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Zhang H, Zhu Z, Ma WX, Kong LX, Yuan PC, Bu LF, Han J, Huang ZL, Wang YQ. The contribution of periaqueductal gray in the regulation of physiological and pathological behaviors. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1380171. [PMID: 38650618 PMCID: PMC11034386 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1380171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Periaqueductal gray (PAG), an integration center for neuronal signals, is located in the midbrain and regulates multiple physiological and pathological behaviors, including pain, defensive and aggressive behaviors, anxiety and depression, cardiovascular response, respiration, and sleep-wake behaviors. Due to the different neuroanatomical connections and functional characteristics of the four functional columns of PAG, different subregions of PAG synergistically regulate various instinctual behaviors. In the current review, we summarized the role and possible neurobiological mechanism of different subregions of PAG in the regulation of pain, defensive and aggressive behaviors, anxiety, and depression from the perspective of the up-down neuronal circuits of PAG. Furthermore, we proposed the potential clinical applications of PAG. Knowledge of these aspects will give us a better understanding of the key role of PAG in physiological and pathological behaviors and provide directions for future clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Xi Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Chuan Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Li-Fang Bu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Han
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Qun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Turk AZ, Millwater M, SheikhBahaei S. Whole-brain analysis of CO 2 chemosensitive regions and identification of the retrotrapezoid and medullary raphé nuclei in the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.26.558361. [PMID: 37986845 PMCID: PMC10659419 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.558361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory chemosensitivity is an important mechanism by which the brain senses changes in blood partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2). It is proposed that special neurons (and astrocytes) in various brainstem regions play key roles as CO2 central respiratory chemosensors in rodents. Although common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), New-World non-human primates, show similar respiratory responses to elevated inspired CO2 as rodents, the chemosensitive regions in marmoset brain have not been defined yet. Here, we used c-fos immunostainings to identify brain-wide CO2-activated brain regions in common marmosets. In addition, we mapped the location of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and raphé nuclei in the marmoset brainstem based on colocalization of CO2-induced c-fos immunoreactivity with Phox2b, and TPH immunostaining, respectively. Our data also indicated that, similar to rodents, marmoset RTN astrocytes express Phox2b and have complex processes that create a meshwork structure at the ventral surface of medulla. Our data highlight some cellular and structural regional similarities in brainstem of the common marmosets and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Z. Turk
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Marissa Millwater
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Shahriar SheikhBahaei
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
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3
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Lopes LT, Canto-de-Souza L, Baptista-de-Souza D, de Souza RR, Nunes-de-Souza RL, Canto-de-Souza A. The interplay between 5-HT 2C and 5-HT 3A receptors in the dorsal periaqueductal gray mediates anxiety-like behavior in mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113588. [PMID: 34547341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) modulates anxiety by its activity on 5-HT2C receptors (5-HT2CR) expressed in the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG). Here, we investigated the presence of 5-HT3A receptors (5-HT3AR) in the dPAG, and the interplay between 5-HT2CR and 5-HT3AR in the dPAG in mediating anxiety-like behavior in mice. We found that 5-HT3AR is expressed in the dPAG and the blockade of these receptors using intra-dPAG infusion of ondansetron (5-HT3AR antagonist; 3.0 nmol) induced an anxiogenic-like effect. The activation of 5-HT3ABR by the infusion of mCPBG [1-(m-Chlorophenyl)-biguanide; 5-HT3R agonist] did not alter anxiety-like behaviors. In addition, blockade of 5-HT3AR (1.0 nmol) prevented the anxiolytic-like effect induced by the infusion of the 5-HT2CR agonist mCPP (1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine; 0.03 nmol). None of the treatment effects on anxiety-like behaviors altered the locomotor activity levels. The present results suggest that the anxiolytic-like effect exerted by serotonin activity on 5-HT2CR in the dPAG is modulated by 5-HT3AR expressed in same region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Tenorio Lopes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Lucas Canto-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavioral Institute, Av. do Café, 2.450, 14050-220 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Baptista-de-Souza
- Psychobiology Group/Department of Psychology/CECH-UFSCar, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavioral Institute, Av. do Café, 2.450, 14050-220 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rimenez Rodrigues de Souza
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States.
| | - Ricardo L Nunes-de-Souza
- Psychobiology Group/Department of Psychology/CECH-UFSCar, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences UFSCar/UNESP, Rod. Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavioral Institute, Av. do Café, 2.450, 14050-220 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Azair Canto-de-Souza
- Psychobiology Group/Department of Psychology/CECH-UFSCar, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences UFSCar/UNESP, Rod. Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychology UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavioral Institute, Av. do Café, 2.450, 14050-220 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Di Lascio S, Benfante R, Cardani S, Fornasari D. Research Advances on Therapeutic Approaches to Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS). Front Neurosci 2021; 14:615666. [PMID: 33510615 PMCID: PMC7835644 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.615666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a genetic disorder of neurodevelopment, with an autosomal dominant transmission, caused by heterozygous mutations in the PHOX2B gene. CCHS is a rare disorder characterized by hypoventilation due to the failure of autonomic control of breathing. Until now no curative treatment has been found. PHOX2B is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the development (and maintenance) of the autonomic nervous system, and in particular the neuronal structures involved in respiratory reflexes. The underlying pathogenetic mechanism is still unclear, although studies in vivo and in CCHS patients indicate that some neuronal structures may be damaged. Moreover, in vitro experimental data suggest that transcriptional dysregulation and protein misfolding may be key pathogenic mechanisms. This review summarizes latest researches that improved the comprehension of the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for CCHS and discusses the search for therapeutic intervention in light of the current knowledge about PHOX2B function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Lascio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Benfante
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,NeuroMi-Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cardani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Fornasari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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5
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Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize evidence regarding rat emotional experiences during carbon dioxide (CO2) exposure. The studies reviewed show that CO2 exposure is aversive to rats, and that rats respond to CO2 exposure with active and passive defense behaviors. Plasma corticosterone and bradycardia increased in rats exposed to CO2. As with anxiogenic drugs, responses to CO2 are counteracted by the administration of anxiolytics, SRIs, and SSRI's. Human studies reviewed indicate that, when inhaling CO2, humans experience feelings of anxiety fear and panic, and that administration of benzodiazepines, serotonin precursors, and SSRIs ameliorate these feelings. In vivo and in vitro rat studies reviewed show that brain regions, ion channels, and neurotransmitters involved in negative emotional responses are activated by hypercapnia and acidosis associated with CO2 exposure. On the basis of the behavioral, physiological, and neurobiological evidence reviewed, we conclude that CO2 elicits negative emotions in rats.
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6
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Loiseau C, Casciato A, Barka B, Cayetanot F, Bodineau L. Orexin Neurons Contribute to Central Modulation of Respiratory Drive by Progestins on ex vivo Newborn Rodent Preparations. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1200. [PMID: 31611806 PMCID: PMC6776592 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of central respiratory CO2/H+ chemosensitivity is a pivotal factor that elicits deep hypoventilation in patients suffering from central hypoventilation syndromes. No pharmacological treatment is currently available. The progestin desogestrel has been suggested to allow recovery of respiratory response to CO2/H+ in patients suffering from central hypoventilation, but except the fact that supramedullary regions may be involved, mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we tested in neonates whether orexin systems contribute to desogestrel’s central effects on respiratory function. Using isolated ex vivo central nervous system preparations from newborn rats, we show orexin and almorexant, an antagonist of orexin receptors, supressed strengthening of the increase in respiratory frequency induced by prolonged metabolic acidosis under exposure to etonogestrel, the active metabolite of desogestrel. In parallel, almorexant suppressed the increase and enhanced increase in c-fos expression in respiratory-related brainstem structures induced by etonogestrel. These results suggest orexin signalisation is a key component of acidosis reinforcement of respiratory drive by etonogestrel in neonates. Although stage of development used is different as that for progestin clinical observations, presents results provide clues about conditions under which desogestrel or etonogestrel may enhance ventilation in patients suffering from central hypoventilation syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Loiseau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Casciato
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Besma Barka
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Florence Cayetanot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Bodineau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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7
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Winter A, Ahlbrand R, Sah R. Recruitment of central angiotensin II type 1 receptor associated neurocircuits in carbon dioxide associated fear. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:378-386. [PMID: 30776402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with fear-associated conditions such as panic disorder (PD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) display increased emotional responses to interoceptive triggers, such as CO2 inhalation, that signal a threat to physiological homeostasis. Currently, effector systems and mechanisms underlying homeostatic modulation of fear memory are not well understood. In this regard, the renin angiotensin system (RAS), particularly the angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1R), a primary homeostatic regulatory target, has gained attention. RAS polymorphisms have been reported in PD and PTSD, and recent studies report AT1R-mediated modulation of fear extinction. However, contribution of AT1Rs in fear evoked by the interoceptive threat of CO2 has not been investigated. Using pharmacological, behavioral, and AT1R/ACE gene transcription analyses, we assessed central AT1R recruitment in CO2-associated fear. CO2 inhalation led to significant AT1R and ACE mRNA upregulation in homeostatic regulatory regions, subfornical organ (SFO) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), in a temporal manner. Intracerebroventricular infusion of selective AT1R antagonist, losartan, significantly attenuated freezing during CO2 inhalation, and during re-exposure to CO2 context, suggestive of AT1R modulation of contextual fear. Regional Fos mapping in losartan-treated mice post-behavior revealed significantly attenuated labeling in areas regulating defensive behavior, contextual fear, and threat responding; such as, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, dorsal periaqueductal gray, hypothalamic nuclei, hippocampus, and prefrontal areas such as the prelimbic, infralimbic, and anterior cingulate cortices. Sub-regions of the amygdala did not show CO2-associated AT1R regulation or altered Fos labeling. Collectively, our data suggests central AT1R recruitment in modulation of fear behaviors associated with CO2 inhalation via engagement of neurocircuits regulating homeostasis and defensive behaviors. Our data provides mechanistic insights into the interoceptive regulation of fear, relevant to fear related disorders such as PD and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Winter
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Rebecca Ahlbrand
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, United States; VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States
| | - Renu Sah
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, United States; VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States.
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8
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Lima JC, Oliveira LM, Botelho MT, Moreira TS, Takakura AC. The involvement of the pathway connecting the substantia nigra, the periaqueductal gray matter and the retrotrapezoid nucleus in breathing control in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2018; 302:46-56. [PMID: 29305892 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SNpc), accompanied by motor and non-motor deficiencies such as respiratory failure. Here, our aim was to investigate possible neuronal communications between the SNpc and chemoreceptor neurons within the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), in order to explain neurodegeneration and the loss of breathing function in the 6-OHDA PD animal model. Male Wistar rats received tracer injections in the SNpc, RTN and periaqueductal gray (PAG) regions to investigate the projections between those regions. The results showed that neurons of the SNpc project to the RTN by an indirect pathway that goes through the PAG region. In different groups of rats, reductions in the density of neuronal markers (NeuN) and the number of catecholaminergic varicosities in PAG, as well as reductions in the number of CO2-activated PAG neurons with RTN projections, were observed in a 6-OHDA model of PD. Physiological experiments showed that inhibition of the PAG by bilateral injection of muscimol did not produce resting breathing disturbances but instead reduced genioglossus (GGEMG) and abdominal (AbdEMG) muscle activity amplitude induced by hypercapnia in control rats that were urethane-anesthetized, vagotomized, and artificially ventilated. However, in a model of PD, we found reductions in resting diaphragm muscle activity (DiaEMG) and GGEMG frequencies, as well as in hypercapnia-induced DiaEMG, GGEMG and AbdEMG frequencies and GGEMG and AbdEMG amplitudes. Therefore, we can conclude that there is an indirect pathway between neurons of the SNpc and RTN that goes through the PAG and that there is a defect of this pathway in an animal model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz M Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina T Botelho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Loiseau C, Cayetanot F, Joubert F, Perrin-Terrin AS, Cardot P, Fiamma MN, Frugiere A, Straus C, Bodineau L. Current Perspectives for the use of Gonane Progesteronergic Drugs in the Treatment of Central Hypoventilation Syndromes. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1433-1454. [PMID: 28721821 PMCID: PMC6295933 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170719104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central alveolar hypoventilation syndromes (CHS) encompass neurorespiratory diseases resulting from congenital or acquired neurological disorders. Hypercapnia, acidosis, and hypoxemia resulting from CHS negatively affect physiological functions and can be lifethreatening. To date, the absence of pharmacological treatment implies that the patients must receive assisted ventilation throughout their lives. OBJECTIVE To highlight the relevance of determining conditions in which using gonane synthetic progestins could be of potential clinical interest for the treatment of CHS. METHODS The mechanisms by which gonanes modulate the respiratory drive were put into the context of those established for natural progesterone and other synthetic progestins. RESULTS The clinical benefits of synthetic progestins to treat respiratory diseases are mixed with either positive outcomes or no improvement. A benefit for CHS patients has only recently been proposed. We incidentally observed restoration of CO2 chemosensitivity, the functional deficit of this disease, in two adult CHS women by desogestrel, a gonane progestin, used for contraception. This effect was not observed by another group, studying a single patient. These contradictory findings are probably due to the complex nature of the action of desogestrel on breathing and led us to carry out mechanistic studies in rodents. Our results show that desogestrel influences the respiratory command by modulating the GABAA and NMDA signaling in the respiratory network, medullary serotoninergic systems, and supramedullary areas. CONCLUSION Gonanes show promise for improving ventilation of CHS patients, although the conditions of their use need to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurence Bodineau
- Address correspondence to this author at the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75013, Paris, France; Tel: 33 1 40 77 97 15; Fax: 33 1 40 77 97 89; E-mail:
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10
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Flak JN, Arble D, Pan W, Patterson C, Lanigan T, Goforth PB, Sacksner J, Joosten M, Morgan DA, Allison MB, Hayes J, Feldman E, Seeley RJ, Olson DP, Rahmouni K, Myers MG. A leptin-regulated circuit controls glucose mobilization during noxious stimuli. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3103-3113. [PMID: 28714862 DOI: 10.1172/jci90147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes secrete the hormone leptin to signal the sufficiency of energy stores. Reductions in circulating leptin concentrations reflect a negative energy balance, which augments sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation in response to metabolically demanding emergencies. This process ensures adequate glucose mobilization despite low energy stores. We report that leptin receptor-expressing neurons (LepRb neurons) in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the largest population of LepRb neurons in the brain stem, mediate this process. Application of noxious stimuli, which often signal the need to mobilize glucose to support an appropriate response, activated PAG LepRb neurons, which project to and activate parabrachial nucleus (PBN) neurons that control SNS activation and glucose mobilization. Furthermore, activating PAG LepRb neurons increased SNS activity and blood glucose concentrations, while ablating LepRb in PAG neurons augmented glucose mobilization in response to noxious stimuli. Thus, decreased leptin action on PAG LepRb neurons augments the autonomic response to noxious stimuli, ensuring sufficient glucose mobilization during periods of acute demand in the face of diminished energy stores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Warren Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, and
| | | | | | - Paulette B Goforth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Margaret B Allison
- Department of Internal Medicine.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | | | | | | | - David P Olson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Internal Medicine.,Department of Surgery.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
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11
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Mu and kappa opioid receptors of the periaqueductal gray stimulate and inhibit thermogenesis, respectively, during psychological stress in rats. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:1151-1161. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Faull OK, Pattinson KTS. The cortical connectivity of the periaqueductal gray and the conditioned response to the threat of breathlessness. eLife 2017; 6:e21749. [PMID: 28211789 PMCID: PMC5332157 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we observed differential activation in individual columns of the periaqueductal grey (PAG) during breathlessness and its conditioned anticipation (Faull et al., 2016b). Here, we have extended this work by determining how the individual columns of the PAG interact with higher cortical centres, both at rest and in the context of breathlessness threat. Activation was observed in ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) and lateral PAG (lPAG), where activity scaled with breathlessness intensity ratings, revealing a potential interface between sensation and cognition during breathlessness. At rest the lPAG was functionally correlated with cortical sensorimotor areas, conducive to facilitating fight/flight responses, and demonstrated increased synchronicity with the amygdala during breathlessness. The vlPAG showed fronto-limbic correlations at rest, whereas during breathlessness anticipation, reduced functional synchronicity was seen to both lPAG and motor structures, conducive to freezing behaviours. These results move us towards understanding how the PAG might be intricately involved in human responses to threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Faull
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle TS Pattinson
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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de Freitas RL, Medeiros P, Khan AU, Coimbra NC. µ1-Opioid receptors in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral columns of the periaqueductal grey matter are critical for the enhancement of post-ictal antinociception. Synapse 2016; 70:519-530. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Leonardo de Freitas
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology; Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Multiuser Centre of Neurophysiology; Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
- Laboratory of Pain and Emotions, Department of Surgery and Anatomy; Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
- Behavioural Neurosciences Institute; Av. do Café, 2450 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14050-220 Brazil
| | - Priscila Medeiros
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology; Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
- Laboratory of Pain and Emotions, Department of Surgery and Anatomy; Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Asmat Ullah Khan
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology; Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery; School of Medical and Health Sciences of the University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir; Pakistan
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology; Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
- Laboratory of Pain and Emotions, Department of Surgery and Anatomy; Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
- Behavioural Neurosciences Institute; Av. do Café, 2450 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14050-220 Brazil
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Bondarenko E, Guimarães DD, Braga VA, Nalivaiko E. Integrity of the dorsolateral periaqueductal grey is essential for the fight-or-flight response, but not the respiratory component of a defense reaction. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 226:94-101. [PMID: 26519212 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Periaqueductal grey is believed to be one of the key structures of the central respiratory stress network. Previous studies established that stimulation of the periaqueductal grey, especially its dorsolateral division (dlPAG), evokes tachypnea as well as increases in other autonomic parameters and motor activity. We investigated the effects of blockade of the dlPAG with GABAA agonist muscimol on respiration during stress and presentation of brief alerting stimuli in conscious unrestrained rats. We found that integrity of the dlPAG is not essential for stress-induced increase in basal/resting respiratory rate or for generation of respiratory responses to brief alerting stimuli. However, blockade of the dlPAG reduced the amount of motor activity and concomitant high-frequency respiratory activity during restraint and the first 5min of novelty stress. We conclude that the integrity of the dlPAG is not essential for generation of respiratory component of the defense reaction, but it mediates expression of the fight-or-flight response including its respiratory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bondarenko
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - D D Guimarães
- Biotechnology Centre, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - V A Braga
- Biotechnology Centre, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - E Nalivaiko
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Kinkead R, Tenorio L, Drolet G, Bretzner F, Gargaglioni L. Respiratory manifestations of panic disorder in animals and humans: a unique opportunity to understand how supramedullary structures regulate breathing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 204:3-13. [PMID: 25038523 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The control of breathing is commonly viewed as being a "brainstem affair". As the topic of this special issue of Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology indicates, we should consider broadening this notion since the act of breathing is also tightly linked to many functions other than close regulation of arterial blood gases. Accordingly, "non-brainstem" structures can exert a powerful influence on the core elements of the respiratory control network and as it is often the case, the importance of these structures is revealed when their dysfunction leads to disease. There is a clear link between respiration and anxiety and key theories of the psychopathology of anxiety (including panic disorders; PD) focus on respiratory control and related CO2 monitoring system. With that in mind, we briefly present the respiratory manifestations of panic disorder and discuss the role of the dorso-medial/perifornical hypothalamus, the amygdalar complex, and the periaqueductal gray in respiratory control. We then present recent advances in basic research indicating how adult rodent previously subjected to neonatal stress may provide a very good model to investigate the pathophysiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kinkead
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Canada; Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Luana Tenorio
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Guy Drolet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Canada; Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Bretzner
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Canada; Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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16
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Lopes LT, Biancardi V, Vieira EB, Leite-Panissi C, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH. Participation of the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter in the hypoxic ventilatory response in unanaesthetized rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:528-37. [PMID: 24612700 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although periaqueductal grey matter activation is known to elicit respiratory and cardiovascular responses, the role of this midbrain area in the compensatory responses to hypoxia is still unknown. To test the participation of the periaqueductal grey matter in cardiorespiratory and thermal responses to hypoxia in adult male Wistar rats, we performed a chemical lesion of the dorsolateral/dorsomedial or the ventrolateral/lateral periaqueductal grey matter using ibotenic acid. METHODS Pulmonary ventilation, mean arterial pressure, heart rate and body temperature were measured in unanaesthetized rats during normoxic and hypoxic exposure (5, 15, 30 min, 7% O2). RESULTS An ibotenic acid lesion of the dorsolateral/dorsomedial periaqueductal grey matter caused a higher increase in pulmonary ventilation (67.1%, 1730±282.5 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) compared to the Sham group (991.4±194 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) after 15 min in hypoxia, whereas for the ventrolateral/Lateral periaqueductal grey matter lesion, no differences were observed between groups. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate and body temperature were not affected by a dorsolateral/dorsomedial or ventrolateral/lateral periaqueductal grey matter lesion. CONCLUSION Middle to caudal portions of the dorsolateral/dorsomedial periaqueductal grey matter neurones modulate the hypoxic ventilatory response, exerting an inhibitory modulation during low O2 situations. In addition, the middle to caudal portions of the dorsolateral/dorsomedial or ventrolateral/lateral periaqueductal grey matter do not appear to exert a tonic role on cardiovascular or thermal parameters during normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. T. Lopes
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology; São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP); Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - V. Biancardi
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology; São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP); Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - E. B. Vieira
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology; Dental School of Ribeirao Preto; University of São Paulo (USP); RibeirãoPreto SP Brazil
| | - C. Leite-Panissi
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology; Dental School of Ribeirao Preto; University of São Paulo (USP); RibeirãoPreto SP Brazil
| | - K. C. Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology; São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP); Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - L. H. Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology; São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP); Jaboticabal SP Brazil
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Loiseau C, Osinski D, Joubert F, Straus C, Similowski T, Bodineau L. The progestin etonogestrel enhances the respiratory response to metabolic acidosis in newborn rats. Evidence for a mechanism involving supramedullary structures. Neurosci Lett 2014; 567:63-7. [PMID: 24686181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Central congenital hypoventilation syndrome is a neuro-respiratory disease characterized by the dysfunction of the CO2/H(+) chemosensitive neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group. A recovery of CO2/H(+) chemosensitivity has been observed in some central congenital hypoventilation syndrome patients coincidental with contraceptive treatment by a potent progestin, desogestrel (Straus et al., 2010). The mechanisms of this progestin effect remain unknown, although structures of medulla oblongata, midbrain or diencephalon are known to be targets for progesterone. In the present study, on ex vivo preparations of central nervous system of newborn rats, we show that acute exposure to etonogestrel (active metabolite of desogestrel) enhanced the increased respiratory frequency induced by metabolic acidosis via a mechanism involving supramedullary structures located in pontine, mesencephalic or diencephalic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Loiseau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Diane Osinski
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Fanny Joubert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Christian Straus
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles de la Respiration, de l'Exercice et de la Dyspnée, F-75651 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Similowski
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale, F-75651 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Bodineau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France.
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The midbrain periaqueductal gray changes the eupneic respiratory rhythm into a breathing pattern necessary for survival of the individual and of the species. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 212:351-84. [PMID: 25194206 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63488-7.00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of respiration is a prerequisite for survival of the individual and of the species. For example, respiration has to be adjusted in case of speech, strenuous exercise, laughing, crying, or sudden escape from danger. Respiratory centers in pons and medulla generate the basic respiratory rhythm or eupnea, but they cannot modulate breathing in the context of emotional challenges, for which they need input from higher brain centers. In simple terms, the prefrontal cortex integrates visual, auditory, olfactory, and somatosensory information and informs subcortical structures such as amygdala, hypothalamus, and finally the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) about the results. The PAG, in turn, generates the final motor output for basic survival, such as setting the level of all cells in the brain and spinal cord. Best known in this framework is determining the level of pain perception. The PAG also controls heart rate, blood pressure, micturition, sexual behavior, vocalization, and many other basic motor output systems. Within this context, the PAG also changes the eupneic respiratory rhythm into a breathing pattern necessary for basic survival. This review examines the latest developments regarding of how the PAG controls respiration.
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Twardowschy A, Castiblanco-Urbina MA, Uribe-Mariño A, Biagioni AF, Salgado-Rohner CJ, Crippa JADS, Coimbra NC. The role of 5-HT1A receptors in the anti-aversive effects of cannabidiol on panic attack-like behaviors evoked in the presence of the wild snake Epicrates cenchria crassus (Reptilia, Boidae). J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:1149-59. [PMID: 23926240 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113493363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential anxiolytic and antipanic properties of cannabidiol have been shown; however, its mechanism of action seems to recruit other receptors than those involved in the endocannabinoid-mediated system. It was recently shown that the model of panic-like behaviors elicited by the encounters between mice and snakes is a good tool to investigate innate fear-related responses, and cannabidiol causes a panicolytic-like effect in this model. The aim of the present study was to investigate the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) co-participation in the panicolytic-like effects of cannabidiol on the innate fear-related behaviors evoked by a prey versus predator interaction-based paradigm. Male Swiss mice were treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) administrations of cannabidiol (3 mg/kg, i.p.) and its vehicle and the effects of the peripheral pre-treatment with increasing doses of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (0.1, 0.3 and 0.9 mg/kg, i.p.) on instinctive fear-induced responses evoked by the presence of a wild snake were evaluated. The present results showed that the panicolytic-like effects of cannabidiol were blocked by the pre-treatment with WAY-100635 at different doses. These findings demonstrate that cannabidiol modulates the defensive behaviors evoked by the presence of threatening stimuli, and the effects of cannabidiol are at least partially dependent on the recruitment of 5-HT1A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Twardowschy
- 1Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil
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Abstract
One hundred years ago in this journal, Krogh and Lindhard published a seminal paper highlighting the importance of the brain in the control of breathing during exercise. This symposium report reviews the historical developments that have taken place since 1913, and attempts to place the detailed neurocircuitry thought to underpin exercise hyperpnoea into context by focusing on key structures that might form the command network. With the advent of enhanced neuroimaging and functional neurosurgical techniques, a unique window of opportunity has recently arisen to target potential circuits in humans. Animal studies have identified a priori sites of interest in mid-brain structures, in particular the subthalamic locomotor region (subthalamic nucleus, STN) and the periaqueductal grey (PAG), which have now been recorded from in humans during exercise. When all data are viewed in an integrative manner, the PAG, in particular the lateral PAG, and aspects of the dorsal lateral PAG, appear to be key communicating circuitry for 'central command'. Moreover, the PAG also fulfils many requirements of a command centre. It has functional connectivity to higher centres (dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex) and the basal ganglia (in particular, the STN), and receives a sensory input from contracting muscle, but, importantly, it sends efferent information to brainstem nuclei involved in cardiorespiratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Paterson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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da Silva GS, Giusti H, Castro OW, Garcia-Cairasco N, Gargaglioni LH, Branco LG, Glass ML. Serotonergic neurons in the nucleus raphé obscurus are not involved in the ventilatory and thermoregulatory responses to hypoxia in adult rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 187:139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Biagioni AF, de Freitas RL, da Silva JA, de Oliveira RC, de Oliveira R, Alves VM, Coimbra NC. Serotonergic neural links from the dorsal raphe nucleus modulate defensive behaviours organised by the dorsomedial hypothalamus and the elaboration of fear-induced antinociception via locus coeruleus pathways. Neuropharmacology 2012. [PMID: 23201351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Decrease of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated neurotransmission in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) evokes instinctive fear-like responses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of the serotonin (5-HT)- and norepinephrine-mediated pathways of the endogenous pain inhibitory system, including the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and the locus coeruleus (LC), in the defensive responses and antinociceptive processes triggered by the blockade of GABAergic receptors in the DMH. The intra-hypothalamic microinjection of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline (40 ng/200 nL) elicited elaborate defensive behaviours interspersed with exploratory responses. This escape behaviour was followed by significantly increased pain thresholds, a phenomenon known as fear-induced antinociception. Furthermore, at 5 and 14 days after DRN serotonin-containing neurons were damaged using the selective neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), the frequency and duration of alertness and escape behaviour evoked by the GABA(A) receptor blockade in the DMH decreased, as well as fear-induced antinociception. Pre-treatment with the non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist methysergide, the 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonist ketanserin and the 5-HT(2A) receptor selective antagonist R-96544 in the LC also decreased fear-induced antinociception, without significant changes in the expression of defensive behaviours. These data suggest that the serotonergic neurons of the DRN are directly involved in the organisation of defensive responses as well as in the elaboration of the innate fear-induced antinociception. However, serotonin-mediated inputs from the NDR to the LC modulate only fear-induced antinociception and not the defensive behaviours evoked by GABA(A) receptor blockade in the DMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Francisco Biagioni
- Laboratório de Neuroanatomia & Neuropsicobiologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. dos Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
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