.M., P.D., D.O.S.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand; Department of Cardiac Physiology (H.T., T.I., Y.F., M.S.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (K.U.), Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan; and Director (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Parul Dixit
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago (R.K., S.R., P.E.M., P.D., D.O.S.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand; Department of Cardiac Physiology (H.T., T.I., Y.F., M.S.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (K.U.), Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan; and Director (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Keiji Umetani
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago (R.K., S.R., P.E.M., P.D., D.O.S.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand; Department of Cardiac Physiology (H.T., T.I., Y.F., M.S.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (K.U.), Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan; and Director (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago (R.K., S.R., P.E.M., P.D., D.O.S.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand; Department of Cardiac Physiology (H.T., T.I., Y.F., M.S.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (K.U.), Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan; and Director (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Mikiyasu Shirai
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago (R.K., S.R., P.E.M., P.D., D.O.S.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand; Department of Cardiac Physiology (H.T., T.I., Y.F., M.S.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (K.U.), Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan; and Director (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Daryl O Schwenke
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago (R.K., S.R., P.E.M., P.D., D.O.S.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand; Department of Cardiac Physiology (H.T., T.I., Y.F., M.S.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (K.U.), Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan; and Director (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
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9
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Li G, Xia J, Jia P, Zhao J, Sun Y, Wu C, Liu B. Plasma Levels of Acylated Ghrelin in Children with Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1423-8. [PMID: 25981561 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to estimate plasma levels of acylated ghrelin in children with pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) and to correlate the levels of acylated ghrelin with endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO), and clinical hemodynamic parameters. We investigated the plasma concentration of acylated ghrelin, ET-1, NO, and the hemodynamic parameters in 20 children with CHD, 20 children with PH-CHD, and 20 normal children. Plasma-acylated ghrelin and NO levels were significantly higher in CHD group than in control subjects (P < 0.001). Moreover, plasma-acylated ghrelin, ET-1, and NO levels were significantly elevated in PH-CHD group compared with the CHD group (P < 0.05). In PH-CHD children, plasma-acylated ghrelin levels correlated positively with pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP; r = 0.740, P < 0.001), pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PADP; r = 0.613, P = 0.004), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP; r = 0.642, P = 0.002), mean pulmonary arterial hypertension (mPAP; r = 0.685, P = 0.001), right ventricle diameter (RVD; r = 0.473, P = 0.035), pulmonary artery trunk diameter (PAD; r = 0.613, P = 0.004), NO (r = 0.463, P = 0.04), and ET-1 (r = 0.524, P = 0.018). Plasma-acylated ghrelin levels were elevated both in CHD and in PH-CHD. Increased acylated ghrelin levels correlated positively with ET-1, NO, PASP, PADP, RVSP, mPAP, RVD, and PAD. Acylated ghrelin may be a new biomarker of PH-CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiyi Xia
- Research Center for Drug and Functional Foods of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuqin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Changxue Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Zhang M, Peng G, Sun D, Xie Y, Xia J, Long H, Hu K, Xiao B. Synchrotron radiation imaging is a powerful tool to image brain microvasculature. Med Phys 2014; 41:031907. [PMID: 24593725 DOI: 10.1118/1.4865784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation (SR) imaging is a powerful experimental tool for micrometer-scale imaging of microcirculation in vivo. This review discusses recent methodological advances and findings from morphological investigations of cerebral vascular networks during several neurovascular pathologies. In particular, it describes recent developments in SR microangiography for real-time assessment of the brain microvasculature under various pathological conditions in small animal models. It also covers studies that employed SR-based phase-contrast imaging to acquire 3D brain images and provide detailed maps of brain vasculature. In addition, a brief introduction of SR technology and current limitations of SR sources are described in this review. In the near future, SR imaging could transform into a common and informative imaging modality to resolve subtle details of cerebrovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanyun Peng
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
| | - Danni Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
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Shirai M, Tsuchimochi H, Nagai H, Gray E, Pearson JT, Sonobe T, Yoshimoto M, Inagaki T, Fujii Y, Umetani K, Kuwahira I, Schwenke DO. Pulmonary vascular tone is dependent on the central modulation of sympathetic nerve activity following chronic intermittent hypoxia. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 109:432. [PMID: 25139633 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) provokes a centrally mediated increase in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). Although this sympathetic hyperexcitation has been linked to systemic hypertension, its effect on the pulmonary vasculature is unclear. This study aimed to assess IH-mediated sympathetic excitation in modulating pulmonary vasculature tone, particularly acute hypoxia vasoconstrictor response (HPV), and the central β-adrenergic signaling pathway for facilitating the increase in SNA. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to IH (cycle of 4% O2 for 90 s/air for 90 s) for 8 h/day for 6 weeks. Subsequently, rats were anesthetized and either pulmonary SNA was recorded (electrophysiology), or the pulmonary vasculature was visualized using microangiography. Pulmonary sympathetic and vascular responses to acute hypoxia were assessed before and after central β1-adrenergic receptor blockade (Metoprolol, 200 nmol i.c.v.). Chronic IH increased baseline SNA (110% increase), and exacerbated the sympathetic response to acute hypoxia. Moreover, the magnitude of HPV in IH rats was blunted compared to control rats (e.g., 10 and 20% vasoconstriction, respectively). In only the IH rats, β1-receptor blockade with metoprolol attenuated the hypoxia-induced increase in pSNA and exacerbated the magnitude of acute HPV, so that both sympathetic and HPV responses were similar to that of control rats. Interestingly, the expression of β1-receptors within the brainstem was similar between both control and IH rats. These results suggest that the centrally mediated increase in SNA following IH acts to blunt the local vasoconstrictor effect of acute hypoxia, which reflects an inherent difference between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor actions of SNA in pulmonary and systemic circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiyasu Shirai
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Yang D, Liu Z, Yang Z. Ghrelin and its relation with N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide, endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in patients with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Cardiology 2013; 124:241-5. [PMID: 23571554 DOI: 10.1159/000348368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate ghrelin levels in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and the association of ghrelin with N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (N-BNP), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO). METHODS Plasma ghrelin, N-BNP, ET-1 and NO were measured, and echocardiography was performed in 20 IPAH patients and in 20 control subjects matched for age, sex and body mass index. RESULTS Plasma ghrelin and NT-proBNP levels were significantly higher in IPAH patients compared with values in control subjects (p < 0.05). In IPAH patients, ghrelin levels correlated positively with N-BNP (r = 0.616, p = 0.004), NO (r = 0.464, p = 0.039), right ventricle diameter (RVD; r = 0.485, p = 0.030) and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP; r = 0.591, p = 0.006). N-BNP levels correlated positively with RVD (r = 0.551, p = 0.012) and ET-1 (r = 0.451, p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS Plasma ghrelin levels were elevated in IPAH. Increased ghrelin levels correlated positively with N-BNP, PASP, RVD and NO, and N-BNP levels correlated positively with RVD and ET-1. Pulmonary vascular pathology is a complex imbalance of opposing forces. Ghrelin may not only provide a novel prognostic biomarker for IPAH but also be a potential new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Yang D, Liu Z, Zhang H, Luo Q. Ghrelin protects human pulmonary artery endothelial cells against hypoxia-induced injury via PI3-kinase/Akt. Peptides 2013; 42:112-7. [PMID: 23391508 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial injury and diminished NO release induced by hypoxia is thought to be a critical factor in the development of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Ghrelin (Ghr) is a well-characterized hormone and has protective effects on the cardiovascular system, specifically by promoting the vascular endothelial cell function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the Ghr on the hypoxia-induced injury in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) and on the involved transduction pathway. Effects were investigated by treating cells with varying concentrations of Ghr in the absence or presence of inhibitors that target phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), in normoxic or hypoxic conditions for 24h. Our results indicated that the treatment with 10(-7) mol/l Ghr significantly enhanced cell viability (P<0.05, n=5) and upregulated the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax under hypoxic condition (P<0.05, n=4), as compared with the hypoxic condition alone. However, an addition of the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 inhibited these Ghr-mediated effects. Moreover, the Ghr (10(-7)mol/l) significantly increased NO secretion and eNOS phosphorylation in comparison with the hypoxia or normoxia alone group (P<0.05, n=4). Nevertheless, the treatment with LY294002 (20 μmol/l) decreased the Ghr-induced NO release as well as the eNOS activity. In conclusion, the Ghr could inhibit hypoxia-mediated HPAECs dysfunction via the PI3K/Akt pathway, and the bcl-2/bax ratio was also involved in the protective action of the Ghr in HPAECs. As such, the Ghr demonstrates a significant potential to prevent and treat PAH affected by the endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Shirai M, Schwenke DO, Tsuchimochi H, Umetani K, Yagi N, Pearson JT. Synchrotron radiation imaging for advancing our understanding of cardiovascular function. Circ Res 2013; 112:209-21. [PMID: 23287456 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.300096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation (SR) is increasingly being used for micro-level and nano-level functional imaging in in vivo animal experiments. This review focuses on the methodology that enables repeated and regional assessment of vessel internal diameter and flow in the resistance vessels of different organ systems. In particular, SR absorption microangiography approaches offer unique opportunities for real-time in vivo vascular imaging in small animals, even during dynamic motion of the heart and lungs. We also describe recent progress in the translation of multiple phase-contrast imaging techniques from ex vivo to in vivo small-animal studies. Furthermore, we also review the utility of SR for multiple pinpoint (dimensions 0.2×0.2 mm) assessments of myocardial function at the cross-bridge level in different regions of the heart using small-angle X-ray scattering, resulting from increases in SR flux at modern facilities. Finally, we present cases for the use of complementary SR approaches to study cardiovascular function, particularly the pathological changes associated with disease using small-animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiyasu Shirai
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan.
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Juul SE, McPherson RJ, Bammler TK, Wilkerson J, Beyer RP, Farin FM. Recombinant Erythropoietin Is Neuroprotective in a Novel Mouse Oxidative Injury Model. Dev Neurosci 2008; 30:231-42. [DOI: 10.1159/000110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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